Structural optimization of uniaxial symmetry non-circular bolt clearance hole on turbine disk

This study proposes a parameterized model of a uniaxial symmetry non-circular hole, to improve conventional circular bolt clearance holes on turbine disks. The profile of the model consists of eight smoothly connected arcs, the radiuses of which are determined by 5 design variables.By changing the design variables, the profile of the non-circular hole can be transformed to accommodate different load ratios, thereby improving the stress concentration of the area near the hole and that of the turbine disk. The uniaxial symmetry non-circular hole is optimized based on finite element method（FEM）, in which the maximum first principal stress is taken as the objective function. After optimization, the stress concentration is evidently relieved; the maximum first principal stress and the maximum von Mises stress on the critical area are reduced by 30.39% and 25.34%respectively, showing that the uniaxial symmetry non-circular hole is capable of reducing the stress level of bolt clearance holes on the turbine disk.     

THE COMPLEX-VARIABLE-VARIATIONALMETHOD FOR ANALYSING FINITEINTERNALLY CRACKED PLATESAND ITS APPLICATION

In this paper, a whole field solution to finite internally cracked plates is derived by complex variable method, where the equations of equilibrium and compatibility, the single value condition of displacements and the traction-free condition on crack surfaces are satisfied exactly. The stress intensity factors of finite plates with central crack or eccentric crack or cracks emanating from a hole are calculated by using minimum potential energy principle to treat the boundary conditions excluding those on crack surfaces. As an application of the method to engineering problems, the computation about a finite rivet joint stiffened plate with cracks emanating from a hole is also performed. The numerical results show that the method presented in this paper gives rapid convergence and is much time-saving in computations.     

Analytical solutions of cracks emanating from an elliptical hole under shear

Based on the complex variable method, the analytical solutions of stress functions and stress intensity factors（SIFs） are provided for the plane problem of two collinear edge cracks emanating from an elliptical hole in an infinite plate under shear. The stress distribution along the horizontal axis is given in graphical forms, which conforms to Saint-Venant＇s principle. The influences of crack length and ellipse shape on the stress intensity factors are evaluated. Comparing the analytical solutions with finite element method（FEM） results shows good coincidence. These numerical examples show that the present solutions are accurate.     

Analysis of crack opening stresses for center- and edge-crack tension specimens

Accurate determination of crack opening stress is of central importance to fatigue crack growth analysis and life prediction based on the crack-closure model. This paper studies the crack opening behavior for center- and edge-crack tension specimens. It is found that the crack opening stress is affected by the crack tip element. By taking the crack tip element into account, a modified crack opening stress equation is given for the center-crack tension specimen. Crack surface displace- ment equations for an edge crack in a semi-infinite plate under remote uniform tension and partially distributed pressure are derived by using the weight function method. Based on these displacements, a crack opening stress equation for an edge crack in a semi-infinite plate under uniform tension has been developed. The study shows that the crack opening stress is geometry-dependent, and the weight function method provides an effective and reliable tool to deal with such geometry depen- dence.     

An equilibrium multi-objective optimum design for non-circular clearance hole of disk with discrete variables

An Equilibrium Multi-objective Optimization Model(EMOM) with self-regulated weighting factors has been proposed for the optimum design of non-circular clearance hole on the front flange of turbine disk. In the ‘‘equilibrium design", both the stress decrease around the hole and the least hole's profile variation are considered, which balances two ambivalent design goals. Specific discrete variables are applied to realize the standardization design in the optimization process, in which a Surrogate Genetic Coding Algorithm(SGCA) is introduced, and a special check module is used to get rid of repeated fitness evaluation of the samples. The method offers an equilibrium design for the non-circular clearance hole of the turbine disk with great accuracy and efficiency.     

GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF SHORT FATIGUE CRACKS FOR ALUMINUM- LITHIUM ALLOY 8090

The growth behaviors of short through cracks (0.2 < △a < 2.2mm) and long cracks are compared using CT type specimens in aluminum-lithium alloy 8090 T651. It is found that the short cracks grow much more than long ones and are observed to grow at the stress intensity ranges far below the long crack threshold. The distinction of growth bahavior between short and long cracks is attributed to the difference of their crack closure effect. The growth behavior of short cracks can be rationalized with that of long ones in terms of effective stress intensity ranges. The upper demarcation value of short through cracks for aluminum-lithium alloy 8090 is presented.     

Thermal shock damage behavior of CVD ZnS by oxygen propane flame：A numerical and experimental study

Chemical vapor deposition zinc sulfide （CVD ZnS） is widely used as an infrared window material to transmit infrared signals, keep the aerodynamic shape and protect its imaging system, which often suffers high temperature and complicated thermal stresses. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the thermal shock damage of CVD ZnS through a finite element method and oxygen propane flame experiments. The finite element model is developed to simulate the temperature and thermal stress fields by an oxygen propane flame. Then, the thermal shock experiments are performed to investigate the thermal shock damage behavior. The results show that the temperature rising rate of the shock surface is fast during the initial heating stage resulting in high thermal stress. After the thermal shock experiment, the scanning electron microscope （SEM） photographs shows that the shock surface of the specimen becomes rough and the microcracks occur in the thermal shock zone. Good agreements are achieved between the numerical solutions and the experimental results.     

A theoretical model of semi-elliptic surface crack growth

A theoretical model of semi-elliptic surface crack growth based on the low cycle strain damage accumulation near the crack tip along the cracking direction and the Newman–Raju formula is developed. The crack is regarded as a sharp notch with a small curvature radius and the process zone is assumed to be the size of cyclic plastic zone. The modified Hutchinson, Rice and Rosengren(HRR) formulations are used in the presented study. Assuming that the shape of surface crack front is controlled by two critical points: the deepest point and the surface point.The theoretical model is applied to semi-elliptic surface cracked Al 7075-T6 alloy plate under cyclic loading, and five different initial crack shapes are discussed in present study. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical results is obtained.     

Evaluation of mixed mode-Ⅰ/Ⅱ criteria for fatigue crack propagation using experiments and modeling

In this study, in-plane mixed mode-Ⅰ/Ⅱ fatigue crack growth simulations and experiments are performed for the Al 7075-T651 aluminum alloy which is widely used in the aerospace industry. Tests are carried out under different mode mixity ratios to evaluate the applicability of a fracture criterion developed in a previous study to mixed mode-Ⅰ/Ⅱ fatigue crack growth tests.Results obtained from the analyses and experiments are compared with existing and developed criteria in terms of crack growth lives. Compact Tension Shear(CTS) specimens, which enable mixed mode loading with loading devices under different loading angles, are used in the simulations and experiments. In an effort to model and simulate the actual conditions in the experiments, crack surfaces of fractured specimens are scanned, crack paths are modeled exactly, and contacts are defined between the contact surfaces of a specimen and the loading device for each crack propagation step in the analyses. Having computed the mixed mode stress intensity factors from the numerical analyses, propagation life cycles are predicted by existing and the developed mixed mode-Ⅰ/Ⅱ criteria and then compared with experimental results.     

APPLICATIONS OF STOCHASTIC FEM BASED ON THE LOCAL AVERAGE OF RANDOM FIELD IN RANDOM EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS

This paper applies stochastic finite element method based on the local average of random field to analyze random eigenvalue problems. The local average of homogeneous random vector field is briefly introduced. The formulae for the means and covariances of random eigenvalues and eigenvectors of stochastic structures are derived by using second order perturbation method. The numerical results are given to show better convergence with respect to element number in the present method than that in Nakagiri's method.     

航空发动机涡轮盘裂纹扩展分析

在计算分析含有角裂纹等厚空心盘应力强度因子基础上,针对某涡轮盘螺栓孔周向应力最大处建立孔边角裂纹的有限元模型;利用J积分法,计算得到不同尺寸裂纹前沿的应力强度因子;采用2自由度法描述扩展过程中裂纹前沿形状的发展,对角裂纹引起的轮盘裂纹扩展过程进行了有限元模拟;最后得到涡轮盘的裂纹扩展寿命。     

锪窝填充孔孔边角裂纹应力强度因子的有限元分析

对锪窝填充孔孔边角裂纹应力强度因子进行研究对提高结构安全性具有重要意义。根据飞机上常用的锪窝铆接典型结构,运用ANSYS软件对锪窝孔孔边角裂纹进行有限元分析,建立铆钉与锪窝孔接触模拟铆钉对锪窝孔的填充作用。计算得到含铆钉填充以及空孔时锪窝孔边不同裂纹尺寸下裂纹前缘的应力强度因子分布。对比分析结果表明：铆钉填充能显著降低锪窝孔边角裂纹的应力强度因子,提高结构寿命。     

某型飞机前轮叉裂纹失效分析与解决措施

外场服役的两架某型飞机的前轮叉与活塞杆在连接孔上表面相同位置处出现了裂纹。断口分析表明,前轮叉裂纹为应力腐蚀裂纹,裂纹从内表面侧起源,并在应力作用下不断向外表面侧扩展．最终贯穿前轮叉与活塞杆连接处。同时,通过建立有限元模型对裂纹处应力分析,发现前轮又与活塞杆及螺栓之间的干涉量与干涉应力基本上呈线性关系,而且装配时摩擦系数对应力的影响可以忽略不计。由此得小轮叉出现裂纹的主要原因是轮叉与活塞杆及螺栓间的干涉配合在裂纹位置处造成的较大装配应力和腐蚀介质的作用引起的。因此．在装配过程中严格控制其干涉量,并提高轮叉表面的防护质量,是避免轮叉出现应力腐蚀裂纹的有效措施．     

承载紧固孔边应力强度因子

 <正> 1.孔边穿透裂纹应力强度因子 采用宽度修正系数FB(c/W),可得紧固件孔边裂纹的SIF式中f_1(α/R)、钉载作用时的FB(c/W)以及未开裂应力σ_Y(X)。对双向载荷下的宽度修正系数,采用文献的数据最小二乘拟合,得     

干涉配合紧固件的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命分析

 利用权函数法给出了含紧固件孔的平板受干涉、双向拉压、各种形式的分布钉载和旁路载荷各种方式的组合作用时孔边穿透裂纹和角裂纹的张开型应力强度因子的数学表达式,可以方便地实施快速积分法求得裂纹扩展寿命。分析了干涉销钉通过填充作用和与孔壁的摩擦对疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的影响。发现钉载及双向载荷条件的不同,干涉增寿效果不同。与实验结果的对比表明方法是有效的。     

飞机螺栓双剪连接结构有限元应力分析

为了设计更加高效和安全的航空航天结构元件,对螺栓连接进行精确的应力和应变分析是相当重要的。对飞机结构中广泛使用的铝合金7075 T6螺栓连接板进行了有限元建模,采用单螺栓和双螺母配合的双搭接连接,在建立有限元模型后,模拟施加三个不同大小的预紧力并附加不同的纵向拉伸载荷。螺栓连接中各个部件之间的接触采用三维面面接触单元来模拟,数值分析中考虑了摩擦效应,此外,还模拟了螺栓和板之间的间隙。有限元计算结果显示,由于施加预紧力而在孔边缘附近产生有益的压应力,较高的预紧力可以显著降低在孔边缘处合成拉伸应力的大小,并且在经受纵向拉伸载荷时也能够显著降低接头处的应力水平。     

双剪多排螺栓连接螺栓孔接触域应力分布研究

基于接触问题的研究方法。利用由MSC．Patraan/Nastran软件建立的多排双剪螺栓连接有限元模型,对螺栓～孔接触域上的应力分布进行了研究。研究过程中主要考虑在不同的间隙和接触面粗糙度下,各排螺栓的应力分布变化规律。研究发现间隙和粗糙度对孔受压面上的应力影响较大,但不能破坏各排螺栓孔应力分布规律的相似性。在建模过程中,将螺栓定义为可变性接触体,考虑了螺栓与铝板之间的接触摩擦以及相互间弹性变彤．比以往的刚性体螺栓具有曼高的准确性和可靠性．     

基于接触分析方法的机匣安装边密封性研究

针对某型航空发动机外涵机匣开环形槽结构的安装边,建立了包括安装边和连接螺栓的有限元计算模型.采用有限元接触分析方法对安装边结合面的接触应力和接触间隙进行了计算,分析了安装边螺栓孔距、安装边厚度和开槽深度对安装边密封性的影响.结果表明,安装边开环形槽结构有利于密封,适当增加安装边螺栓数和安装边厚度可改善其密封性.     

钛合金典型连接结构裂纹扩展特性分析

基于扩展有限元方法研究钛合金传统机加接头耳片与含预置非焊合区的层合接头耳片结构在拉-拉疲劳荷载作用下的裂纹扩展特性,揭示螺栓孔在受挤压情况下非焊合区对钛合金典型连接结构疲劳裂纹扩展的抑制作用,并通过试验验证扩展有限元方法对钛合金典型连接耳片结构裂纹扩展特性分析的有效性。