A numerical model for bird strike on sidewall structure of an aircraft nose

In order to examine the potential of using the coupled smooth particles hydrodynamic(SPH) and finite element(FE) method to predict the dynamic responses of aircraft structures in bird strike events, bird-strike tests on the sidewall structure of an aircraft nose are carried out and numerically simulated. The bird is modeled with SPH and described by the Murnaghan equation of state, while the structure is modeled with finite elements. A coupled SPH–FE method is developed to simulate the bird-strike tests and a numerical model is established using a commercial software PAM-CRASH. The bird model shows no signs of instability and correctly modeled the break-up of the bird into particles. Finally the dynamic response such as strains in the skin is simulated and compared with test results, and the simulated deformation and fracture process of the sidewall structure is compared with images recorded by a high speed camera. Good agreement between the simulation results and test data indicates that the coupled SPH–FE method can provide a very powerful tool in predicting the dynamic responses of aircraft structures in events of bird strike.     

A Novel Approach for the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Porous Ceramics

A new approach in combination of the effective medium theory with the equivalent unit in numerical simulation was developed to study the effective thermal conductivity of porous ceramics. The finite element method was used to simulate the heat transfer process which enables to acquire accurate results through highly complicated modeling and intensive computation. An alternative approach to mesh the material into small cells was also presented. The effective medium theory accounts for the effective thermal conductivity of cells while the equivalent unit is subsequently applied in numerical simulation to analyze the effective thermal conductivity of the porous ceramics. A new expression for the effective thermal conductivity, allowing for some structure factors such as volume fraction of pores and thermal conductivity, was put forward, and the results of its application was proved to be close to those of the mathematical simula-tion.     

Static aeroelastic analysis of very flexible wings based on non-planar vortex lattice method

A rapid and efficient method for static aeroelastic analysis of a flexible slender wing when considering the structural geometric nonlinearity has been developed in this paper. A non-planar vortex lattice method herein is used to compute the non-planar aerodynamics of flexible wings with large deformation. The finite element method is introduced for structural nonlinear statics analysis. The surface spline method is used for structure/aerodynamics coupling. The static aeroelastic characteristics of the wind tunnel model of a flexible wing are studied by the nonlinear method presented, and the nonlinear method is also evaluated by comparing the results with those obtained from two other methods and the wind tunnel test. The results indicate that the traditional linear method of static aeroelastic analysis is not applicable for cases with large deformation because it produces results that are not realistic. However, the nonlinear methodology, which involves combining the structure finite element method with the non-planar vortex lattice method, could be used to solve the aeroelastic deformation with considerable accuracy, which is in fair agreement with the test results. Moreover, the nonlinear finite element method could consider complex structures. The non-planar vortex lattice method has advantages in both the computational accuracy and efficiency. Consequently, the nonlinear method presented is suitable for the rapid and efficient analysis requirements of engineering practice. It could be used in the preliminary stage and also in the detailed stage of aircraft design.     

A new landing impact attenuation seat in manned spacecraft biologically-inspired by felids

When manned spacecraft comes back to the earth, it relies on the impact attenuation seat to protect astronauts from injuries during landing phase. Hence, the seat needs to transfer impact load, as small as possible, to the crew. However, there is little room left for traditional seat to improve further. Herein, a new seat system biologically-inspired by felids’ landing is proposed.Firstly, a series of experiments was carried out on cats and tigers, in which they were trained to jump down voluntarily from different heights. Based on the ground reaction forces combined with kinematics, the experiment indicated that felids’ landing after self-initial jump was a multi-step impact attenuation process and the new seat was inspired by this. Then the construction and work process of new seat were redesigned to realize the multi-step impact attenuation. The dynamic response of traditional and new seat is analyzed under the identical conditions and the results show that the new concept seat can significantly weaken the occupant overload in two directions compared with that of traditional seat. As a consequence, the risk of injury evaluated for spinal and head is also lowered, meaning a higher level of protection which is especially beneficial to the debilitated astronaut.     

Yaw controller design of stratospheric airship based on phase plane method

Recently,stratospheric airships prefer to employ a vectored tail rotor or differential main propellers for the yaw control,rather than the control surfaces like common low-altitude airship.The load capacity of vectored mechanism and propellers are always limited by the weight and strength,which bring challenges for the attitude controller.In this paper,the yaw channel of airship dynamics is firstly rewritten as a simplified two-order dynamics equation and the dynamic characteristics is analyzed with a phase plane method.Analysis shows that when ignoring damping,the yaw control channel is available to the minimum principle of Pontryagin for optimal control,which can obtain a Bang–Bang controller.But under this controller,the control output could be bouncing around the theoretical switch curve due to the presence of disturbance and damping,which makes adverse effects for the servo structure.Considering the structure requirements of actuators,a phase plane method controller is employed,with a dead zone surrounded by several phase switch curve.Thus,the controller outputs are limited to finite values.Finally,through the numerical simulation and actual flight experiment,the method is proved to be effective.     

Numerical simulation and transonic wind-tunnel test for elastic thin-shell structure considering fluid–structure interaction

Aerodynamic force can lead to the strong structural vibration of flying aircraft at a high speed. This harmful vibration can bring damage or failure to the electronic equipment fixed in aircraft. It is necessary to predict the structural dynamic response in the design course. This paper presents a new numerical algorithm and scheme to solve the structural dynamics responses when considering fluid–structure interaction(FSI). Numerical simulation for a free-flying structural model in transonic speed is completed. Results show that the small elastic deformation of the structure can greatly affect the FSI. The FSI vibration tests are carried out in a transonic speed windtunnel for checking numerical theory and algorithms, and the wind-tunnel test results well accord with that of the numerical simulation. This indicates that the presented numerical method can be applied to predicting the structural dynamics responses when containing the FSI.     

Study on ballistic penetration resistance of titanium alloy TC4, Part II: Numerical analysis

Enhancing containment capability and reducing weight are always great concerns in the design of casings. Ballistic tests can help to mitigate a catastrophic event after a blade out, yet taking time and costing money. A wise way is to hunt for a validated numerical simulation technology, through which the material dynamic behavior over the strain rate range in the ballistic tests should be represented and reasonable failure strain should be defined. The simulation results show that the validation of the numerical simulation technology based on the test data can accurately estimate the absorption energy, describe the physical process and failure mode during the penetration, as well as the failure mechanism. It is found that energy dissipation of projectiles is in manner of compression stage, energy conversion stage, and interactive scrap stage. An effect indicator is proposed, where the factors of critical velocity including impact orientation and mass of projectiles and thickness of casings are considered. The critical velocity presents a linear relation with the effect indicator, which implies the critical velocity obtained by the flat casing could underestimate the capability of the real casing.     

Parachute dynamics and perturbation analysis of precision airdrop system

To analyze the parachute dynamics and stability characteristics of precision airdrop system,the fluid–structure interaction(FSI) dynamics coupling with the flight trajectory of a parachute–payload system is comprehensively predicted by numerical methods.The inflation behavior of a disk-gap-band parachute is specifically investigated using the arbitrary Lagrangian–Euler(ALE) penalty coupling method.With the available aerodynamic data obtained from the FSI simulation,a nine-degree-of-freedom(9DOF) dynamic model of a parachute–payload system is built and solved to simulate the descent trajectory of the multi-body dynamic system.Finally,a linear five-degree-of-freedom(5DOF) dynamic model is developed,the perturbation characteristics and the motion laws of the parachute and payload under a wind gust are analyzed by the linearization method and verified by a comparison with flight test data.The results of airdrop test demonstrate that our method can be further applied to the guidance and control of precision airdrop systems.     

Structural optimization for multiple structure cases and multiple payload cases with a two-level multipoint approximation method

This paper is to address structural optimization problems where multiple structure cases or multiple payload cases can be considered simultaneously. Both types of optimization problems involve multiple finite element models at each iteration step, which draws high demands in opti-mization methods. Considering the common characteristic for these two types of problems, which is that the design domain keeps the same no matter what the structure cases or payload cases are, both problems can be formulated into the unified expressions. A two-level multipoint approxima-tion (TMA) method is firstly improved with the use of analytical sensitivity analysis for structural mass, and then this improved method is utilized to tackle these two types of problems. Based on the commercial finite element software MSC.Patran/Nastran, an optimization system for multiple structure cases and multiple payload cases is developed. Numerical examples are conducted to ver-ify its feasibility and efficiency, and the necessity for the simultaneous optimizations of multiple structure cases and multiple payload cases are illustrated as well.     

Research on failure criterion of composite based on unified macro- and micro-mechanical model

A new unified macro- and micro-mechanics failure analysis method for composite structures was developed in order to take the effects of composite micro structure into consideration. In this method, the macro stress distribution of composite structure was calculated by commercial finite element analysis software. According to the macro stress distribution, the damage point was searched and the micro-stress distribution was calculated by reformulated finite-volume direct averaging micromechanics (FVDAM), which was a multi-scale finite element method for composite. The micro structure failure modes were estimated with the failure strength of constituents. A unidirectional composite plate with a circular hole in the center under two kinds of loads was analyzed with the traditional macro-mechanical failure analysis method and the unified macro- and micro-mechanics failure analysis method. The results obtained by the two methods are consistent, which show this new method’s accuracy and efficiency.     

民机客舱下部吸能结构分析与试验相关性研究

以民机典型机身段客舱下部结构为研究对象,建立了结构坠撞有限元模型,利用LS-Dyna软件进行了结构能量吸收特性分析。基于吸能结构思想,以降低传递到客舱地板的加速度载荷为设计目标,提出了一种民用飞机客舱地板下部结构吸能设计方法。设计制造了全尺寸的吸能结构试件,并进行了垂直坠撞试验。为评估坠撞分析与试验的相关性,提出了一种基于能量的能量吸收特性评估方法。首先对预试验分析结果与试验结果进行了相关性分析,根据相关性分析结果对分析模型进行了修正。修正后坠撞分析结果与试验结果的相关性表明,乘员质心处的平均加速度响应峰值误差为16.44%,最大平均反弹速度误差为10.53%,修正后模型的总体刚度与实际结构一致,分析获得的结构总体变形模式与试验结果基本一致。但能量吸收时间和加速度峰值出现的时间与试验结果相比误差较大,表明结构连接失效等结构建模细节对计算结果有显著的影响。     

直升机坠毁响应的有限元模拟

 本文概述用非线性有限元技术对直升机结构的坠毁过程进行数值模拟。所分析的结构包括飞行员座椅、座椅减震器、地板盒段和滑撬。问题被当作结构在规定初速度或脉冲载荷作用下的非线性（大变形与弹塑性）动反应。用特殊设计的单元模拟减震器及座椅滑轨,用间隙单元模拟结构与地面的撞击。     

运输类飞机旅客座椅动态冲击仿真方法研究

介绍了使用瞬态有限元软件与经SAE 1999-01-1609修正的Hybrid III ATD(Anthropomorphic Test Dummy)模型的组合进行运输类飞机旅客座椅动态冲击仿真分析的方法,重点描述仿真模型的评估原则和仿真分析过程中的关键要素和审定判据,运用计算机模型来精确预测物理试验的结果,将目前最佳的实践方法展现给工程分析人员以达到节省研发与取证成本的目的。     

Crashworthiness analysis of aircraft fuselage with sine-wave beam structure

An integrated design concept for crashworthy fuselage using sine-wave beam and strut is proposed and investigated. The finite element model of aircraft fuselage is built first. The structures above cabin floor, occupant and seat are simplified as two rigid blocks. The fuselage frame is redesigned, and the sine-wave beam is arranged under the frame. The impact dynamic performance of the aircraft with bottom sine-wave beam structure is studied and compared with that of conventional type. To obtain better crashworthiness performance, different rigidity of strut is combined with the sine-wave beam bottom structure. Numerical simulation result shows that the proposed sine-wave beam bottom structure could not only dissipate more proportion of impact kinetic energy but also reduce the initial peak acceleration. The structure and rigidity of strut have great influence on the crashworthiness performance. To give a better fuselage structure, both of the strut and bottom structure should be properly integrated and designed.     

直升机起落架抗坠毁性能的有限元仿真评估

 建立了直升机起落架抗坠毁有限元模型,模拟硬着陆和坠毁过程,以考察起落架在坠毁事故发生时的吸能能力。有限元建模使用真实的几何模型,用一个虚拟的框架代替机身把起落架连接起来,全机质量折算为减缩质量并分布到该框上。缓冲器用弹簧—阻尼器单元替代,其参数由性能曲线给出。使用非线性瞬态动力学的显式解法求解冲击问题。对两种情况进行了仿真:分别以6.0m/ s 和10.2m/ s 的垂直速度撞击地面。坠毁实验表明仿真结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性。     

带稳定板装置弹射座椅偏航稳定性能研究

针对国内弹射救生领域现状,设计了一种适合于国内某型座椅的弹射救生系统稳定板。运用计算流体力学(CFD)数值计算方法,对改装稳定板前后的人椅系统进行了高速流场下的静态和动态特性分析,并与风洞试验结果进行对比,两者吻合较好。改装稳定板前后的数值计算对比表明:在不对俯仰和滚转性能产生不利影响的情况下,稳定板的改装对人椅系统的偏航性能有比较明显的改善。六自由度动态计算比较真实地模拟了弹射出舱的过程,也进一步验证了稳定板对改善偏航稳定性能所起到的作用。数值计算完全可以应用于弹射座椅的气动研究,同时稳定板的设计对工程上的应用具有一定的参考价值。     

大飞机货舱地板下部结构有限元建模与适坠性分析

为了研究大飞机坠撞特性及数值分析方法，选取大飞机货舱地板下部结构为研究对象，建立其有限元模型，实现显式动力学的求解与分析。考察倒置、固支的货舱地板下部结构在200 kg落重以7 m/s垂直冲击下的结构响应、吸能与失效的动态行为，识别落重冲击过程中结构变形与失效模式、冲击响应特性及能量吸收与耗散机理。仿真结果表明，货舱地板下部结构的机身框组件、支撑件组件是主要吸能结构，冲击能量的吸收主要依靠上述结构的塑性变形与失效，紧固件的吸能贡献仅占1%左右。     

Numerical modeling of the impact on water of a flexible structure by explicit finite element method — Comparisons with Radioss numerical results and experiments

The current development of crash calculation codes associated with the significant improvement in the performance of data processing facilities allow us to consider, in an industrial framework and under interesting economical conditions, numerical simulations of the impact on water of a deformable structure. A transient fast dynamic finite element method has been chosen for its potential to model the nonlinearities of the structure, geometrical, material or contact nonlinearities. It is evaluated here for various test cases for which the analytical and numerical results are available.The correlations between calculations and reference results, and their costs, allow such an approach to be validated subject to a definitive validation on a representative structure.     

带油箱结构的机身框段坠撞仿真分析

 主要研究了任意拉格朗日/欧拉耦合方法计算带油箱的机身框段的坠撞过程。首先,建立了带油箱结构的机身框段坠撞分析模型,包括机身框段结构模型和欧拉流体模型。采用水代替油箱内部燃油,考虑了不同装水量对机身框段耐撞性的影响。分析了坠撞过程中的液体晃动和泼溅与机身坠撞响应的影响,给出了装水量和机身框段最大垂向压缩位移、最大过载和能量吸收等参数之间的关系。通过仿真分析,揭示了冲击载荷作用下油箱内部燃油量对机身框段各个部分结构的损伤破坏的影响。研究指出,在垂直撞击环境下,机身加强框和蒙皮是主要的吸能结构。在油箱内装水量多的情况下,油箱结构的吸能作用不能忽略。给出了应急着陆或可生存坠撞事故发生前,飞行员所应采取的紧急措施。     

先进的变载吸能器

传统的定载吸能器以50百分位男性乘员满足95％生存率为条件设计，它不能为全体乘员提供保护，变载吸能器能够根据乘员重量而调节动作载荷，为全体乘员提供最合理的保护，同时可以大大降低吸能器的冲击行程。