容器单元表面热辐射率对吸热蓄热器的影响

吸热/蓄热器是空间太阳能热动力发电系统关键部件之一,主要作用是吸收太阳入射热流和蓄热。由于吸热/蓄热器内换热管各容器单元表面温度不同,热流通过热辐射重新分布,所以容器单元的表面热辐射率将很大的影响吸热器的热性能。通过太阳能热动力发电系统吸热器腔体辐射模型,结合换热管的传热模型计算吸热器的传热过程。计算得到了两种典型的换热管表面热辐射率下吸热器的能量损失、工质吸收能量、换热管最大温度,工质出口温度等结果,进行了比较分析,说明了表面处理对于吸热器热性能的重要性。计算结果可以用于吸热器的设计。      

相变调温服相变传热研究(英文)

为了研究相变调温服的热防护性能,介绍了人体热调节模型,利用焓法建立了相变传热数学模型。在整个区域建立统一的能量方程,采用控制容积有限差分法对方程进行隐式离散,用追赶法求解方程组得到各节点的焓值,求出相变材料内表面的温度。通过相变调温服人体热调节模型,计算出人体的动态温度分布及出汗量。计算结果表明,核心温度的变化与试验结果相符,出汗量相差不大,所建相变传热模型合理可靠。通过比较人体穿着相变调温服和未穿该服装时的动态温度分布及出汗量,可以看到穿着相变调温服能显著地减轻人体的热负荷。     

空间发电系统热能储存容器的二维模型

高温熔盐相变储热是空间太阳能热动力发电系统的关键技术之一。基于微重力状态下的传热控制微分方程, 采用焓法对相变材料容器进行了二维数值分析。建立了一种新的空穴模型, 改进了以往的模拟计算, 对计算结果给予了讨论。      

不同空穴位置下固液相变换热过程的差别

高温蓄热技术是空间太阳能热动力发电系统的关键技术之一。固液相变潜热蓄热是通常采用的蓄热方式。大多数盐类相变材料由液态转变为固态时体积会收缩,在其容器内形成空穴。空穴的存在增大了热阻,从而影响相变换热过程。通过数值模拟计算,分析了两种不同的空穴位置下固液相变换热过程的差别。     

空间站太阳能吸热器蓄热性能地面模拟试验

利用相变材料 (PCM)的熔化潜热来蓄热可以保证空间站太阳能热动力系统在轨道的阴影期内仍能连续发电。针对这一核心技术 ,建立了空间太阳能吸热 -储热器单元换热器地面模拟实验台。在模拟轨道条件下 ,对不同入射热流、不同工质进口温度及不同工质流量进行了多种组合测试。结果表明 ,单管工质气体的出口温升在轨道的日照期和阴影期都达到了预期的要求 ,相变材料容器的最高温度和平均温度都处于材料的安全范围内。     

空间发电系统热管式吸热器热性能分析

为了提高吸热器的热性能、降低吸热器的质量,将热管用于空间太阳能热动力发电系统的吸热蓄热器,建立了相应的物理和数学模型,给出了数值求解方法,计算了蓄热容器最高温度、热管最高壁温、工质出口温度、相变材料(PCM)熔化率等参数,并与基本形吸热器进行了对比,验证了PCM的储热能力,减小了工质气体出口温度的波动。计算结果可用于吸热器的设计。      

Experimental study on dynamic behavior of mechanically pumped two-phase loop with a novel accumulator in simulated space environment

Mechanically pumped two-phase loop (MPTL) which is a prominent two-phase heat transfer technology presents a promising prospect in thermal control for space payload. However, transient behavior of MPTL caused by phase-change and heat sources load-on/off in simulated space environment is rarely reported. In the present study, one MPTL setup was designed and constructed, and experimentally studied. Particularly, a novel two-phase thermally-controlled accumulator integrated with passive cooling measure and three capillary structures was designed as the temperature-control device. Dynamic behavior of the start-up, temperature control, and temperature adjustment were monitored; meanwhile, thermodynamic behavior within the proposed accumulator, the operating behavior as well as the heat and mass transfer behavior between the main loop and the accumulator were revealed. The results show that the fluid management function of the capillary structures for the novel accumulator is verified. The working point of the MPTL system can be adjusted by changing the temperature control point of the accumulator and it is little influenced by external heat flux and heat sources on/off. Pressure-drop oscillations which are manifested as fluctuations of temperature and pressure can be observed after phase changing due to the compressible volume within the accumulator and the negative-slope portion of the internal pressure.     

催化重整条件下碳氢燃料热裂解与换热

针对碳氢燃料在再生冷却通道内的热裂解和催化重整反应过程,考虑燃料在超临界压力下的热物性,建立了超临界压力下的流动、换热和反应模型,开展了流动换热、热裂解和催化重整反应的耦合数值研究。结果表明:计算结果与实验吻合良好,能较为准确地预测壁面和燃油温度、燃料转化率和换热恶化等现象。催化重整反应能显著提高燃料的吸热能力,降低出口温度,同时还能抑制热裂解反应的发生。增大流量会降低燃料在通道内的停留时间,降低燃料的转化率和化学反应吸热量。      

Ground-based investigations on phase-moving phenomenon with space sublimation cooling for lunar exploration missions

The lunar surface is a typical vacuum environment, and its harsh heat rejection conditions bring great challenges to the thermal control technology of the exploration mission. In addition to the radiator, the sublimator is recommended as one of the promising options for heat rejection. The sublimator makes use of water to freeze and sublimate in a porous medium, rejecting heat to the vacuum environment. The complex heat and mass transfer process involves many physical phenomena such as the freezing and sublimation phase change of water in the porous medium and the movement of the phase-change interface. In this paper, the visualized ground-based experimental approaches of space sublimation cooling were presented to reveal the moving law of three-phase point and the growth phenomenon of ice-peak and icicle in microchannels under vacuum conditions. The visualized experiments and results prove that the freezing ice is divided into the porous ice-peak and the transparent icicle. As the sublimation progresses, the phase-change interface moves downward steadily, the length of the ice-peak increases, but the icicle decreases. The visualized experiments of space sublimation cooling in the capillary have guiding significance to reveal the sublimation cooling mechanism of water in the sublimator for lunar exploration missions.     

传感器表面温度对热流测量的影响

高超声速飞行器热环境测量数据一直是防热设计和考核的基准数据,也是热环境计算方法的考核性数据,其准确性至关重要。针对热流测量中遇到的传感器表面和周边防热材料温度差异而导致的测量数据偏差问题,采用基于Navier-Stokes方程的自研程序开展了详细的气动热环境数值模拟,得到了不同温差条件下传感器表面热环境的分布规律,并根据场协同理论分析了局部热流变化的成因机理,研究了影响热流变化幅值的主要因素。结果表明：①当传感器和其周边材料的温度存在一定的差异时,导致该区域近壁面流场中的压力、密度等特征量梯度增大,改变了传感器当地的法向速度和温度分布,造成了局部热流的剧烈变化。②相同来流马赫数和高度下,来流攻角主要影响法向速度的分布,从而影响气动加热量,攻角越大,相同温差下加热量上升的幅度越小;来流总温主要影响法向温度梯度的分布,从而影响气动加热量,来流总温越大在相同温差条件下加热量上升幅度越小。所开展的研究工作可加深对传感器局部热环境分布规律的认识,避免对测量热流的误判,提升数据判断和分析的可靠性。     

高超声速飞行器热环境与结构传热的多场耦合数值研究

为了准确预测高超声速飞行器面临的严峻气动热/力环境以及结构的热力响应,发展了高超声速流动与结构传热耦合框架。采用分区求解方法,通过耦合界面的实时数据传递,实现了基于Navier-Stokes方程的高超声速化学非平衡计算流体力学（CFD）求解器与结构的热力全耦合有限元法（FEM）求解器的多场耦合计算,建立了高超声速飞行器的多场耦合数值分析方法。首先对经典高超声速圆柱绕流实验进行了耦合计算,结果与实验值吻合良好。然后针对典型的超高温陶瓷（UHTC）材料的耦合传热问题进行了数值研究,考虑热传导效应对气动热环境和结构热响应预测的影响,结果表明对于复杂外形且热导率相对较高的UHTC材料,结构内部热传导对热环境和表面温度分布的影响不可忽略。最后针对UHTC材料热物性（比热和热导率）非线性对高超声速流动传热过程的影响进行了研究,结果表明当比热和热导率处于合理的误差范围内时,材料表面温度响应对其变化并不敏感。     

半透明高温涂层的内部辐射效应

为了准确计算涂层和金属基底内的温度和热流，需要考虑涂层内部热辐射的影响。采用光线踪迹／节点分析法对吸收、各向同性散射性非灰涂层内的辐射与导热瞬态耦合换热进行数值模拟。与多个文献的计算结果比较表明，计算方法正确，计算结果精度高。数值模拟结果表明，忽略涂层内的热辐射会使实际运动中的金属部件温度高于设计温度。     

Thermal performance of a 3D printed lattice-structure heat sink packaging phase change material

Thermal storage technology is becoming more and more significant with the increase of high-power equipment in space applications. In this paper, 3D printing technology and Phase Change Material (PCM) were combined into a Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system, which could fulfill the requirements of light weight and high thermal conductivity. A 3D-printed lattice-structure TES plate with N-tetradecane as the PCM and aluminum alloy as the thermal conductivity enhancer was manufactured, and experimentally tested in a thermal vacuum chamber. In addition, a simplified simulation model of the lattice cell was established to clearly analyze the heat transfer process of the TES plate. The effects of initial temperature distribution and heat load gradient on the thermal storage performances were investigated experimentally and theoretically. The equivalent thermal conductivity of the 3D-printed lattice-structure TES plate turns out to be 13 times of the pure PCM thanks to the aluminum skeleton. The heat transfer enhancement appears at the end of the phase change stage due to the sudden mixture of the PCM with different temperature. The simulation results agree well with the experimental data. The equivalent thermal conductivity obtained by the phase change simulations are a little higher than those of the experiments, which is mainly caused by the initial uneven temperature distribution in the tests. Additionally, the effects of non-uniform heat load and the presence of the PCM in the TES plate are studied. This work successfully validates the feasibility and effectiveness of 3D printing technology and TES technology for the temperature control in space applications.     

有限元传热分析中燃气辐射处理方法及其在飞机结构热分析中的应用

 研究了有限元传热分析中有吸收-发射性介质( 或称弱吸收性介质, 例如燃气) 参与辐射传热时的处理方法。通过对有、无吸收-发射性介质的封闭包壳的辐射能量交换方程的分析, 提出了用表面边界单元替代其辐射效应的准则; 研究了有吸收-发射性介质参与辐射时表面间辐射角系数计算方法及编制了相应的计算程序。最后, 对某型飞机机尾罩的温度场作了计算并对结果进行了分析。     

航空电机及控制器的温度场仿真分析

对一种航空用高功率密度无刷直流电机,建立电机和控制器一体的三维热仿真模型。根据电机系统内部热交换及传热学相关理论,确定系统内散热系数与热边界条件,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS Workbench对建立的热仿真模型进行温度场仿真与分析,得到了不同环境温度变化情况下电机和控制器的温度场分布和温度对时间变化的曲线。经与试验得到数据进行对比分析,验证了仿真的准确性。这对电机和控制器的设计与温度场计算提供了依据。     

涡轮发动机高温隔热涂层内的传热研究

高温环境中的金属部件, 通常采用表面涂层技术以降低金属材料的温度和热力梯度。氧化锆、陶瓷等涂层材料对热辐射是半透明的, 因此, 高温下涡轮发动机的热分析需要考虑涂层内辐射换热的影响。本文考虑了各种界面辐射特性: 不透明界面和半透明界面, 镜反射和漫反射。采用光线踪迹 /节点分析法计算了吸收、各向同性散射性介质内的辐射传递系数。结合控制容积法数值模拟了涡轮叶片和燃烧室衬垫涂层内的辐射与导热瞬态耦合换热。      

Lightweight structure of a phase-change thermal controller based on lattice cells manufactured by SLM

Thermal controllers equipped with phase-change materials are widely used for maintaining the moderate temperatures of various electric devices used in spacecraft. Yet, the structures of amounts of thermal controllers add up to such a large value that restricts the employment of scientific devices due to the limit of rocket capacity. A lightweight structure of phase-change thermal controllers has been one of the main focuses of spacecraft design engineering. In this work, we design a lightweight phase-change thermal controller structure based on lattice cells. The structure is manufactured entirely with AlSi10 Mg by direct metal laser melting. The dimensions of the structure are 230 mm × 170 mm × 15 mm, and the mass is 190 g, which is 60% lighter than most traditional structures(500–600 g) with the same dimensions. The 3 D-printed structure can reduce the risk of leakage at soldering manufacture by a welding process. Whether the strength of the designed structure is sufficient is determined through mechanical analysis and experiments. Thermal test results show that the thermal capacity of the lattice-based thermal controller is increased by50% compared to that of traditional controllers with the same volume.     

航天器再入大气层热力分析

以OREX（orbital reentry experiment vehicle）的飞行试验数据和相关的CFD数值模拟结果为基础,采用传热理论及相关公式,分析计算了OREX再入大气层过程中的轨迹,驻点处热流密度非平衡假设和平衡假设下的换热问题.所计算的轨迹、热流密度非平衡假设下计算的驻点温度和热流密度值同试验数据及相关的CFD数值结果取得了很好的一致,相应的计算方法可作为航天器驻点热力分析的通式.然而在平衡假设条件下,尽管计算所得到的驻点热流密度与之前的CFD数值结果差别不大,但这种情况下计算得到的温度与试验数据不符,这应归结于计算的热流密度结果对驻点处温度变化的不敏感.比较非平衡假设和平衡假设下的换热计算结果表明,对于航天器再入过程中的热力探讨不能仅仅满足于热流密度分析,对温度的考察或许更重要.      

A method for calculating the laser rocket engine thermal state based on the optical discharge with numerous plasma formations

A method is presented for calculating the thermal state of the laser rocket engine (LRE) structure with numerous plasma formations in the absorption chamber. The results of evaluating radiant heat fluxes and the temperature of the LRE structure walls with regard for convective and conductive heat exchange are given; the actions of a heat flux with the specified distribution density on the structure surface are considered as functions of time and thermal radiation, that is due to the temperature and optical properties of a radiating body. It is shown that working process organization in the absorption chamber on the basis of numerous plasma formations makes it possible to produce a uniform profile of the heat flux distribution along the absorption chamber axis and thus reduce a possibility of separate structure sections overheating.     

高精度盘式永磁电机温度分析与研究

以高精度无槽盘式永磁电机为研究对象,建立了电机三维电磁仿真模型。详细分析了该电机反电动势和转矩特性,避免由高次谐波引起的定、转子及永磁体涡流损耗,有效改善了电机的热性能,为进一步研究打下基础。建立了三维温度场仿真模型,分析了热源分布和传热过程,计算了电机在自然散热条件下温度的稳态分布。最后通过电机温升试验,验证了理论分析的正确性与合理性。