环境介质与应力比对300M钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的影响

 研究了３．５％ＮａＣｌ溶液（ＳＷ）、蒸馏水（ＤＷ）和空气（ＡＩＲ）３种环境和Ｒ＝０．１、０．５两种应力比对３００Ｍ钢疲劳裂纹萌生寿命（ＦＣＩＬ）的影响。结果表明,腐蚀环境显著降低疲劳强度和ＦＣＩＬ。在同一等效应力幅（Δσｅｑｖ）水平下,３种环境中的ＦＣＩＬ（Ｎｉ）的大小依次为（Ｎｉ）ＡＩＲ＞（Ｎｉ）ＤＷ＞（Ｎｉ）ＳＷ。在同一等效应力幅Δσｅｑｖ水平下,３００Ｍ钢在ＳＷ小的腐蚀疲劳（ＣＦ）裂纹萌生寿命（ＣＩＬ）随应力比的提高而提高。义小给出了Ｎｉ与Δσｅｑｖ,ＣＦ强度损失因子Ｄｓ与Ｎｉ,ＣＦＣＩＬ损失因子ＤＬ与Δσｅｑｖ等的关系人达式。     

镍基高温合金GH536的热疲劳行为

燃烧室火焰筒作为航空发动机的热端关键结构件，在工作过程中受到复杂的循环温度载荷，使其承受热疲劳损伤.对火焰筒常用镍基高温合金GH536的热疲劳行为进行试验研究.根据火焰筒结构和载荷特征，设计了中心孔平板试样以及热疲劳试验，研究了热疲劳载荷条件下GH536平板的裂纹萌生及扩展规律，揭示了GH536的热疲劳破坏机理.研究发现:①热疲劳裂纹以穿晶模式萌生，以沿晶方式扩展并断裂；②随着热疲劳试验中上限温度的升高，裂纹的萌生寿命缩短，裂纹扩展速率加快，试样在800℃时的热疲劳裂纹萌生寿命是900℃裂纹萌生寿命的4.5倍.      

Hf和凝固冷速对定向凝固高温合金低周疲劳性能的影响

对DZ22及其不含Hf的改型合金用快冷和缓冷两种凝固工艺制备出定向凝固试样,在760℃和1．0～1．4％总应变条件下测定其低周疲劳（LCF）性能,用光学金相、定量金相及扫描电镜观测了试样原始组织、疲劳过程组织的变化以及断口特征。结果表明：加Hf显著提高了合金的LCF寿命,缓冷凝固则严重损害合金的LCF性能;LCF裂纹大多产生于疲劳寿命的后半期,主要出现在柱晶界、枝晶间、滑移带界面以及MC碳化物处;滑移带的出现是LCF损伤的先兆,在滑移作用下MC碳化物群体开裂并向周围扩展留下疲劳条痕,是这类合金中温LCF断裂的重要特征。本研究还讨论了减少或细化碳化物对延长LCF寿命的实用意义。     

镍基高温合金GH4169小裂纹早期扩展的原位疲劳试验

通过原位扫描电子显微镜(SEM)疲劳试验,研究了直接时效GH4169高温合金在室温下的疲劳小裂纹萌生和早期扩展过程.结果表明:在应力比R=0.1的拉-拉疲劳载荷作用下,疲劳小裂纹的萌生寿命仅为全寿命的20%左右.疲劳小裂纹起源于表面夹杂,以半椭圆表面裂纹形状扩展,扩展后期穿透试样一侧形成角裂纹,角裂纹迅速扩展导致试样断裂.疲劳小裂纹的早期扩展易受局部微观结构的影响,扩展速率分散性较大.      

定向合金DZ125热/机械疲劳寿命预测模型评估

分别用微裂纹扩展模型、Manson-Coffin方程和拉伸迟滞能模型对DZ125定向凝固铸造镍基高温合金的热/机械疲劳寿命进行预测。预测结果发现:三种模型都能较好对DZ125合金的热/机械疲劳寿命进行预测(分散带为2倍左右)。通过分散带和标准差的定量比较发现:对于同相位、-135°相位和同相位带保持时间的热/机械疲劳,拉伸迟滞能寿命预测模型的预测结果比微裂纹扩展模型和Manson-Coffin方程的预测结果好;而对于反相位热/机械疲劳,微裂纹扩展模型的预测结果比拉伸迟滞能寿命预测模型和Manson-Coffin方程的预测结果好。      

非对称载荷下TC17合金超高周疲劳试验

通过试验研究了110Hz和20kHz两种频率正弦式非对称载荷作用下TC17合金材料的疲劳失效行为,结果表明:载荷频率对TC17合金的疲劳强度和疲劳失效机理影响不明显,两种频率载荷作用下TC17合金的疲劳失效均存在表面诱发疲劳失效和内部诱发疲劳失效。表面诱发的疲劳失效主要是由循环载荷作用下试样机械加工缺陷和表面滑移所导致的,内部诱发的疲劳失效主要是由于材料初生α相在非对称循环载荷作用下发生解理断裂而导致的,失效形式的不同使得材料的应力-疲劳寿命（S-N）曲线呈双线性。萌生于TC17合金试样内部的疲劳裂纹可分为3个阶段:初生α相的解理断裂阶段、短裂纹扩展阶段和长裂纹扩展阶段。由裂纹萌生区特征可以确定室温条件下,应力比为0.1时,TC17合金疲劳长裂纹扩展门槛值为3.3MPa·m1/2。      

低温对航空铝合金疲劳与裂纹扩展行为的影响

为了研究航空铝合金疲劳与裂纹扩展行为和机理,测试2种常用航空铝合金2524-T3和7050-T7451在常温25℃和低温–70℃下的疲劳与裂纹扩展性能,借助断口金相分析微观机理。结果表明:相同应力加载水平下,铝合金低温疲劳寿命延长而低温裂纹扩展速率减慢,–70℃低温对2种航空铝合金疲劳与裂纹扩展行为产生有益影响;–70℃低温环境下疲劳裂纹萌生区出现明显的台阶状小平面,两侧断面间形成凹凸错位,疲劳裂纹萌生困难;而在裂纹扩展区疲劳条带和韧窝特征减弱,且出现明显的沿晶特征,裂纹趋向于沿着晶界曲折扩展,疲劳和裂纹扩展寿命延长;随着加载应力水平提高,断口表面凹凸错位和沿晶特征减弱,而疲劳条带和韧窝特征增多。     

7075-T651铝合金疲劳特性研究

在不同的应力幅值下测试了7075-T651铝合金的疲劳寿命,拟合试验数据得到合金S-N曲线,估算疲劳极限为223MPa。用扫描电镜观察高低应力幅值下的疲劳试样断口,结果表明:合金的加工缺陷或粗大夹杂处往往为裂纹源,裂纹扩展伴随着小平面断裂的发生,高应力幅下疲劳裂纹扩展区出现犁沟和轮胎花样,而低应力幅下的疲劳裂纹扩展区中除有大量疲劳条带外,还出现了疲劳台阶和二次裂纹。合金的疲劳瞬断区则存在着撕裂棱与等轴韧窝。弥散分布的微小析出相对合金的疲劳性能有着积极的影响。     

粉末冶金镍基高温合金FGH96高温疲劳寿命分散性特征

通过宽载荷水平大子样试验研究了缺陷对粉末冶金镍基高温合金FGH96的疲劳寿命分散性的影响，获得FGH96在宽载荷水平下的疲劳寿命分布特征.通过扫描电镜对疲劳失效断口进行统计分析，揭示缺陷在不同载荷条件下的作用.结果表明:①FGH96中导致疲劳失效的缺陷主要为非金属夹杂；②在高应力水平下（1200，1100MPa）下，导致表面萌生裂纹的夹杂是最差疲劳寿命的主导因素，使得疲劳寿命分散性较大；③在中间应力水平（1000MPa）下，在材料内部萌生裂纹的夹杂并不影响疲劳寿命的分散性；④在低应力水平（900MPa）下，疲劳破坏均萌生于内部，在材料内部夹杂处萌生的裂纹并不影响疲劳寿命的分散性.因此，在高应力水平下的寿命预测需要考虑缺陷信息.      

温度对2E12铝合金疲劳性能与断裂机制的影响

采用疲劳实验、SEM及TEM等分析测试手段,研究温度对2524-T4合金疲劳寿命及断裂机制的影响.实验结果表明,服役温度对合金疲劳寿命及断裂机制有显著的影响,温度升高导致合金在寿命106次条件下疲劳强度降低,100℃合金的疲劳强度较-55℃下降约30MPa.由于不同温度条件下疲劳过程中位错、二次相及晶界间相互作用机制的不同,-55℃条件下合金断裂表现出较强的晶体学裂纹特征,室温和高温条件下断口主要以穿晶断裂为主,同时伴随局部沿晶断裂特征.     

ν-gap度量及其在飞行控制律评估中的应用

 传统控制律评估方法主要用于单输入单输出（SISO）系统，且对模型参数摄动考虑不够全面,针对这些不足，研究了ν-gap度量方法。在介绍系统广义稳定裕度相关概念的基础上，给出了ν-gap度量的定义、特点和性质以及近似摄动模型的计算，提出ν-gap度量评估控制律的步骤。实例结果表明，该方法不仅克服了上述传统评估方法的缺陷，而且还有根据所求的各摄动影响情况忽略影响小的元素，以减少计算量及可以找到最坏情况下的参数摄动组合等优点。     

Integrated Entry Guidance for Reusable Launch Vehicle

A method for the implementation of integrated three-degree-of-freedom constrained entry guidance for reusable launch vehicle is presented. Given any feasible entry conditions, terminal area energy management interface conditions, and the reference trajectory generated onboard then, the method can generate a longitudinal guidance profile rapidly, featuring linear quadratic regular method and a proportional-integral-derivative tracking law with time-varying gains, which satisfies all the entry corridor constraints and meets the requirements with high precision. Afterwards, by utilizing special features of crossrange parameter, establishing bank-reversal corridor, and determining bank-reversals according to dynamically adjusted method, the algorithm enables the lateral entry guidance system to fly a wide range of missions and provides reliable and good performance in the presence of significant aerodynamic modeling uncertainty. Fast trajectory guidance profiles and simulations with a reusable launch vehicle model for various missions and aerodynamic uncertain-ties are presented to demonstrate the capacity and reliability of this method.     

基于飞机油箱模型形状特征油量测量切片步长选择方法研究

 在分析飞机数字式油量测量过程中目前广泛使用的切片法油量测量原理的基础上,针对现有的定步长切片法无法得到准确、可靠的燃油质量特性数据库的缺陷,结合对飞机油箱模型形状特征的分析,提出了基于飞机油箱模型形状特征的油量测量切片步长选择方法。此方法包括切片步长整体和局部选择两个过程,整体选择以实现相邻两切片平面所夹油箱模型体积近似相等为目的来确定切片步长,以体现油箱模型截面整体变化规律;局部选择以设计切片平面与截面突变平面重合或尽可能接近的方式,突出油箱截面的局部变化特征。实验结果表明：该切片步长选择方法较定步长方法能够建立更为合理、可靠的燃油质量特性数据库,从而提高了油量测量精度。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

二维翼段颤振的μ控制

 采用超声电机作为作动器来实现含控制面的翼段颤振鲁棒抑制。针对作者设计的二维翼段颤振主动抑制系统，通过理论与实验相结合的方法，建立了考虑沉浮方向阻尼和作动器模型参数不确定性的控制系统模型，设计了μ控制器，并对控制器做了降阶处理。数值仿真和风洞试验表明，μ控制器可有效地抑制颤振的发生，将颤振临界速度提高23.4%。相对于H_∞控制器，μ控制器的控制效果和鲁棒性更好。     

航空发动机管路测量数据分割方法

 为了提高航空发动机管路测量数据的反求建模效率,提出了一种区域增长分割算法。该方法主要是利用管路表面在曲面索引系数映射、主曲率映射、高斯映射上的特性,并基于均值漂移算法和遗传算法提出了区域分割算法中种子区域的选择策略。然后利用区域增长分割方法实现了对管路测量数据的分割。经过仿真和实测数据验证,所提管路分割算法具有较好的分割质量和效率。     

Abnormal Shape Mould Winding

为解决网格化芯模的缠绕问题,本文提出了复合材料面片缠绕机理;接着详细分析了面片缠绕过程中的芯模凹曲面上纤维滑线和架空现象,应用微分几何曲面理论和空间几何理论,提出判据及其解决方案;最后,针对飞机发动机进气道的缠绕成型,编制缠绕控制程序并进行相应的实验,验证了面片缠绕方法的可行性。     

Interfacial Properties Modification of Carbon Fiber/ Polyarylacetylene Composites

This work was dedicated to performing surface oxidation and coating treatments on carbon fibers (CF) and investigating the changes of fiber surface properties after these treatments, including surface composition, relative volume of functional groups, and sur- face topography with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atom force microscopy (AFM) technology. The results show that, after oxidation treatments, interfacial properties between CF and non-polar polyarylacetylene (PAA) resin are remarkably modified by removing weak surface layers and increasing fiber surface roughness. Coating treatment by high char phenolic resin solution after oxida- tion makes interface of CF/PAA composites to be upgraded and the interfacial properties further bettered.     

Thermal Stresses and Cracks During the Growth of Large-sized Sapphire with SAPMAC Method

本文利用有限元法对冷心放肩微量提拉法(SAPMAC)生长大尺寸蓝宝石单晶过程中的热应力进行了模拟计算,应用临界缺陷理论解释了裂纹的萌生与扩展机理。研究表明,晶体内的热应力主要与晶体生长速率,环境温度和结晶取向有关;较大热应力多出现在结晶界面,放肩、收尾以及直径急剧变化等位置;最大热应力总是出现在籽晶与新生晶体的界面附近。裂纹将在临界缺陷位置产生,并在应力作用下沿a或m面扩展。计算结果与实验结果基本吻合,通过晶体生长系统和生长工艺的改进,对晶体的开裂问题得到了有效的抑制。     

Optimization Design System for Composite Structures Based on Grid Technology

To solve the topology optimization of complicated multi-objective continuous/discrete design variables in aircmit structure design, a Parallel Pareto Genetic Algorithm （PPGA） is presented based on grid platform in this paper. In the algorithm, the commercial finite element analysis （FEA） software is integrated as the calculating tool for analyzing the objective functions and the filter of Pareto solution set based on weight information is introduced to deal with the relationships among all objectives. Grid technology is utilized in PPGA to realize the distributed computations and the user interface is developed to realize the job submission and job management locally/remotely. Taking the aero-elastic tailoring of a composite wing for optimization as an example, a set of Pareto solutions are obtained for the decision-maker. The numerical results show that the aileron reversal problem can be solved by adding the limited skin weight in this system. The algorithm can be used to solve complicated topology optimization for composite structures in engineering and the computation efficiency can be improved greatly by using the grid platform that aggregates numerous idle resources.