Design and analysis of spiral bevel gears with seventh-order function of transmission error

This paper proposes a new approach to mial function of transmission error （TE） for spiral design and implement a seventh-order polyno- bevel gears with an aim to reduce the running vibration and noise of gear drive and improve the loaded distribution of the tooth. Based on the constraint conditions of predesigned seventh-order polynomial function curve and the theory of linear algebra, the polynomial coefficients of the seventh-order polynomial function of transmission error can be obtained. By applying a method named reverse tooth contact analysis, the modified roll coefficients as well as parts of machine-tool settings for the face-milling of spiral bevel gears can be individually determined. Therefore, a predesigned seventh-order polynomial function of transmission error for spiral bevel gears can be obtained by the modified roll with high-order coef- ficients, and comparisons of the seventh-order polynomial and parabolic functions of transmission error are also performed. The achievement of spiral bevel gears with the seventh-order function of transmission error can be accomplished on a universal Cartesian-type hypoid gear generator or a numerically controlled cradle-style hypoid gear generator due to its simple generating motion of axes of the cradle and the work piece. The results of a numerical example show that the bending stresses of the tooth of seventh-order are less than those of a parabolic one, while the contact stresses remain almost eouivalent.     

Design of face-hobbed spiral bevel gears with reduced maximum tooth contact pressure and transmission errors

The aim of this study is to define optimal tooth modifications, introduced by appropriately chosen head-cutter geometry and machine tool setting, to simultaneously minimize tooth contact pressure and angular displacement error of the driven gear (transmission error) of face-hobbed spiral bevel gears. As a result of these modifications, the gear pair becomes mismatched, and a point contact replaces the theoretical line contact. In the applied loaded tooth contact analysis it is assumed that the point contact under load is spreading over a surface along the whole or part of the ’’potential’’ contact line. A computer program was developed to implement the formulation provided above. By using this program the influence of tooth modifications introduced by the variation in machine tool settings and in head cutter data on load and pressure distributions, transmission errors, and fillet stresses is investigated and discussed. The correlation between the ease-off obtained by pinion tooth modifications and the corresponding tooth contact pressure distribution is investigated and the obtained results are presented.     

直纹面叶轮刀具轨迹规划的研究(英文)

At present, most commercial computer-aided manufacturing （CAM） systems are deficient in efficiency and performances on generating tool path during machining impellers. To solve the problem, this article develops a special software to plan cutting path for ruled surface impellers. An approximation algorithm to generate cutting path for machining integral ruled surface impellers is proposed. By fitting sampling data points of an impeller blade into a curve, a model of ruled surface blade of an impeller is built up. Furthermore, by calculating the points where the cutter axis vector intersects the free-form hub surface of an impeller, problems about, for instance, the ambiguity in calculation and machining the wide blade surface with a short flute cutter are solved. Finally, an integral impeller cutting path is planned by way of an integrated cutter location control algorithm. Simulation and machining tests with an impeller are performed on a 5-axis computer numerically controlled （CNC） mill machine, which shows the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.     

An approach for machining distortion measurements and evaluation of thin-walled blades with small datum

Inspection techniques for aero-engine blades are a hot topic in industry. Since these blades have a sculptured surface and a small datum, measurement results may deviate from an actual position. There are few proper approaches compensating for non-uniform distribution errors that are within specified tolerance ranges. This study aimed to develop a meshing structure measur-ing approach for the distortion of blades via non-contact optical 3D scanning. A rough measure-ment and a registration procedure are initially adopted to rectify the coordinate system of a blade, which avoids the initial coordinate system errors caused by the small datum. A measurement path with meshing structure is then unfolded on the blade surface. For non-uniform distribution errors, the meshing structure measurement is more visual and clear than the traditional constant height curves method. All measuring points take only 7 min to complete, and the distribution of error is directly and accurately presented by the meshing structure. This study provides a basis for future research on distortion control and error compensation.     

A data transmission scheduling algorithm for rapid-response earth-observing operations

With the development of rapid-response Earth-observing techniques, the demand for reducing a requirements-tasking-effects cycle from 1 day to hours grows rapidly. For instance, a satellite user always wants to receive requested data in near real-time to support their urgent mis- sions, such as dealing with wildfires, volcanoes, flooding events, etc. In this paper, we try to reduce data transmission time for achieving this goal. The new feature of a responsive satellite is that users can receive signals from it directly. Therefore, the traditional satellite control and operational tech- niques need to be improved to accommodate these changes in user needs and technical upgrading. With that in mind, a data transmission topological model is constructed. Based on this model, we can deal with the satellite data transmission problem as a multi-constraint and multi-objective path- scheduling problem. However, there are many optional data transmission paths for each target based on this model, and the shortest path is preferred. In addition, satellites represent scarce resources that must be carefully scheduled in order to satisfy as many consumer requests as possible. To efficiently balance response time and resource utilization, a K-shortest path genetic algorithm is proposed for solving the data transmission problem. Simulations and analysis show the feasibility and the adaptability of the proposed approach.     

Aircraft-on-ground path following control by dynamical adaptive backstepping

The necessity of improving the air traffic and reducing the aviation emissions drives to investigate automatic steering for aircraft to effectively roll on the ground. This paper addresses the path following control problem of aircraft-on-ground and focuses on the task that the aircraft is required to follow the desired path on the runway by nose wheel automatic steering. The proposed approach is based on dynamical adaptive backstepping so that the system model does not have to be transformed into a canonical triangular form which is necessary in conventional backstepping design. This adaptive controller performs well despite the lack of information on the aerodynamic load and the tire cornering stiffness parameters. Simulation results clearly demonstrate the advantages and effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Nonlinear dynamics and station-keeping control of a rotating tethered satellite system in halo orbits

The dynamics of a rotating tethered satellite system （TSS） in the vicinity of libration points are highly nonlinear and inherently unstable. In order to fulfill the station-keep control of the rotating TSS along halo orbits, a nonlinear output tracking control scheme based on the θ- D technique is proposed. Compared with the popular time-variant linear quadratic regulator （LQR） controller, this approach overcomes some limitations such as on-line computations of the algebraic Riccati equation. Besides, the obtained nonlinear suboptimal controller is in a closed form and easy to implement. Numerical simulations show that the TTS trajectories track the periodic reference orbit with low energy consumption in the presence of both tether and initial injection errors. The axis of rotation can keep pointing to an inertial specific object to fulfill an observation mission. In addition, the thrusts required by the controller are in an acceptable range and can be implemented through some low-thrust propulsion devices.     

基于弧长参数的开边自由曲面构件上纤维均匀覆盖(英文)

This article uses arc-length parameters for path planning to carry out robotic fibre placement （RFP） over open-contoured structures This allows representing the initial path and offset points using an identical mathematical equation and computation by more simple arithmetic. With the help of classical differential geometry, the calculation of fiber-placing paths may be reduced to solution of initial-value problems of first-order ordinary differential equations in the parametric domain （parametrically defined mould surface） or in 3D space （an implicitly defined mould surface）, thereby significantly improving on the existing methods. Compared with the conventional methods, the proposed method, besides its computational simplicity, has a better error control mechanism in computing the initial path and offset points. Numerical experiments are also carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of the new method in composite forming processes and also its potential application in computer numerical control （CNC） machining, surface trim, and other industrial practices.     

A grasp planning algorithm under uneven contact point distribution scenario for space non-cooperative target capture

The contact point configuration should be carefully chosen to ensure a stable capture,especially for the non-cooperative target capture mission using multi-armed spacecraft. In this work scenario, the contact points on the base and on the arms are distributed on the opposite side of the target. Otherwise, large forces will be needed. To cope with this problem, an uneven-oriented distribution union criterion is proposed. The union criterion contains a virtual symmetrical criterion and a geometry ...     

Composite control method for stabilizing spacecraft attitude in terms of Rodrigues parameters

In this paper, the attitude stabilization problem of a rigid spacecraft described by Rodrigues parameters is investigated via a composite control strategy, which combines a feedback control law designed by a finite time control technique with a feedforward compensator based on a linear disturbance observer (DOB) method. By choosing a suitable coordinate transformation, the spacecraft dynamics can be divided into three second-order subsystems. Each subsystem includes a certain part and an uncertain part. By using the finite time control technique, a continuous finite time controller is designed for the certain part. The uncertain part is considered to be a lumped disturbance, which is estimated by a DOB, and a corresponding feedforward design is then implemented to compensate the disturbance. Simulation results are employed to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

基于共轭齿面修正的航空弧齿锥齿轮高阶传动误差齿面拓扑结构设计

根据高阶传动误差和齿面印痕的设计需求,提出基于共轭齿面修正的齿面设计方法.采用与大轮齿面完全共轭的小轮齿面为基准面,根据预设的高阶传动误差对齿面进行一次修正;在此基础上根据接触印痕的需求对齿面进行两次修正,通过对全齿面几何形状的精确控制实现高阶传动误差和齿面印痕的精确控制.算例结果表明,传动误差为6阶曲线,幅值为3.1″,接触迹线与根锥的夹角接近25°.通过数字化滚检方法分析,结果显示:传动误差的形状、幅值、接触迹线与接触椭圆可以得到精确控制.这种基于共轭齿面修正的齿面设计方法可推广应用于其他齿轮副的设计.     

全工序法弧齿锥齿轮加工参数计算方法

分析弧齿锥齿轮刀盘的结构特征与切齿运动特点,提出三个参考点的设置方法。以大轮采用展成法,小轮采用螺旋展成法加工的弧齿锥齿轮副为研究对象,提出了全工序法大轮加工参数的简化计算方法。总结螺旋锥齿轮的一般啮合规律,结合参考点设置方法,利用Free-Form型机床的柔性运动控制特征,建立了小轮的切齿控制优化模型,获得一组最优化的加工参数。以此计算方法开发了设计软件,基于国产全数控锥齿轮加工装备,以一对准双曲面齿轮为算例进行了网络化闭环制造,试验结果显示:齿轮副传动误差幅值达13.2″,两齿面接触区均位于齿面中部、呈内对角,验证了方法的正确性,有效解决了全工序法加工弧齿锥齿轮时双面接触特征同步调整困难的行业难题。      

基于预定啮合特性的点啮合齿面设计方法

针对格里森螺旋锥齿轮齿面设计方法无法在整个齿面接触传动过程中有效控制齿面啮合特性的不足,论述一种按预定的啮合特性设计点啮合齿面的理论和方法:啮合齿面的接触迹线上每一点的几何结构按预定的齿面啮合特性要求设计,而与特定的机床结构参数无关.啮合点的二阶接触参数通过弹性齿轮副的载荷-变形效应条件,而不是接触区的位置、大小和形状来设计.实例计算和分析表明本文的点啮合齿面设计方法是格里森齿面设计方法在数控技术条件下的发展和完善.      

航空弧齿锥齿轮低噪声和低安装误差敏感性设计

基于局部综合原理,提出弧齿锥齿轮副的低噪声、低安装误差敏感性设计方法。介绍了基于局部综合原理的弧齿锥齿轮小轮加工参数设计的基本过程,通过预置传动比函数的1阶导数、大轮齿面参考点处接触迹线的切线方向和瞬时接触椭圆的长半轴长度和点接触局部综合公式,求得小轮的加工参数;根据得到的弧齿锥齿轮副的加工参数,进行齿面接触分析,进而获得齿面接触印痕和传动误差曲线;对某型航空弧齿锥齿轮副进行了基于局部综合法的加工参数设计,得到对称抛物线型传动误差曲线和接近于直线的啮合印痕。齿面接触印痕和传动误差曲线有利于降低弧齿锥齿轮副的啮合振动和噪声以及对安装误差的敏感性。     

弧齿锥齿轮传动误差曲线优化的半变性法

以预置的传动误差曲线为目标,提出了弧齿锥齿轮传动误差曲线优化的半变性法.以局部综合原理为基础,先初步确定小轮加工参数并进行齿面接触分析(TCA),将结果曲线与预置曲线对比后,再微调切削速比和三阶变性系数以缩小两者之间的差距.采用半变性法对某航空弧齿锥齿轮副的传动误差曲线进行了优化,研究发现:切削速比与传动误差曲线开口大小有关,三阶变性系数与传动误差曲线整体歪斜程度有关.优化后的传动误差曲线与预置曲线吻合度较好,且接触印痕满足设计要求,证明了半变性法的有效性.      

基于传动误差设计的弧齿锥齿轮啮合分析

 提出了基于传动误差设计的弧齿锥齿轮啮合质量控制的新概念。首先分析了传动误差所反映的弧齿锥齿轮传动的动态特性、强度性能等众多信息,包括设计重合度、实际重合度、振动激励、边缘接触、载荷齿间分配和齿面印痕相对于误差的敏感性。在此基础上,提出了高重合度传动误差曲线的设计,通过齿面接触路径方向的倾斜,重合度能够高至 2.0～ 3.0,有效地改善了齿轮动态特性,提高了强度。进一步又提出了几何传动误差曲线幅值的设计,结合承载传动误差,使齿轮在不同载荷条件下既能具有高的重合度,又保证了相对低的误差敏感性。其后提出的四阶传动误差曲线的设计,除上述优点外,还改进了齿轮的轻载振动和噪声。最后论述了基于传动误差设计的弧齿锥齿轮的相应制造方法。该研究为高性能弧齿锥齿轮的开发开辟了途径。     

基于传动性能和垂直轮位的弧齿锥齿轮齿面设计

根据齿面印痕的位置、方向及传动误差幅值的要求,在齿面上设计三个啮合点,通过对这三个啮合点的控制,达到对齿面啮合质量的全程控制.为了满足不同的加工要求,在此基础上,按照给定的垂直轮位的值对小轮加工参数进行再设计,保证传动误差的幅值不变且接触迹线仅有较小的改变.最后分别用该方法和美国Gleason公司的软件设计一对齿轮,并进行齿面印痕、传动误差和齿面对比,两种设计是基本一致的.      

调整参数误差对齿面接触质量的影响

从齿面接触分析(Toothcontactanalysis,TCA)内含的啮合信息分析机床调整参数误差对齿面接触质量的影响,研究机床调整参数误差与螺旋锥齿轮齿面接触分析之间的关联规律.以SGM(螺旋锥齿轮,大轮展成法,小轮变性法加工)调整卡加工的弧齿锥齿轮副为研究对象,分析得到各个调整参数误差引起的齿面接触质量的变化规律.在此基础上,确定对齿面接触质量有较大影响的机床调整参数.      

安装误差对航空弧齿锥齿轮传动误差曲线的影响分析

传动误差曲线是评价弧齿锥齿轮副动态特性与啮合性能的重要指标,而安装误差又对动态特性与啮合性能产生直接影响。为此,分析了传动误差曲线对各类型安装误差变动的敏感性。依据局部综合法设计得到了齿轮副加工参数,形成弧齿锥齿轮副齿面。计入系统安装误差,通过对轮齿接触分析,得到了传动误差曲线与齿面接触印痕。定量分析了在不同安装误差条件下,传动误差曲线的变化情况,并对航空附件传动系统中的1对弧齿锥齿轮进行了传动误差曲线对安装误差的敏感性分析。结果表明:传动误差曲线对小轮安装距误差更为敏感。