弹道并行计算的设计与实现

多条弹道并行计算是目前作战仿真，多目标探测等领域所急需解决的问题，利用面向对象的软件设计方法，将弹道计算过程抽象化为多个对象，分别对各种对象进行封装，有效地解决了并行弹道计算中内存混乱，可靠性差等问题，实现了多条弹道并行计算。     

捷联惯性导航传统比力积分算法与对偶四元数算法的比较研究

捷联惯性导航速度更新算法中,将载体坐标系中的比力积分增量变换到导航参考坐标系中,载体姿态变化的影响通常采用一阶近似模型进行计算。本文分析了包括角振动和加速运动的动态运动下一阶近似模型的局限,在典型角振动及加速运动条件下对忽略姿态变化二阶项造成的速度更新误差进行了理论分析。通过比较,揭示了对偶四元数比力积分算法精度高于传统比力积分算法的原因,即和传统比力积分算法相比,对偶四元数比力积分算法等价于考虑了载体姿态变化影响的二阶项。通过典型角振动及加速运动条件下传统捷联惯性导航算法和对偶四元数导航算法的仿真比较,对理论分析结果进行了验证。     

一种圆锥运动条件下的等效旋转矢量算法研究

传统旋转矢量姿态算法一般采用陀螺的角增量信号来构造积分算法,当应用于输出为角速率的光纤陀螺捷联系统时,通过角速率提取角增量,算法会损失一定精度。提出了一种以陀螺角速率信号与角增量信号同时作为输入的改进旋转矢量姿态算法,进一步补偿了圆锥误差,提高了计算精度。仿真结果表明,该算法与传统二子样算法相比较,计算量相当,姿态精度、速度精度、位置精度有大幅度的提升。     

Moving Targets Processing in SAR Spatial Domain

This paper presents a novel technique to estimate the initial coordinates and velocity vector of moving targets, including those with velocities above the Nyquist limit, using a single synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor without increasing the pulse repetition frequency (PRF). The basic reasoning is that, although the returned echoes may be undersampled in the azimuth direction, their phase and amplitude are informative with respect to the moving target trajectory parameters. Therefore, the so-called blind angle ambiguity, inherent to systems using a single SAR sensor, is overcome. The proposed method samples the data in the spatial domain, along the signature curve which depends on the moving target trajectory parameters. The resulting algorithm is a highly efficient (from the computational point of view) ID matched filter. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is illustrated using simulated SAR data and real data from the MSTAR public release data set, corresponding to a static SAR scene and a static BTR-60 with simulated motion.     

基于超短基线声传感器阵的高速目标轨迹估计

针对低空高速飞行目标跟踪问题，首先研究了某典型目标噪声信号的时频特性，发现其信号呈现宽带低频特征，难以从频域对目标轨迹进行估计。在此基础上，从各路接收信号的到达时延量入手，考虑到声基阵只能布设于有限空间内的制约，提出了一种基于超短基线阵时延估计的目标跟踪方法。该方法利用各个超短基线阵接收声强极值点分别估计目标运动轨迹垂线方向，计算多个垂线的叉乘向量实现对目标运动方向的估计，再利用多面交汇的方式获估计得到目标运动轨迹。分别对目标俯仰角、方位角及运动轨迹估计的理论误差进行了推导，根据理论估计误差，为能够实现对目标运动轨迹的估计，各个超短基线阵应尽量保证与目标运动轨迹不在同一平面上。根据仿真结果，在采用4个传感器基阵时，角度估计平均误差在4°以内，位置估计相对误差在5%左右。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Precision tracking algorithms for ISAR imaging

The simultaneous imaging and tracking of a moving target is one of the most difficult problems in inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) signal processing. The problem is addressed here using a two-antenna imaging radar. The target range shift is sensed with an exponentially averaged envelope correlation algorithm while the angle change is measured with a differential phase shift algorithm. The three state Kalman filters are used in range and azimuth dimensions to provide both a filtered estimate and a one-sample-ahead prediction for the purpose of target tracking. The filtered range shift provides an accurate information for range bin alignment, and the target angle change provides the angular positions of the synthetic array elements. Therefore, the ISAR imaging simply becomes processing of a circular-arc aperture. The algorithms are verified both by computer simulations and also with experimental data processing     

Multiple moving target detection and trajectory estimation using a single SAR sensor

A novel methodology is presented for determining the velocity and location of multiple moving targets using a single strip-map synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor. The so-called azimuth position uncertainty problem is therefore solved. The method exploits the structure of the amplitude and phase modulations of the returned echo from a moving target in the Fourier domain. A crucial step in the whole processing scheme is a matched filtering, depending on the moving target parameters, that simultaneously accounts for range migration and compresses two-dimensional signatures into one-dimensional ones without losing moving target information. A generalized likelihood ratio test approach is adopted to detect moving targets and derive their trajectory parameters. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated with synthetic and real data covering a wide range of targets velocities and signal-to-clutter ratios (SCRs). Even in the case of parallel to platform moving target motion, the most unfavorable scenario, the proposed method yields good results for, roughly, SCR > 10 dB.     

一种适用于捷联探测器的空间目标搜索算法

针对空间目标的搜索问题，提出了一种适用于捷联探测器的目标搜索算法。无论探测器是否能够获取目标方位的先验信息，该算法都能够使得搜索轨迹覆盖探测球面，确保目标的成功捕获。该算法分析了目标与探测器间相对运动以及姿态控制精度等因素对搜索轨迹的影响，给出了螺旋搜索轨迹重叠区域与相对运动角速度、姿态控制精度间的约束关系。对于算法生成的目标搜索轨迹，采用单轴定向姿态控制的方式给出了探测球面上搜索轨迹与姿态控制误差信号间的转换方法。最后通过典型情况下的仿真算例对算法进行了验证，仿真结果表明，无论是否具备目标方位先验信息，该算法都能够有效发现目标。     

基于PSO的多观测器轨迹优化研究

在多观测站目标被动跟踪过程中,多观测器运动轨迹对定位跟踪精度有重要影响.为提高对运动目标的跟踪精度,将目标滤波协方差的迹作为目标优化函数,提出一种基于粒子群算法(Particle Swarm Optimi-zation,PSO)的多观测器轨迹优化方法,并将轨迹优化加入运动目标被动跟踪过程中,实现了观测器自适应运动下的运...     

自由漂浮空间机器人点到点避奇异运动控制方法

针对具有冗余机械臂的自由漂浮空间机器人（Free Floating Space Robot, FFSR）点到点避免奇异性规划和控制问题,提出了一种冗余FFSR的点到点避免奇异控制方法。首先,该方法基于离散状态依赖李卡提方程（DSDRE）控制器设计方法,利用FFSR的动力学和运动学方程实现了FFSR系统方程的伪线性重构;然后,基于伪线性重构系统及DSDRE状态调节器设计方法实现了FFSR的关节角速度和末端位姿的同时跟踪控制;其次,根据跟踪控制器对FFSR广义雅克比矩阵（GJM）行满秩的设计要求,定义FFSR的奇异性判别依据,构造了避奇异约束函数;再次,由于冗余FFSR系统具有多逆运动学解特点,考虑关节角及关节角速度约束,结合避奇异约束函数设计了FFSR的期望轨迹在线规划器,进一步将设计的跟踪控制器与规划器相结合提出了冗余FFSR末端点到点避奇异运动控制方法。最后,为验证所提方法的有效性同时考虑简化计算,采用平面4连杆FFSR模型进行数值仿真,仿真结果表明所提点到点避奇异运动控制方法能够有效实现冗余FFSR系统的点到点避奇异运动。     

Reconstruction of Target Reflecting Surface Using Differential Geometry

A procedure based on the envelope concept of differential geometry is described that permits the reconstruction of the contour of a smooth, moving, conducting target, satisfying the geometrical optics approximation. The target reflections are assumed to be specular in nature with either one reflection point or multiple resolvable reflection points. The time variation of the range to the reflection point of the target (assumed derivable from a high-resolution radar) and the general motion of the target (assumed derivable from tracking or trajectory information) are employed to reconstruct the contour of that portion of the assumed target surface that is illuminated by the radar. The reconstruction is accomplished by the simultaneous solution of two nonlinear differential equations which are derived using the envelope concept of differential geometry. Several reconstruction examples based on computer analysis are presented which indicate the results obtainable using this method.     

A direct position determination method with combined TDOA and FDOA based on particle filter

The localization of a stationary transmitter using moving receivers is considered. The original Direct Position Determination (DPD) methods, with combined Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) and Frequency Difference of Arrival (FDOA), do not perform well under low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and worse still, the computation cost is difficult to accept when the computational capabilities are limited. To get better positioning performance, we present a new DPD algorithm that proves to be more computationally efficient and more precise for weak signals than the conventional approach. The algorithm partitions the signal received with the same receiver into multiple non-overlapping short-time signal segments, and then uses the TDOA, the FDOA and the coherency among the short-time signals to locate the target. The fast maximum likelihood estimation, one iterative method based on particle filter, is designed to solve the problem of high computation load. A secondary but important result is a derivation of closed-form expressions of the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB). The simulation results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper outperforms the traditional DPD algorithms with more accurate results and higher computational efficiency, and especially at low SNR, it is more close to the CRLB.     

圆形轨迹导引下的无人机事件触发抗干扰环绕控制

针对内部不确定性以及外部环境摄动的目标环绕控制问题,在基于反步法的双层制导框架下,利用级联控制思想,提出了一种圆形轨迹导引下的四旋翼无人机事件触发抗扰环绕控制方法。在轨迹回路中,构建了可满足持续激励条件的目标位置估计器,保证仅通过视线方位角就能获取可满足最终一致有界条件的目标估计项。随后,基于目标的位置估计结果,设计了目标环绕控制律生成线速度指令,并通过方向向量场验证了该环绕制导律的有效性,消除了现有李雅普诺夫向量场制导(LVFG)对相对位置和目标速度的依赖。在姿态回路中,通过采用扩张状态观测器(ESO)补偿系统的集总不确定性,设计了基于相对阈值事件触发控制的姿态控制器,在有效降低控制器到执行机构之间信号传输频率的同时,实现了四旋翼无人机对静止/移动目标环绕。然后,借助输入状态稳定性定理证明了系统的稳定性。仿真结果表明,所提控制方案能够实现圆形轨迹导引下四旋翼无人机对静止/移动目标的环绕监视。     

Maneuvering Target Tracking Using Adaptive State Estimation

Two approaches to a nonlinear state estimation problem are presented. The particular problem addressed is that of tracking a maneuvering target in three-dimensional space using spherical observations (radar data). Both approaches rely on semi-Markov modeling of target maneuvers and result in effective algorithms that prevent the loss of track that often occurs when a target makes a sudden, radical change in its trajectory. Both techniques are compared using real and simulated radar measurements with emphasis on performance and computational burden.     

改进的图像相关匹配算法

将遗传算法用于低对比度小目标图像相关匹配跟踪,提出了改进的快速图像相关匹配算法。结合图像匹配本身的特点,采用新的编码方式克服了二进制编码的缺点。采用NPROD匹配准则在同样的匹配效果条件下,提高了匹配精度,该算法在计算速度上较原始算法提高了至少12倍以上,同时该算法还具有每帧图像匹配计算时间基本恒定的优点,便于在实际系统中采用。实验结果表明该方法可以有效地跟踪低对比度小目标。     

基于改进粒子群算法辨识Volterra级数的目标机动轨迹预测

目标机动轨迹预测是空战态势感知和目标威胁评估的重要前提。针对传统目标机动轨迹预测模型复杂度大、预测精度低等问题，结合目标机动轨迹时间序列的混沌特性，提出一种基于相空间重构理论和Volterra泛函级数的目标机动轨迹预测模型。该模型首先采用0-1检测法验证了目标机动轨迹时间序列具有混沌特性；其次，利用C-C法确定嵌入维数和时间延迟，对目标机动轨迹时间序列进行了相空间重构；然后，引入Volterra泛函级数预测模型，为了克服高阶Volterra核函数求解复杂的难题，提出一种混沌变异自适应粒子群算法，构建一种基于改进粒子群算法辨识的Volterra级数预测模型，并将其应用于目标机动轨迹预测；最后，将所提算法与卡尔曼滤波算法以及机器学习算法进行单步和多步预测对比，同时将改进粒子群算法与其他智能算法进行性能比较。仿真结果表明：所提预测模型具有良好的单步和多步预测性能，改进的粒子群算法具有参数辨识精度高、收敛速度快的优点。     

圆弧预测变系数显式拦截中制导

为了满足临近空间机动目标拦截中制导预测和多约束要求，设计了一种基于圆弧预测的变系数显式拦截中制导方法。首先针对临近空间目标滑翔段飞行特性，提出了基于圆弧的几何目标预测方法，将目标机动轨迹近似为圆弧，通过多个间隔时刻的目标位置确定圆弧参数，依据圆弧预测轨迹估计剩余飞行时间，并以当前速度递推预测拦截点状态，进而推导了三维角约束显式制导律。在此基础上，通过在性能指标中构建动压权重函数，以飞行动压近似可用过载变化，设计了变系数显式制导律，实现了制导增益的自适应更新，从而可以使得需用过载在飞行全程中合理分配，满足可用过载约束。最后结合圆弧预测和变系数显式制导，实现了对机动目标的预测拦截。仿真结果表明所提方法具有较好的目标预测精度，而且可以满足终端交会角以及可用过载约束。     

行星际小推力轨道Lambert解及应用

 为提高行星际小推力转移轨道初始设计精度,提出了基于N次逆多项式逼近的半解析Lambert算法,并基于该算法发展了一种转移轨道初始设计方法。首先,采用N次逆多项式近似小推力轨道形状,应用推力方向假设和位置速度边界条件推导出部分系数及推力大小解析式。接着,分析了飞行时间约束和轨道动力学约束下解的存在性,并给出了关键系数的可行域。然后,利用探测器质量消耗方程建立了Lambert问题求解模型并加以解决。最后,基于所提Lambert算法,通过对连续推力约束进行降维,提出一种求解多圈非固定时间的行星际小推力转移轨道初始设计方法。分别以固定和非固定时间转移任务为例对所提Lambert算法和初始轨道设计方法进行了数学仿真,数值结果表明：相比传统6阶方法,所提Lambert算法在目标轨道半长轴为5 AU时可减少速度增量需求36.63%;所提初始设计方法与最优化方法设计结果接近,可为转移轨道的精确设计提供可行的设计初值。     

基于飞行器图像的目标跟踪方法研究

提出了一种利用飞行器图像进行目标跟踪的方法，建立了飞行器图像跟踪系统。该系统利用一种云台控制算法搜索飞行器的图像，通过对飞行器图像的边缘检测、图像中心点提取等处理，实现了飞行器图像定位。理论计算和实际应用表明，该系统可以对低马赫数和高马赫数飞行器进行图像跟踪。