纳秒脉冲激光制孔孔壁热应力数值模拟研究

通过数值模拟研究纳秒脉冲激光冲击制孔过程孔壁热应力,分析不同脉冲数作用下制孔过程孔壁热应力演变特征,揭示了不同厚度再铸层内应力变化特征.结果表明:随着纳秒脉冲数增加,制孔深度不断增加,孔壁最高温度和最大von Misses等效应力逐步远离激光入孔端,但最大等效塑性应变在激光入孔端;随着再铸层厚度的增加,其内部拉应力不断增大,微裂纹易产生于较厚的孔壁再铸层内.     

利用小孔射流改善气膜冷却效率的数值研究

为了获得气膜孔下游放置一对射流小孔对气膜冷却效率的影响规律,采用数值模拟方法研究了不同吹风比下射流小孔出口位置尺寸不同时流动过程和冷却效率的分布情况,并与常规气膜孔冷却结构形式进行对比,以揭示小孔射流改善气膜冷却效率的作用机理.研究表明:在常规气膜孔下游开两个射流小孔后,两射流小孔分别产生一个较弱的与气膜孔反向涡对方向相反的反向涡对,反向涡对的相互作用减弱了气膜孔反向涡对的强度,使气膜的贴壁效果更好,提高了气膜孔的冷却效率.在各吹风比条件下,气膜孔下游有射流小孔时,冷却效率都有一定的提高,并且射流小孔间距较大时对两气膜孔中心线之间的横向平均冷却效率改善较大,吹风比较大时,效果更明显.      

改善激光加工Ni3Al基合金小孔质量的研究

介绍了针对金属间化合物-Ni3Al基铸造高温合金,提高激光加工小孔微观质量研究的最新进展,介绍了150～550 ns窄脉冲声光调Q脉冲列工作模式的YAG激光加工Ni3Al材料的特点及小孔的微观质量状况并与自由振荡YAG激光加工进行了比较;介绍了激光加工Ni3Al材料小孔孔壁再铸层后续去除的新方法--电化学腐蚀的工作原理、处理效果、性能分析等.     

涡轮叶片先进气膜冷却与相关激光打孔技术进展

航空发动机涡轮叶片依赖于高温基体、热障陶瓷涂层和气膜冷却技术实现高的工作温度,进而实现高的燃油效率和推重比.介绍了气膜冷却技术的演化趋势,并通过猫耳异型孔与直圆孔的仿真对比,指出复杂异型气膜孔的重要性.进一步论述了单步加工异型孔的必要性和工艺方案,指出为解决单晶叶片异型孔加工难题,超短脉冲激光加工虽然成为研究热点,但水助激光加工更应该引起重视.     

SiC/SiC复合材料纳秒激光和皮秒激光制孔质量的对比研究

采用纳秒激光和皮秒激光在厚度3mm的碳化硅纤维增强碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料(SiC/SiC)上进行了制孔试验,并对这两种不同脉冲宽度激光制孔的质量进行了分析.结果表明:纳秒激光在SiC/SiC复合材料上制孔存在热影响区,导致加工区域附近产生重铸物、分层、热影响区和微裂纹等热缺陷.与纳秒激光制孔相比,皮秒激光在SiC/SiC复合材料上制孔质量有明显提高,加工区域附近几乎不存在热影响区,且不存在重铸物、分层、微裂纹等缺陷.     

航空发动机高压涡轮叶片气膜孔电火花加工工艺参数对重熔层的影响

本文分析了采用电火花加工气膜孔时不同工艺参数对重熔层的影响。结果表明:在相同脉冲宽度、脉冲间隔的情况下,加工电流越大,重熔层厚度越大;在相同加工电流、脉冲间隔的情况下,脉冲宽度越大,重熔层厚度越大;对比6组工艺参数可知,5#、6#叶片电火花加工气膜孔的重熔层质量较好,但5#叶片气膜孔的加工效率高于6#叶片气膜孔。     

喷射液束电解辅助激光打孔的模拟和试验研究(英文)

再铸层和溅射物是激光打孔固有的两个缺陷,这些缺陷限制了激光打孔技术在航空工业中的应用。为解决这一问题,创新提出了喷射液束电解辅助激光打孔方法用以改善激光打孔质量。该加工方法是在激光加工中同轴施加喷射电液束,喷射电液束在加工中对工件的电化学溶解作用、有效的冷却作用以及冲刷金属熔滴作用都有助于去除再铸层和溅射物。针对这一新型加工方法,建立了二维数学模型模拟加工孔的截面轮廓并通过模拟结果与试验结果的比较得到验证。利用倍频后的脉冲Nd:YAG激光对0.5mm厚的321不锈钢片进行了喷射液束电解辅助激光打孔试验研究,并通过光学显微镜观测了加工试验结果。通过对喷射液束电解辅助激光打孔结果与空气中激光打孔的对比,证实了该新型加工方法有效去除了再铸层和溅射物,其加工效率约为空气中激光打孔的70%。     

航空发动机气膜冷却孔的打孔工艺

本文介绍了国内外航空涡轮发动机气膜冷却孔的主要打孔工艺方法,并介绍了各种工艺方法的适用范围及存在的主要问题。文中还着重探讨了气膜冷却孔加工中再铸层及微裂纹问题,并针对国内技术水平和设备现状,提出了新机研制和批量生产应选用的打孔工艺方法。     

激光加工小孔工艺及其孔壁再铸层对DZ22高温合金疲劳性能的影响

介绍了３种激光加工小孔工艺，在疲劳试验基础上分析了激光加工小孔孔壁再铸层及其上微裂纹对ＤＺ２２材料疲劳寿命的影响，并比较了３种工艺方法的优劣。     

基于电火花-电解复合加工方法的微小孔制造

航空发动机涡轮叶片气膜冷却孔的制造一直是难点所在。提出了微小孔电火花-电解同步复合加工方法,通过电火花加工和电化学溶解同步进行,实现小孔的高效无重铸层制造。针对电火花-电解复合加工方法进行了试验研究,观测了复合加工过程中的试验现象,研究了加工过程中的电压电流波形和加工产物成分,计算了电化学溶解作用占复合加工材料去除量的比例,分析了工作液电导率对电极损耗的影响,比较了复合加工与纯电火花加工后的微小孔加工质量。试验结果表明,电火花-电解复合加工可以在微小孔制造完成的同时,有效去除孔壁上的重铸层。提出的方法可以为实现航空发动机涡轮叶片气膜冷却孔的高效无重铸层制造提供新的解决途径,并可用于其他微小群孔类零部件的加工。     

冰层辅助对电火花-电解复合穿孔的影响

电火花-电解复合穿孔(ECDD)加工方法有望实现难加工材料涡轮叶片气膜冷却孔无重铸层高效加工,为了进一步提升小孔孔壁的加工质量,提出了在工件底部填充冰层的电火花-电解复合穿孔加工新方法。分析了冰层辅助对复合加工过程中两极之间电流电压的波形、复合穿孔的加工效率、小孔的出入口孔径、孔壁重铸层去除等的影响,进行了冰层辅助与无冰层辅助电火花-电解复合穿孔对比试验。试验表明:冰层辅助加工可以在小孔穿透之后形成充分的反向冲液,有效地解决小孔穿透之后的漏液问题。在增加底部停顿时间的基础上,即小孔穿透后管电极到达预设深度继续停留一段时间,延长管电极对孔壁的电解作用时间,可以显著提高重铸层的去除效果,有望实现小孔整个孔壁重铸层的完全去除。     

Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Laser Drilling with Jet Electrochemical Machining

As two kinds of defects, recast layers and spatters, commonly accompanied by laser-drilled holes always prevent the laser drilling technique from extending its applications in aerospace and aircraft industries, therefore, a novel hybrid process incorporating laser drilling with jet electrochemical machining (JECM-LD) has been developed to solve these problems as well as improve the overall quality of laser-drilled holes. It is executed by directing an electrolyte jet coaxially aligned with a laser beam onto the workpiece surface. During the process, the electrolyte jet produces electrochemical reaction with the surface material, effective cooling of it and carries away the process scraps. A two-dimensional mathematical model is proposed to describe the shape of the holes machined by JECM-LD. The model is verified through comparison between the results from simulation and those from experiments conducted on the test pieces made of 321 stainless steel 0.5 mm thick processed by the pulsed Nd:YAG laser at second harmonic wavelength. An examination of the experimental results under an optical microscope discovers that, by contrast with the laser drilling in air, the JECM-LD has effectively removed the recast layers and spatters, but its efficiency dropped by about 30%.     

飞秒激光能量密度对镍基合金重铸层和加工效率的影响

以航空发动机叶片制孔为导向,结合飞秒激光对单晶镍基高温合金材料的非热熔性损伤阈值(Φth1)和热熔性损伤阈值(Φth2)特征,研究了飞秒激光能量密度(0Φ44.2J/cm2)对制孔重铸层和加工效率的影响规律。研究结果表明:在Φth1ΦΦth2时,镍基合金经飞秒激光加工后加工侧壁没有出现明显的重铸物;在ΦΦth2时,加工侧壁开始出现重铸物,并随着能量密度的增加,重铸层厚度增大。在试验结果的基础上,建立了飞秒激光单脉冲加工深度与能量密度的定量关系。能量密度越高,飞秒激光单脉冲加工深度越大,加工效率越高。     

一种提高表面完整性的气膜孔成形方法

为了解决目前航空发动机涡轮叶片气膜孔成形工艺存在热影响严重等问题,提出了采用超快激光环切与螺旋扫描的加工方法,设计了一种可实现高效、无热效应气膜孔加工的双激光光源微加工系统,并从作用机理和实际加工过程两方面分析了热效应的产生原因,指出了其中的主要影响因素,然后针对这些因素选用DD6材料进行了工艺参数优化和实验验证.实验结果表明:采用500fs激光与微秒长脉冲激光复合加工的方式可以使精细钻孔的效率提升约10倍,并得到基本无重铸层和微裂纹的涡轮叶片气膜孔;其工艺参数包括扫描速度为2400r/min,重叠率为12%,进给量为5μm,重复频率为20kHz以及0.6Pa同轴吹气.表明超快激光配合合理的工艺参数和加工方式可以实现无热效应气膜孔加工,是一种有效提高气膜孔成形表面完整性的工艺方法.      

喷射液束电解-激光复合加工工艺试验研究

喷射液束电解 激光复合加工是一项新探索的加工技术,其特点是既发挥激光加工的高效率,又借助喷射电液束的冷却、冲刷、电解作用而实现在线去除再铸层。基于该加工原理的分析,在对激光电解液中衰减特性研究的基础上,研制了试验系统并对不锈钢片进行了打孔工艺试验。试验结果表明,应用液压1.5 MPa、浓度18%的NaNO₃电解液的喷射液束电解-激光复合加工可实现再铸层减少90%以上。通过对打孔形貌的对比以及加工工艺规律的初步分析,揭示了喷射液束电解-激光复合加工以激光加工为主,电解加工辅助去除再铸层的加工原理,证实了该复合加工工艺的可行性,可望在航空航天领域得到广泛工程应用。     

Machining of a film-cooling hole in a single-crystal superalloy by high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling

Single-crystal superalloys are typical advanced materials used for manufacturing aeroengine turbine blades. Their unique characteristics of high hardness and strength make them exceedingly difficult to machine. However, a key structure of a turbine blade, the film-cooling hole,needs to be machined in a single-crystal superalloy; such machining is challenging, especially considering the increasing levels of machining efficiency and quality demanded by the aeroengine industry. Tube electrode high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling(TSECDD), a hybrid technique of high-speed electrical discharge drilling and electrochemical machining, provides high machining efficiency and accuracy, as well as eliminating the recast layer. In this study, TSECDD is used to machine a film-cooling hole in a nickel-based single-crystal superalloy(DD6). The Taguchi methods of experiment are used to optimise the machining parameters. Experimental results show that TSECDD can effectively drill the film-cooling hole; the optimum parameters that give the best performance are as follows: pulse duration: 12 ls, pulse interval: 30 ls, peak current:6 A, and salt solution conductivity: 3 m S/cm. Finally, a hole is machined by TSECDD, and the results are compared with those obtained by electrical discharge machining. TSECDD is found to be promising for improving the surface quality and eliminating the recast layer.     

Breakthrough detection in electrochemical discharge drilling to enhance machining stability

Film cooling holes are widely used in aero-engine turbine blades. These blades feature large numbers of holes with complex angles and require a high level of surface integrity. Electrochemical discharge drilling(ECDD) combines the high efficiency of electrical discharge drilling(EDD) with high quality of electrochemical drilling(ECD). However, due to the existence of a variety of energy for material removal, accurate and timely detection of breakthroughs is fraught with difficulties. An insuffic...     

复合材料紧固孔分层激光超声量化表征试验

提出解决飞机复合材料结构紧固孔分层检测问题的途径。基于激光超声技术,进行复合材料紧固孔分层的量化表征试验。制备碳纤维增强复合材料紧固孔试样,根据复合材料中激光超声的激发参量选取原则,利用材料受脉冲激光辐照作用产生的热弹效应激发超声波,提取表征紧固孔区域分层缺陷的超声信号;分析影响缺陷表征准确度的关键因素,发现脉冲激光光斑尺寸（直径1~5 mm）变化对紧固孔分层的表征不产生显著影响;基于穿透法和脉冲反射法进行激光超声C扫描检测,得到紧固孔区域分层缺陷的形状、尺寸和位置特征。研究结果表明,利用激光超声技术的非接触式激发、接收和高分辨力特点,可以准确测得紧固孔区域分层缺陷导致的波反射和衰减,有效表征飞机复合材料结构的紧固孔分层缺陷。     

Investigation of Surface Integrity on TC17 Titanium Alloy Treated by Square-spot Laser Shock Peening

Laser shock peening(LSP) is an innovative surface treatment method,which has been shown to greatly improve the fatigue life of many metallic components.This work investigates surface integrity of TC17 titanium alloy treated by LSP with innovative square laser spot.Nd:glass laser with duration of 30 ns and spot size of 4 mm×4 mm is applied.The surface morphology and surface residual stress of the TC17 titanium alloy,treated with varying peening parameters such as laser power density and overlapping ratio,have been studied in detail.The results show that laser pulse energy greatly influences surface morphology and surface residual stress around single-spot treated areas,and compressive residual stresses are saturated as laser pulse energy is over 55 J.There are significantly different surface morphologies and residual stress distributions at the overlapped areas with different overlapping ratios.A relative smooth surface is produced with uniform compressive residual stress distribution at an overlapping ratio of 8 %.The experiment of residual stress relaxation is implemented by measuring residual stress at the center of four overlapped spots and by four point bending fatigue test at the frequency of 105 Hz.The compressive residual stresses induced by LSP are found to relax quite slowly under cyclic fatigue loading.     

陀螺电机转子动平衡激光精密去重技术

陀螺电机转子动平衡采用的人工打孔去重存在效率低、去重精度低、金属碎屑残留等问题，严重制约了陀螺的生产效率和精度。而激光去重具有去重精度高、无接触、效率高等优点，在精密去重领域应用前景广泛。采用脉冲光纤激光器对陀螺电机转子动平衡进行了激光精密去重技术研究，探讨了激光频率、振镜扫描速度等参数对去重效果的影响规律，优化了激光去重工艺参数。当激光功率为30W、振镜扫描速度为1000mm/s时，去重盲孔效果最好。针对激光去重盲孔存在残留物问题，提出了激光二次抛光去除残留物的方法，研究了激光功率、振镜扫描速度对残留物去除效果影响规律，优化了激光抛光工艺参数。激光去重盲孔经二次扫描抛光后，盲孔表面残留物去除干净，满足陀螺电机转子的精密去重要求。