弯管成形理论和技术研究进展与发展趋势(英文)

As one kind of key components with enormous quantities and diversities,the bent tube parts satisfy the increasing needs for lightweight and high-strength product from both materials and structure aspec...     

铝合金型材柔性垫弯曲成形实验研究

进行两种典型铝合金型材的弯曲实验,研究主要工艺参数对弯曲过程的影响.结果表明,型材的截面形状、相对厚度及抗弯截面系数等是决定弯曲性能的主要因素.压辊的压入深度、柔性垫的性能以及型材的约束方式等是影响弯曲半径、截面变化的关键.对实验中主要缺陷和质量问题的产生及其控制进行分析和讨论.     

钛合金板料热压弯过程数值模拟

采用有限元软件ABAQUS对Ti-6Al-4V合金板料热压弯成形过程进行了模拟,分析了应力应变分布规律和工艺参数对成形过程的影响。研究表明,压弯过程的变形主要集中在大厚度区域中间位置;当板料表面与模具多点接触后,板料由自由弯曲变为校正弯曲,成形力急剧增大;保压600s时板料最大回弹量和上模成形力分别降低84%和94%。在相同工艺条件下的试验结果验证了有限元模拟的准确性。     

薄壁管数控弯曲过程中失稳起皱的主要影响因素

 针对薄壁管数控弯曲精确成形过程在多因素交互作用下可能发生失稳起皱这一复杂物理问题, 基于起皱能量准则和有限元方法相结合, 提出了预测该过程起皱发生的能量( 数值) 方法, 研究了影响薄壁管数控弯曲成形过程起皱发生的主要因素及影响机制。结果表明, 弯曲半径、相对管径、芯棒伸长量和摩擦因素是影响薄壁管数控弯曲精确成形过程起皱发生的主要因素, 而材料的应力强度系数和加工速度等对起皱发生影响较小。研究结果为薄壁管数控弯曲精确成形过程参数的确定和优化创造了条件。     

Plastic deformation analysis and forming quality prediction of tube NC bending

Plane strain assumption and exponent hardening law are used to investigate the plastic deformation in tube bending. Some theoretical formulae including stress, curvature radius of neu-tral layer, angle of neutral layer deviation, bending moment, wall thickness variation and cross-section distortion, are developed to explain the phenomena in tube bending and their magnitudes are also determined. During unloading process, the springback angle is deduced using the virtual work principle, and springback radius is also given according to the length of the neutral layer which remains unchanged before and after springback. The theoretical formulae are validated by the experimental results or the validated simulation results in literature, which can be used to quickly predict the forming quality of tube numerical control (NC) bending.     

A Study on Multi-defect Constrained Bendability of Thin-walled Tube NC Bending Under Different Clearance

Thin-walled tube numerical control (NC) bending is a tri-nonlinear physical process with multi-defect and multi-die constraints. The clearance on each contact interface is the major factor to indicate the contact conditions. A three-dimensional-finite element (3D-FE) model is established to consider the realistic dynamic boundary conditions of multiple dies under ABAQUS/Explicit platform. Combined with experiment, numerical study on bending behavior and bendability under different clearance between tube and various dies is conducted in terms of wrinkling, wall thinning and cross section deformation. The results show that (1)with smaller clearance of tube-wiper die and tube-mandrel, the wrinkling can be restrained while the wall thinning It and cross-section deformation Id increase; while excessive small clearance blocks tube materials to flow past tangent point and causes piles up, the onset of wrinkling enhances It and Id. (2)Both It and Id decrease with smaller clearance of tube-pressure die; the wrinkling possibility rises with larger clearance on this interface if the mandrel’s freedom along Y-axis is opened; smaller clearance of tube-bend die prevents wrinkling while increases It, and the clearance on this interface has little effect on Id. (3)A modified Yoshida buckling test (YBT) is used to address the wrinkling mechanisms under normal constraints in tube bending: the smaller clearance may restrain wrinkling efficiently; the smaller wall thickness, the less critical clearance needed; the critical clearance for tube bending 38 mm×1 mm×57 mm (tube outer diameter×wall thickness×centerline bending radius) equals about 20% of initial wall thickness.     

Forming Characteristics of Al-alloy Large-diameter Thin-walled Tubes in NC-bending Under Axial Compressive Loads

Tube thinning control without wrinkling occurring is a key problem urgently to be solved for improving the forming qualities in numerical control (NC) bending processes of large-diameter Al-alloy thin-walled tubes (AATTs). It may be a way solving this problem to exert axial compression loads (ACL) on the tube end in the bending. Thus, this article establishes a three-dimensional (3D) elastic-plastic explicit finite element (FE) model for the bending under ACL and has its reliability verified. Through a multi-index orthogonal experiment design, a combination of process parameters, each expressed by a proper range, for this FE model is derived to overcome the compression instability on tube ends. By combining the FE model with a wrinkling energy prediction model, an in-depth study is conducted on the forming characteristics of large-diameter AATTs with small bending radii and it can be concluded that (1) The larger the tube diameters and the smaller the bending radii, the larger the induced tangent tension stress zones on tube intrados, by which the tube maximum tangent compression stress zones will be partitioned in the bending processes; thus, the smaller the ACL roles in decreasing thinning degrees and the larger the compression instability possibilities on tube ends. (2) The tube wrinkling possibilities under ACL are larger than without ACL acting in the earlier forming periods, and smaller in the later ones. (3) For the tubes with a size factor less than 80, the ACL roles in decreasing thinning degrees are stronger than in increasing wrinkling possibilities.     

Advances and trends in plastic forming technologies for welded tubes

With the implementation of environmental protection, sustainable development and conservation-oriented policies, components and parts of thin-walled welded tubes have gained increasing application in the aircraft and automotive industries because of their advantages: easily achieving forming and manufacturing process at low cost and in a short time. The current research on welded tube plastic forming is mainly concentrated on tube internal high-pressure forming, tube bending forming, and tube spinning forming. The focuses are on the material properties and characterization of welded tubes, finite element modeling for welded tube forming, and inhomogeneous deformation behavior and the mechanism and rules of deformation coordination in welded tube plastic forming. This paper summarizes the research progress in welded tube plastic forming from these aspects. Finally, with a focus on the urgent demand of the aviation, aerospace and automotive industries for high-strength and light-weight tubes, this paper discusses the development trends and challenges in the theory and technology of welded tube plastic forming in the future. Among them,laser tailor-welded technology will find application in the manufacture of high-strength steel tubes.Tube-end forming technology, such as tube flaring and flanging technology, will expand its application in welded tubes. Therefore, future studies will focus on the FE modeling regarding how to consider effects of welding on residual stresses, welding distortions and microstructure, the inhomogeneous deformation and coordination mechanism of the plastic forming process of tailor-welded tubes, and some end-forming processes of welded tubes, and more comprehensive research on the forming mechanism and limit of welded tubes.     

飞机导管数字化生产线探讨

介绍了国内外飞机导管制造技术的现状。参考国外飞机导管数字化生产的先进经验,结合国内实际情况,提出了实现导管数字化生产线总体设想方案。在导管CATIA数据转换、智能工艺性审查、三维弯曲仿真、数控弯管、组合夹具设计与制造、导管数控测量、系统集成等方面提出了切实可行的实施途径。     

双转辊弯曲模具设计

主要介绍了承力隔架用“双转辊弯曲模具”的结构、工作原理、主要工作零件设计及其弯曲力的计算方法.     

An improved procedure for manufacture of 3D tubes with springback concerned in flexible bending process

Three dimensional (3D) tubes, which possess the characteristics of space saving, lightweight and high strength, are widely used in many high-end industries such as aviation, aerospace, automobile and shipbuilding. However, when manufacturing a 3D tube in flexible bending process, springback is a big obstacle for improving the forming quality. In this paper, a new comprehensive strategy for springback control of 3D tubes is proposed. The strategy can be described as follows: (1) define the desired shape and manufacture shape; (2) optimize the manufacture shape using two tooling design methods (e.g. DA (displacement adjustment) method and B&T (bending and twisting) method presented in this paper); (3) make a discretization of the manufacture shape to acquire the optimized forming parameters. Additionally, experiment is implemented to validate the effectiveness of the new strategy. Results show that forming parameters acquired by the new strategy are partially effective. The new strategy also demonstrates that, during 3D tubes forming, the deviation caused by over-bent elements can be counteracted by the deficient-bent elements. This principle is helpful to reduce the difficulty of parameter determination in future.     

泡沫钢的制备及三点弯曲性能

为了制备孔隙率较高、孔结构均匀、性能优良的泡沫钢板及夹芯复合板,以316L不锈钢粉为原料,Ca Cl2为造孔剂,采用粉末冶金烧结-溶解法制备不同孔隙率、孔径的泡沫钢,并用物理粘接法制备泡沫钢夹芯复合板。通过对泡沫钢板和夹芯复合板进行三点弯曲实验研究两者的抗弯曲性能。观察泡沫钢板的三点弯曲变形过程,分析孔隙率和孔径对泡沫钢板和夹芯复合板抗弯曲性能的影响,对比两者的极限抗弯载荷变化。结果表明:泡沫钢板的变形首先从薄壁不规则的孔壁开始,形成裂纹并进行扩展,最终导致宏观断裂;对于泡沫钢夹芯复合板,当孔隙率从69.4%增加至82.5%时,其所能承受的极限载荷从2345 N下降至1254 N,在相同孔隙率下,相比于泡沫钢板,夹芯板承受的极限弯曲载荷提升了15%~43%;当孔径从1.9 mm增加至3.9 mm,孔隙率约为73%时,其所能承受的极限弯曲载荷从2070 N下降至1528 N,与泡沫钢板相比,相同孔径下,夹芯板承受的极限弯曲载荷提升了15%~28%;在孔隙率和孔径相同条件下,泡沫钢夹芯复合板的抗弯承载能力比泡沫钢板提高15%以上。     

Finite element modelling and experimental investigation of the impact of filling different materials in copper tubes during 3D free bending process

3D free bending process, an advanced metal forming technology, has attracted much attention due to its unique geometrical flexibility and efficiency. Filling tubes with materials may effectively reduce the distortion in the cross-section area and restrain wrinkling and collapse of tube wall. In the present study, the impacts of filling different materials on the copper tubes during 3D free bending process were investigated. We have found that copper tubes filled with low melting point alloys could induce the most uniform stress distribution, which result in better formability and moderate thickness changing rates when compared to SS304 steel balls and PU rubbers. The lowest ellipticity reached to 1.467%.     

CP3薄壁焊管数控弯曲成形有限元分析

根据焊接管材的特点,通过母材试样和包含焊缝及焊缝热影响区的混合试样的单向拉伸试验以及混合试样横截面的显微硬度测试,基于拉伸过程的等应变假设和混合法则,得到了CP3焊管母材、焊缝以及焊缝热影响区的材料拉伸应力应变关系.进而建立了薄壁CP3钛管数控弯曲有限元模型,分析了弯曲参数对焊管弯曲结果的影响,比较了均质管模型和焊管模...     

基于有限元模拟的三维型材拉弯轨迹设计

针对三维型材拉弯,提出一种基于变形控制有限元模拟的轨迹设计方法。首先提取模具长度方向特征线并将其离散成诸多线段单元,这样毛料逐步包覆模具的过程就变成毛料包覆这些线段单元的过程。给定毛料依次包覆线段单元发生的变形,根据切线接触条件（拉弯成形过程中毛料离开模具的位置处两者相切）计算出每步毛料末端位移。将这些位移作为边界条件输入有限元模型中计算毛料应力、应变和回弹。根据成形极限图和规定最大回弹超差量来调整变形模式,找到优化的变形模式和拉弯轨迹。以中空矩形截面型材三维拉弯为例,给出了轨迹设计的详细流程。     

空间弯管的回弹预测

管材弯曲卸载后将不可避免地产生一定回弹,严重影响弯管生产的精度与效率,因此回弹成为管材弯曲的重点研究对象.对空间非平面弯管回弹进行研究,将空间回弹问题转化为两个相互垂直平面上的同弹问题,通过纯弯曲回弹实验,建立弯管平面弯曲回弹前后半径之间的函数关系式,然后将两个平面上的回弹合并,对离散化的回弹弯管进行空间拼接,进而完成...     

数铣短壳壁板成形工艺试验研究

针对数铣短壳壁板成形过程中容易出现裂纹的问题,采用滚弯与压弯相结合的工艺方法对某型火箭数铣短壳壁板的成形进行了试验研究,通过改进零件成形工艺方法,固定工艺参数,解决了该类型壁板在成形过程中产生裂纹的问题,成形后产品质量稳定,满足设计要求。     

TB5钛合金薄板微观组织与弯曲性能关系研究

TB5钛合金板材具有优良的冷成形性能,适于成形中等复杂的航空航天用板材零件,但存在板材定形性差、成形后回弹大等问题。本文以TB5钛合金板材的冷成形为背景,探讨了TB5钛合金板材组织在弯曲变形过程中的变形行为及其微结构和成形性能的演变规律。结果表明,随着板材弯曲角度的增大或弯曲半径的减小,板材弯曲回弹角与中心变形处晶粒面积和晶粒横纵比正相关;板材中心变形处硬度和中心变形处晶粒面积正相关,与中心变形处晶粒横纵比负相关。     

引入材料参数的弯管中性层偏移解析模型

中性层偏移是表征管材弯曲内外侧不均匀变形程度的关键参数。基于弯管截面力矩平衡条件,建立了引入材料参数的管材弯曲变形中性层偏移解析模型,针对管材数控绕弯和压弯过程对所建模型从多个方面进行了评估,研究了不同几何和材料等管材本征参数下的管材弯曲中性层偏移规律。结果表明:应用于TA18钛管数控绕弯,发现所建解析模型与已有解析方法预测精度相当,但能考虑材料参数影响,且相较于有限元模拟,本文解析模型更接近实验结果;应用于A6063铝合金管和AZ31镁合金管压弯过程,并与Hasegawa解析方法相较,发现本文解析模型能够准确预测拉压不对称对压弯中性层偏移的影响;弯曲半径减小,弯管直径增大,中性层向弯曲内侧移动;拉压屈服强度比减小,厚向异性指数增大,中性层向弯曲内侧移动。     

铝合金T型材拉弯成形的有限元模拟

针对目前拉弯成形中的问题,采用有限元模拟的方法,对带下陷拉弯过程进行计算机仿真,得到优化后的工艺参数,避免了盲目的试拉,提高了加工效率,降低了拉弯成本,积累了带下陷拉弯成形的经验,提高了公司拉弯工艺水平。