多孔板结冰自强化效应对水升华器性能的影响

水升华器是一种利用水作为消耗性介质的相变散热装置,在航天器热控及生保系统中得到了广泛应用。在水升华器启动及运行过程中多孔板内部发生的结冰膨胀现象会对多孔板微观结构进行再加工;由于形变硬化效应,水升华器多次工作后,多孔板的塑性将逐渐降低,结构参数将逐渐固化,将这一过程定义为多孔板的自强化。而多孔板微观结构的变化,将对水升华器防击穿能力、稳态散热功率等宏观性能产生影响。在对水升华器工作机理进行分析的基础上,从微观角度定性研究了水升华器多孔板的结冰自强化机理,并针对自强化效应对水升华器宏观性能的影响开展了实验研究。结果表明：对于本文结构的水升华器,在同一条件下,稳态散热功率随着启动次数的增加而减小,且每次减小的幅度逐渐降低,在启动3~4次后稳态散热功率逐渐趋于稳定。由实验数据得到了水升华器稳态散热功率与启动次数之间的拟合关系式;渗透率越大的多孔板,水升华器工作过程对多孔板的再加工程度更大,因而自强化效果更明显;自强化效应还可以提高水升华器的防击穿能力。研究结果为探月三期工程嫦娥五号探测器提供了一定的设计依据。     

水升华器散热系统分析

 对舱外航天服热控系统所采用的多孔板水升华器的主要工作模式进行了讨论。研究了控制升华模式和周期模式工作的参数。在对多孔板多孔结构进行简化假设的基础上,建立了相关的数学模型,来预测水升华器的工作模式和换热器表面的温度。     

Influences of mass flow rate on heat and mass transfer performances of water sublimator combined with fluid loop

For spacecraft working in vacuum environment, sublimator is an effective heat rejection approach to reject system's peak heat load, and supplement spacecraft radiation heat rejection. For a spacecraft active fluid loop thermal control system combined with sublimator, waste heat generated from multi-point distributed heat sources could be collected by the fluid loop efficiently. However, the heat and mass transfer performances of the sublimator combined with fluid loop have not been adequately studied in previous research, especially for the influences of the heat load. Since work fluid mass flow rate is the main factor affecting heat load of the fluid loop, this context experimentally studied influences of the fluid loop mass flow rate on sublimator start-up transient characteristics, including heat transfer performances, response time, and work stability. Results indicated that the fluid loop mass flow rate affected the sublimator heat and mass transfer performances obviously, but the heat rejection ability is not always increase with the increasing of the fluid loop mass flow rate. In addition, we obtained the condition to judge whether there is a positive correlation between heat rejection ability and fluid loop mass flow rate.     

中国航天器新型热控系统构建进展评述

热控是由工程热物理与航天技术相互促进发展而形成的一门交叉学科，直接影响着航天器的总体设计水平。随着中国航天事业的飞速发展，对热控设计提出了越来越高的要求，并已成为制约中国航天器设计水平的关键瓶颈技术之一。本文综合评述了中国航天器新型热控系统构建的最新研究成果和进展，具体包括：针对载人航天、探月工程等不同任务需求，构建出了相应的新型热控系统，开发出了以泵驱单相流体回路、重力驱动两相流体回路、环路热管与水升华器等为代表的一批新型热控产品。在此基础上，结合中国航天工程实际需求，指出了今后的主要研究方向。     

离心力场下多孔介质中热驱动换热的实验

以涡轮叶片新型超级冷却技术的研究为背景,在具有冷却通道的新型冷却结构中加入多孔介质,用实验的方法,模拟了离心力场下该新型冷却结构的热驱动换热现象,并与无多孔介质的情况进行了比较。实验结果表明:随着旋转速度、热流密度和冷气进口速度的增大,装有多孔介质的新型冷却结构的热驱动换热能力逐渐增强。同时实验研究发现,加入多孔介质后该新型冷却结构比未加多孔介质时具有更好的换热效果。      

真空条件下液滴闪蒸的非均温建模与分析

为深入揭示液滴在真空环境下的闪蒸机理，建立了真空闪蒸全过程、非均温的传热传质数学模型，获得了各时刻液滴温度场及半径，并能够追踪结冰阶段的相变界面位置.通过开展液滴闪蒸的实验研究，观察了相变前后液滴的形态变化，并对数值模型进行了验证.基于数学模型，研究了液滴初始半径、初始温度、真空舱压力和结冰过冷度对闪蒸过程的影响规律.结果表明:真空舱压力是影响闪蒸过程的主要因素，且会影响最终平衡温度；初始半径主要影响预冷和冻结时间，而初始温度和结冰过冷度主要只影响预冷时间.      

离心力场下多孔介质的不同孔隙率对热驱动换热影响的研究

以涡轮叶片新型超级冷却技术的研究为背景,在具有冷却通道的新型冷却结构中加入多孔介质,采用实验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了不同孔隙率条件下,新型冷却结构的热驱动换热规律,实验和计算结果基本一致.研究结果表明不同孔隙率条件下,该新型冷却结构具有相同的换热规律:随着旋转速度、热流密度和冷气进口速度的增大,该结构的热驱动换热能力逐渐增强.同时实验研究发现,随着孔隙率的增大,热驱动换热效果降低.     

月球与深空探测频率规划研究

介绍国际电（ITU）和空间频率协调组（SFGC）关于月球与深空探测频率使用的一些规定和建议,研究国外月球与深空探测频率使用规划和发展趋势,探讨我国月球与深空探测频率使用需求,提出我国月球与深空探测频率建议和发展方向。     

离心力场下多孔层的不同厚度对热驱动换热的影响

以涡轮叶片新型超级冷却技术的研究为背景,在具有冷却通道的新型冷却结构中加入多孔介质,采用实验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了不同多孔层厚度条件下,新型冷却结构的热驱动换热规律,实验和计算结果基本一致.研究结果表明不同多孔层厚度条件下,该新型冷却结构具有相同的换热规律:随着旋转速度、热流密度和冷气进口速度的增大,该结构的热驱动换热能力逐渐增强.同时实验研究发现,随着多孔层厚度的增大,热驱动换热效果降低.      

一维和二维电热除冰相变传热特性的参数影响分析

基于飞机电热除冰过程冰层融化的特征,开展了一维和二维电热除冰相变传热特性数值计算研究和参数影响分析,重点考虑了加热模式、冷却时间、加热功率和加热单元间隔等参数对冰层相变传热的影响。采用了基于焓-多孔介质方法的热焓模型,将计算区域看作是包括多层材料和冰、水及其混合区的多孔介质,采用了结构化网格拓扑结构对计算区域进行划分,采用了有限体积方法对控制方程组进行离散,采用线性插值的方法获得混合区的物性参数,耦合能量方程和液态水体积分数公式,迭代求解了计算域的温度分布,获得了不同材料间界面温度的变化,重点分析了冰-保护层界面的温度变化。基于二维电热除冰模型的冰-保护层界面温度不均匀特征,提出了耦合考虑冰-保护层界面热点和冷点温度的冰脱落温度判断准则。研究表明:高功率的周期性加热模式要优于低功率的连续性加热模式,采用合理的冷却时间和加热功率,可获得更低的能量消耗和更好的除冰效果。合理设置加热单元间隔可以提高周期性的除冰效率,但也会形成冷点和热点,造成冰-保护层界面温度分布的不均匀。冰-保护层界面的冷点类似于锚点,即使此刻热点的冰已经融化,整个冰层也无法脱落和剥离。因此,冰脱落的判断要耦合考虑界面热点和冷点的温度特征。      

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON FILM COOLING EFFECTIVENESSAND HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT BY NAPHTHALENE SUBLIMATION

ＮｏｍｅｎｃｌａｔｕｒｅＡ＝ｈｅａｔｏｒｍａｓｓｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒａｒｅａｃｐ＝ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃｈｅａｔａｔｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅＤ＝ｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｈ＝ｌｏｃａｌｃｏｎｖｅｃｔｉｏｎｈｅａｔｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｃｏｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｈｄ＝ｌｏｃａｌ...     

Multi-state autonomous drilling for lunar exploration

Due to the lack of information of subsurface lunar regolith stratification which varies along depth, the drilling device may encounter lunar soil and lunar rock randomly in the drilling process. To meet the load safety requirements of unmanned sampling mission under limited orbital resources, the control strategy of autonomous drilling should adapt to the indeterminable lunar environments. Based on the analysis of two types of typical drilling media (i.e., lunar soil and lunar rock), this paper proposes a multi-state control strategy for autonomous lunar drilling. To represent the working circumstances in the lunar subsurface and reduce the complexity of the control algo-rithm, lunar drilling process was categorized into three drilling states:the interface detection, initi-ation of drilling parameters for recognition and drilling medium recognition. Support vector machine (SVM) and continuous wavelet transform were employed for the online recognition of dril-ling media and interface, respectively. Finite state machine was utilized to control the transition among different drilling states. To verify the effectiveness of the multi-state control strategy, drilling experiments were implemented with multi-layered drilling media constructed by lunar soil simulant and lunar rock simulant. The results reveal that the multi-state control method is capable of detect-ing drilling state variation and adjusting drilling parameters timely under vibration interferences. The multi-state control method provides a feasible reference for the control of extraterrestrial autonomous drilling.     

Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector for the NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

The design of the Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) experiment is presented, which was optimized to address several of the primary measurement requirements of NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO): high spatial resolution hydrogen mapping of the Moon’s upper-most surface, identification of putative deposits of appreciable near-surface water ice in the Moon’s polar cold traps, and characterization of the human-relevant space radiation environment in lunar orbit. A comprehensive program of LEND instrument physical calibrations is discussed and the baseline scenario of LEND observations from the primary LRO lunar orbit is presented. LEND data products will be useful for determining the next stages of the emerging global lunar exploration program, and they will facilitate the study of the physics of hydrogen implantation and diffusion in the regolith, test the presence of water ice deposits in lunar cold polar traps, and investigate the role of neutrons within the radiation environment of the shallow lunar surface.     

丙二醇改性水溶液的发汗冷却实验研究

针对液态水相变发汗冷却实验中的振荡、表面温度分布不均及结冰现象,对液体冷却剂进行调研,选取丙二醇添加剂对液态水改性,在主流温度573K,雷诺数1.2×10⁴的亚声速高温风洞中实验研究了不同丙二醇改性水溶液浓度和注入率下多孔平板的相变发汗冷却特性。结果表明：随丙二醇浓度增大,多孔平板对改性水溶液的渗透率增大,多孔平板表面温度的振荡幅度减小,同时振荡周期内温度波峰降低。因此,使用丙二醇改性水溶液作为冷却剂,发汗冷却结构表面温度分布更加均匀,热疲劳损伤减小,承温极限升高,进而烧蚀风险降低,这对有效且高效的热防护系统设计具有重要意义。另外,注入率越大平板表面冷却效果越好,表面温度的振荡幅度越小,因此增大注入率也是改善多孔板表面温度波动的有效方式。     

An equivalent ground thermal test method for single-phase fluid loop space radiator

Thermal vacuum test is widely used for the ground validation of spacecraft thermal control system. However, the conduction and convection can be simulated in normal ground pressure environment completely. By the employment of pumped fluid loops’ thermal control technology on spacecraft, conduction and convection become the main heat transfer behavior between radiator and inside cabin. As long as the heat transfer behavior between radiator and outer space can be equivalently simulated in normal pressure, the thermal vacuum test can be substituted by the normal ground pressure thermal test. In this paper, an equivalent normal pressure thermal test method for the spacecraft single-phase fluid loop radiator is proposed. The heat radiation between radiator and outer space has been equivalently simulated by combination of a group of refrigerators and thermal electrical cooler(TEC) array. By adjusting the heat rejection of each device, the relationship between heat flux and surface temperature of the radiator can be maintained. To verify this method,a validating system has been built up and the experiments have been carried out. The results indicate that the proposed equivalent ground thermal test method can simulate the heat rejection performance of radiator correctly and the temperature error between in-orbit theory value and experiment result of the radiator is less than 0.5 C, except for the equipment startup period. This provides a potential method for the thermal test of space systems especially for extra-large spacecraft which employs single-phase fluid loop radiator as thermal control approach.     

过冷水滴凝固机理及凝固组织特征

针对飞机过冷水滴结冰的精细化预测需求，基于相变热力学与相变动力学相关理论，采用示差扫描量热法（DSC）、结冰风洞试验及微结构测试相结合的方法，研究了过冷水滴凝固过程的热力学机理及凝固组织特征。基于示差扫描量热法，研究了冷却速率及形核条件对结晶凝固特性的影响规律；基于结冰风洞试验开展了不同温度条件下冰相的宏观形貌及微结构特征研究。结果表明，过冷条件及冷却速率是影响过冷水滴结晶速率及结晶完善程度的重要因素。降温速率越大，结晶速率常数增大、结晶速率相应提高。同时，结晶峰变宽，结晶初始温度向低温方向移动，过冷效应相对显著；反之亦然。过冷度及冷却速率对冰相的宏观及微观形貌均有着重要影响。过冷度越大则相同时间内冷却速率越大，晶体生长过程越不充分，晶体不规则程度相对较高，同时晶粒密度变大、尺度变小，冰相表观透明度相对降低；反之，过冷度越小，则晶粒密度变小、尺度变大，冰相表观透明度相对较高。异相形核条件对加速结晶过程有重要促进作用，晶种的存在可有效加速二次结晶的触发，使过冷效应显著减弱。相关研究可为飞机结冰速率、冰相物理特征及冰形宏观形貌的精细化预测提供参考。     

Design and experimental performance verification of a thermal property test-bed for lunar drilling exploration

Chinese Chang'e lunar exploration project aims to collect and return subsurface lunar soil samples at a minimum penetration depth of 2 m in 2017. However, in contrast to those on the Earth, automated drilling and sampling missions on the Moon raise the risk of burning bits.Test-beds are required for testing the thermal properties of drill tools in a lunar environment. In this paper, a novel temperature measuring method based on thermocouples and a slip ring was proposed. Furthermore, a data acquisition system for a drilling process was designed. A vacuous,cryogenic, and anhydrous soil environment simulating the lunar surface was established. A drilling test-bed that can reach a depth of 2.2 m was developed. A control strategy based on online monitoring signals was proposed to improve the drilling performance. Vacuum and non-vacuum experiments were performed to test the temperature rising effect on drill tools. When compared with the non-vacuum experiment, the vacuum temperature rise resulted in a 12 °C increase. These experimental results provide significant support for Chinese lunar exploration missions.     

Experimental study on dynamic behavior of mechanically pumped two-phase loop with a novel accumulator in simulated space environment

Mechanically pumped two-phase loop (MPTL) which is a prominent two-phase heat transfer technology presents a promising prospect in thermal control for space payload. However, transient behavior of MPTL caused by phase-change and heat sources load-on/off in simulated space environment is rarely reported. In the present study, one MPTL setup was designed and constructed, and experimentally studied. Particularly, a novel two-phase thermally-controlled accumulator integrated with passive cooling measure and three capillary structures was designed as the temperature-control device. Dynamic behavior of the start-up, temperature control, and temperature adjustment were monitored; meanwhile, thermodynamic behavior within the proposed accumulator, the operating behavior as well as the heat and mass transfer behavior between the main loop and the accumulator were revealed. The results show that the fluid management function of the capillary structures for the novel accumulator is verified. The working point of the MPTL system can be adjusted by changing the temperature control point of the accumulator and it is little influenced by external heat flux and heat sources on/off. Pressure-drop oscillations which are manifested as fluctuations of temperature and pressure can be observed after phase changing due to the compressible volume within the accumulator and the negative-slope portion of the internal pressure.     

不同材料发汗冷却结构下氢冷却性能

为了实现航空航天等领域高温大热流燃烧装置的有效冷却,研究了不同材料和工艺制成的发汗冷却结构在高温高热流密度下,氢的发汗冷却性能。模拟高压推力室的结构特点和高热流设计发汗冷却试验件,用电弧加热主流空气模拟高温燃气、以氢气为发汗冷却剂对多孔陶瓷、烧结多孔不锈钢和多孔层板材料进行了33次172 s热试验研究。试验的材料设计孔隙率为10%~40%,燃烧室压力为2.7~8.4 MPa,主流燃气温度约为3 600 K,主流空气流量为220~1 490 g/s,冷却氢气流量为9.6~57 g/s,注入率为0.005~0.029。试验结果表明:当冷却剂氢注入率为1%时,主流与多孔陶瓷材料壁面和粉末冶金多孔结构壁面之间的换热分别减少了30%和70%以上;当注入率为3%时,主流与光刻多孔层间结构壁面之间的换热也能降低60%。证明氢发汗冷却可以有效减小壁面与燃气之间的对流热流。最后还总结得出了常温氢气对高压大热流环境进行发汗冷却的性能关联式。      

Heat Absorbing and Releasing Experiments with Improved Phase-change Thermal Storage Canisters

This article, based on authors' long-term study, proposes an improved foamed-Ni-packed phase-change thermal storage canister, which takes advantage of the foamed-Ni characteristic of instinctive porous structure and excellent properties to ameliorate its void distribution and thermal conductivity. The improved canister and the unimproved one without foamed-Ni package, are put to heat absorbing and releasing tests to investigate the effects of heat absorbing temperature upon the phase-change materials (PCM) melting time under three temperature schemes by using platinum resistance thermometers (PT100) and data acquisition modules (ADAM-4000) to gather the data of varying temperature. Afterwards, the computerized tomography (CT) is employed to scan the void distribution in both canisters. Compared to the unimproved canister, the experimental results evidence the superiority of the improved one in higher uniformity in void and temperature distribution as well as faster thermal responses.