武汉上空(30°N,114°E)潮汐及其相互作用的MF雷达观测

利用武汉(30°N,114°E)MF雷达2000年2月11日至25日,以及2月28日至3月13日的观测数据,研究中层顶(80-98km)区域冬季潮汐振荡及其共振相互作用.水平风场扰动的动态谱显示出在所有的观测高度上都持续存在很强的24 h潮汐波动;偶尔也会出现较强的12 h和弱的8 h潮汐振荡,这说明在中纬地区的冬季,24 h潮汐是中层顶区域主要的潮汐成分.潮汐振幅及其相关动能随时间的变化表明,在24h,12h和8h潮汐之间可能存在强的共振相互作用.另外,24 h潮汐的相位随高度的增加呈现出明显的增加趋势,表明观测到的24h潮汐是向上传播的.由相位剖面计算出24h潮汐纬向和经向风场的垂直波长分别为45km和47km,其向下的相位传播速度分别为1.88km/h和1.97km/h.     

武汉上空（30°N，l14°E）潮汐及其相互作用的MF雷达观测

利用武汉(30°N,114°E)MF雷达2000年2月11日至25日,以及2月28日至3月13日的观测数据,研究中层顶(80-98 km)区域冬季潮汐振荡及其共振相互作用.水平风场扰动的动态谱显示出在所有的观测高度上都持续存在很强的24 h潮汐波动;偶尔也会出现较强的12 h和弱的8 h潮汐振荡,这说明在中纬地区的冬季, 24 h潮汐是中层顶区域主要的潮汐成分.潮汐振幅及其相关动能随时间的变化表明,在24 h,12 h和8 h潮汐之间可能存在强的共振相互作用.另外,24h潮汐的相位随高度的增加呈现出明显的增加趋势,表明观测到的24h潮汐是向上传播的.由相位剖面计算出24h潮汐纬向和经向风场的垂直波长分别为45km和47km,其向下的相位传播速度分别为1.88km/h和1.97km/h.     

极区夏季中间层半日潮汐的VHF雷达观测

采用德国SOUSYVHF雷达观测数据,研究了极区夏季中间层半日潮汐的结构和变化特征.纬向和经向风的动态Lomb-Scargle谱表明,半日潮是中间层高度上占支配地位的波动,其谱峰对应的频率一般与1/12c·h-1有偏离,说明它们经常处在被扰动状态.稳定的半日潮振幅随高度增加而迅速增长,在87.9km高度附近达到饱和;经向分量的相位一般比纬向分量的相位超前π/4-π/2,从而水平扰动速度矢量端点随时间变化的轨迹显示出顺时针方向旋转的特征.半日潮汐特征参量在纬向和经向风中随时间的变化在基本趋势一致的基础上显示出一定程度的各向异性.      

昆明MF雷达及初步探测结果

MF雷达是中层大气风场及低电离层电子密度观测的重要手段. 简要介绍了新建昆明MF雷达设备的工作原理、结构及工作模式, 并对观测结果进行初步分析. 对2009年1月观测数据的分析表明, 该月纬向风场最大可达80 m/s, 经向风场则较小, 一般不超过40 m/s, 且二者均呈现一定波动性. 相应的LS谱及谐波拟合分析表明,周日潮汐是80~100 km高度大气风场的主要扰动成分, 其振幅随高度改变, 相位向下传播, 且周日潮汐经向分量相位超前于纬向分量相位. 此外, 分析了MF雷达白天的电子密度观测结果, 并与IRI2000进行比较, 发现两者在变化趋势上有非常好的一致性, 但雷达观测结果小于IRI2000给出的参考值.      

武汉上空中层和低热层大气潮汐的流星雷达观测

武汉流星雷达是2002年元月建成的我国第一部全天空流星雷达，本文对2002年2月19日到7月31日流星雷达观测的潮汐的讨论表明，武汉中层顶以周日潮汐为潮汐运动的主要分量，它的强度远大于半日潮汐，周日潮汐和半日潮汐的波源都在80km以下．周日潮汐分量在3、4月份最强，并且经向分量略强于纬向分量．两个分量的峰值在约95km处出现，分别达到44m／s和60m／s．半日潮的最大值24m／s出现在4月初约93km处．周日潮汐和半日潮汐的振幅和相位随时间呈现出拟周期变化的特征，这可能是潮汐与行星波非线形相互作用的结果．观测结果与GSWM模型的比较表明，GSWM模型在相位随高度变化趋势上与观测结果一致，但模型的周日潮相位比观测约超前1—2h，半日潮相位约滞后1—4h．在周日潮汐较强的月份，模型与观测有较大的差异，观测的幅度通常在95km附近有极大值，而模型并没有极大值．GSWM模型对半日潮的幅度的估计通常过小，观测的半日潮汐幅度有时甚至超过模型值的一倍以上．     

中纬度冬季低热层潮汐非线性相互作用的MF雷达观测

采用武汉(30°N,114°E)MF雷达在2001年冬季的风场观测数据研究中纬度低热层大气潮汐之间的二阶非线性相互作用.经向风场的Lomb-Scargle归一化振幅谱表明,周日、半日和8 h潮汐是中纬冬季中层顶区域占优势的大气扰动;此外6 h潮汐也清晰可见.双相干谱分析揭示大多数显著的双相干谱峰代表潮汐谐振分量之间的相位互相关或单个潮汐分量的自相关.对随时间变化的潮汐垂直波长的比较发现,实际观测的8h潮汐垂直波长与假定的由观测的24 h潮汐和12 h潮汐非线性相互作用产生的8 h潮汐的理论垂直波长具有明显的一致性.在94.0～98.0km高度范围,周日、半日和8h潮汐之间不仅存在明显的相位相关和垂直波数相关,且它们的振幅随时间变化也显示出振荡幅值相近、振荡相位同步或反相的相关性,表明它们之间已经发生了二阶非线性相互作用.但是在94.0 km以下,三个潮汐分量之间的各种相关性随高度的下降变得越来越弱,因此潮汐二阶相互作用更可能是一种局地和暂态的现象.      

大气中层顶区域波相互作用的一个观测个例

利用SOUSY VHF雷达的观测数据分析了极区中层顶83.4-91.2km范围内大气风场波动的非线性相互作用。大气风场的谱在不同高度上均有明显的潮汐分量峰值，纬向风分量中35h波、半日潮和8.9h惯必重力波构成共振相互作用对，经向风分量中33h波、半日潮和19h惯性重力波构成共振相互作用对。双谱分析表明，这些共振对在许多高度上都发生耦合，35h或33h波振幅的极小值与半日潮的极大值出现的高度几乎相同，呈现出明显的非线性相互作用在空间上不是局域的，而是存在于中层顶区域的几乎所有高度上，这种相互作用不仅导致半日潮振幅随时间的变化，也使半日潮的振幅随空间变化。35h和33h波动可能是在其他时段或其他位置通过行星波与周日潮相互作用产生的，然后传播到观测点并与半日潮发生相互作用。     

北京上空冬季潮汐波活动特征全天时激光雷达探测研究

利用北京延庆子午工程激光雷达对北京上空钠层进行长期连续观测，分析研究钠层及其相关参数的周日变化.提取钠层各个高度上的相位信息，与同时段经向风潮汐信息进行比较发现:在各个高度上，二者周日相位数值基本一致.半日相位对比结果表明，虽然存在差异，但整体仍保持较好的一致性.此外，从2014年至2016年每年10月到第二年1月共4个月的钠层连续观测数据中提取钠层周日和半日的振幅和相位，探究北京上空冬季的潮汐特征.结果显示:周日潮的相位自上向下传播，且无明显的季节变化特征，其垂直波长在40～50km的范围；周日潮较强，半日潮较弱.      

武汉中层大气中频雷达及其初步探测结果

首先简要地讨论了武汉中频雷达观测原理和设备的组成，该雷达测量60-100km高度的大气风场和电子密度，风场采用分布天线测量技术和全相关分析方法得到，电子密度通过微分吸收和微分相位技术获得，初步观测结果表明：（1）武汉上空冬季60-100km高度的纬向风多为西风，风速为30-50m/s，经向风速为10-20m/s，垂直风速较小，一般在5m/s以内，（2）60-100km高度范围的大气风场和电子密度均有明显的日变化，风场在某些时段和高度区间有较强的风剪切出现。（3）80km以上高度大气的风场和电子密度存在较明显的扰动现象，它可能与大气波动过程有关。     

武汉突发E层的季节变化及其与中层风的关系

通过对2018年武汉站（114.61°E,30.53°N）数字测高仪记录的数据统计分析,研究武汉地区突发E层的特征。研究发现:2018年武汉地区电离层突发E层的临界频率在夏季最高,在冬季有一个次增强现象,在春秋季较低;在正午前最大,在日落后出现小幅度提升,在日出前最低。利用指定动态全球大气气候扩展模型SD-WACCM-X模拟出2018年武汉上空90～140 km高度的平均风场,探讨突发E层与背景风之间的关系,揭示突发E层的形成机制。结果表明,半日潮汐分量可能诱导突发E层临界频率的半日变化,周日潮汐分量诱导突发E层临界频率的周日变化;突发E层的强度可能与纬向风场120 km高度处的风剪切有关。      

Atmospheric tides below 80 km

Measurements and theory of diurnal and semidiurnal tidal oscillations between about 25 and 80 km are reviewed. At latitudes greater than about 30°, meridional (N-S) wind components are consistently in quadrature with and similar to the zonal (E-W) components. The tidal structures are interpreted as a superposition of quasi-steady higher-order modes excited in the troposphere by sources of limited extent (1,000–10,000 km). At latitudes less than about 30°, steady or quasi-steady diurnal and semidiurnal components are not necessarily the dominant components of the daily variation. At high latitudes diurnal phases generally show little change with height in comparison with observations at lower latitudes, in accord with the latitudinal properties of diurnal modes with positive and negative equivalent depths.     

中纬度冬季低热层潮汐水平风分量相位关系的MF雷达观测

采用武汉(30°N,114°E)MF雷达在2001年冬季的风场观测数据研究中纬度低热层大气潮汐水平风分量之间的相位关系.统一用弧度定义的各潮汐经纬向分量的拟合初相位在三个连续的高度上分别显示出相同的时间变化倾向和相近的相位差,但是在绝大多数观测时间△ψ24和△ψ12准正交,而△ψ8出乎意料地准同相.周日、半日和8 h潮汐经纬向分量的二次相位耦合(QPC)方程被分别估计出来,利用它们相减还得到一个潮汐相位差相关方程.推测的8 h潮汐相位和相位差与相应的观测值很好地符合.在第14个时间窗内,三个潮汐一般表现为椭圆偏振而不是圆偏振或线偏振,但是△ψ24和△ψ12在三个连续的高度上准正交,而△ψ8在92.0和94.0 km上准同相.因此估计的潮汐QPC方程、推导的潮汐相位差相关方程、观测的8 h潮汐准同相相位差以及典型的潮汐偏振图都是观测的周日、半日和8 h潮汐之间真实QPC的反映.      

Horizontal winds in the mesosphere at high latitudes

A total of 146 meteorological rocket flights applying the ‘falling sphere’ technique are used to obtain horizontal winds in the mesosphere at polar latitudes, namely at the Andøya Rocket Range (69°N, 125 flights), at Spitsbergen (78°N, 10 flights), and at Rothera (68°S, 11 January flights only). Nearly all flights took place around noon or midnight, i.e., in the same phase of the semidiurnal tide. Meridional winds at 69°N show a clear diurnal tidal variation which is not observed in the zonal winds. The zonal wind climatology shows a transition from summer to winter conditions with the zero wind line propagating upward from 40 km (end of August) to 80 km (end of September). Zonal winds are smaller at Spitsbergen compared to Andøya which is in line with a common angular velocity at both stations. Meridional winds at noon are of similar magnitude at all three stations and are directed towards the north and south pole, respectively. Horizontal and meridional winds generally agree with empirical models, except for the zonal winds at Antarctica which are similar to the NH, whereas there is a significant SH/NH difference in CIRA-1986.     

On the role of tidal winds in the descending of the high type of sporadic layer (Esh)

As the prevailing tidal winds in the E region are generated by heating mechanisms, the dynamics of Es layers impacted by solar tides is a relevant theme in the space weather studies. This paper aims to identify the tidal wind component involved in the mechanism of formation and descending of the high type of sporadic layer (Es_h). The Es_h layers observed at altitudes between around 120 and 150 km in the Brazilian low latitude stations of Jataí and São José dos Campos during the months of April, June, September and December of 2016 are used in this analysis. The height variability and altitude descent of the Es_h layers are analyzed from the h′Es parameter obtained by ionosonde data. In this study, the observational data are compared with the simulations generated by an extended version of the Ionospheric E-Region Model (MIRE). At higher altitudes in the E region, the results show that the prevailing tidal pattern and wind direction controlling the Es_h layer formation and descent are different depending on month: (a) in April and June the zonal wind component and the associated semidiurnal tidal oscillations prevail, with some differences in terms of time of occurrence and descending speeds, and (b) in September and December the diurnal tidal periodicities become dominant, and both the meridional and zonal wind components seem to control the descending of the Es_h layers. Since the role of the tidal periodicities and wind directions changed depending on the month, the results suggest a possible seasonal tidal wind pattern, which is not well understood from the present study but requires further investigation. Other relevant aspects of the observations and the modeling are highlighted and discussed.     

Thermospheric winds over Abuja during solar minimum period

Monthly variations of averaged nighttime thermospheric winds have been investigated over Abuja, Nigeria (Geographic: 9.06°N, 7.5°E; Geomagnetic: 1.60°S). The reports are based on Fabry-Perot interferometer measurements of Doppler shifts and Doppler broadening of the 630.0 nm spectral emission. The results were obtained during a period of weak solar activity with the solar flux (F10.7) typically below 70 solar flux units. Inspection of the average monthly thermospheric winds from October 2017 to December 2017 found December meridional winds to be more equatorward than the October and November winds. Zonal winds are eastward with pre-midnight maximum speeds going above 100 m/s. Compared to Jicamarca zonal winds in the Peruvian sector for the same month of October, the magnitude of maximum Abuja zonal wind speed is weaker. We compare the observed diurnal variation with the recently updated Horizontal wind model (HWM 14). Most of the observational features of thermospheric wind diurnal variation are captured in the model variation. The HWM14 generally showed good agreement with the Abuja October and November zonal wind observations but overestimates the December meridional winds. Expected longer period analysis of the results from Abuja will stimulate a better understanding of wind climatology over the West African sector.     

Structure of the migrating diurnal tide in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM)

As part of an ongoing effort to understand the migrating diurnal tide generated by the NCAR Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, version 3 (WACCM3), we compare the WACCM3 migrating diurnal tide in the horizontal wind and temperature fields to similar results from the Global Scale Wave Model (GSWM). The WACCM3 diurnal tidal wind fields are also compared to tropical radar measurements at Kauai (22°N, 200.2°E) and Rarotonga (21.3°S, 199.7°E). The large-scale features of the WACCM3 results, such as the global spatial structure and the semiannual amplitude variation are in general agreement with past tidal studies; however, several differences do exist. WACCM3 exhibits a much higher degree of hemispheric asymmetry, lower overall amplitudes around the equinoxes, and peaks which are more confined in latitude when compared with the GSWM. Factors which may contribute to such differences between WACCM3 and GSWM are the solar heating profiles from ozone and water vapor, dissipation, and the zonal mean zonal winds. We find that the internally generated heating in WACCM3 and eddy dissipation values are both smaller than the values specified in the GSWM; the eddy dissipation fields and zonal mean zonal winds of the two models also display measurable differences in spatial structure. Comparisons with radar data show several differences in spatial and seasonal structure. In particular, the diurnal tide zonal winds in WACCM3 above Kauai are considerably larger in amplitude than those observed in the radar data, due to contributions from nonmigrating tidal components including wave numbers eastward 1 through 3, westward 2, and stationary components, which interfere constructively with the migrating component around equinox in WACCM3.     

The mesopause region wind field over Central Europe in 2003 and comparison with a long-term climatology

Using the D1 method in the LF range, monthly mean zonal and meridional winds in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere height range are measured continuously at Collm, Germany. The wind data are accompanied by reference height measurements since 1983, allowing the construction of an empirical long-term climatology of mean winds and tidal amplitudes and phases at 52N, 15E, which covers the height range of 80–110 km in winter, and about 83–107 km in summer. The climatology includes the time interval from 1983 to date, thus covering nearly two solar cycles. Vertical wind parameter profiles can also be constructed for individual years, so that from the time series interannual variability and long-term trends can be deduced. Here, we present the results for 2003 in comparison with the climatological means.     

中纬度地磁暴期间热层垂直风响应机制的模拟

基于TIMEGCM模型,研究了2005年9月10日中纬度地磁暴期间热层(100～650 km)水平风场变化对垂直风的影响.通过连续性方程诊断分析了暴时引起垂直风场变化的机制,结果表明:250 km以上的垂直风场取决于水平风场的变化,而250 km以下的垂直风场由较高高度的垂直风拉动;在地磁暴初相开始时,经向风场相比纬向...