跨声速机翼静气动弹性数值分析方法

本文给出一种以改进的跨声速守恒型全位势有限体积法为基础的机翼静气动弹性数值分析方法。改进发展了气动网格划分技术，使其对大后掠三角形机翼也能顺利适用。采用位移法计算机翼柔度影响矩阵。将非线性气动力与结构线化机翼弹性变形耦合迭代求解。当气动力和结构变形均收敛后，即求出弹性机翼的气动特性。通过算例计算，表明气动方法改进是成功的，弹性结果是合理的。跨声速范围弹性影响大，值得注意。     

大攻角机翼的气动弹性计算方法

 本文利用大攻角带分离流机翼的完全非定常非线性气动力计算方法,通过与机翼运动方程的同时求解,在时间域内实现了大攻角机翼非线性气动弹性的数值模拟,根据弹性机翼各种状态下的运动过程,可以得到大攻角机翼的颤振速度等重要参数以及亚临界、超临界等飞行状态的运动规律。算例结果表明,大攻角下机翼的气动弹性问题需引起足够的重视。     

压电纤维复合材料驱动的机翼动态形状控制

利用压电材料实现柔性机翼的主动形状控制,能够有效提高机翼结构效率和气动性能;要实现连续、光滑的高精确形状控制效果,机翼变形过程必须满足一定的动态要求。本文利用在上下翼面反对称铺设的新型压电纤维复合材料——宏纤维复合材料(MFC)提供驱动力矩,研究了机翼扭转变形的前馈轨迹跟踪控制。首先建立了机翼结构有限元模型和气动力载荷模型,采用载荷比拟法得到MFC作动器的控制载荷向量,给出了气动弹性控制方程及其状态空间表达形式。为跟踪预设的变形参考轨迹,以跟踪误差的时域积分为目标函数,对MFC作动器的电压加载历程进行了优化设计。结果表明,采用规划后的电压加载历程,机翼气动弹性响应很好地跟踪了预期参考轨迹,实现了连续、光滑的动态形状控制效果,提高了控制精度。     

Control law design for transonic aeroservoelasticity

Existing computational transonic aeroservoelastic researches focus on directly coupling the structural dynamic equations, CFD solver and servo system in time domain, study the effect of the given feedback control laws on the responses of the aeroelastic system. These works have not involved the design of the flutter active control law. The non-linearity of transonic flow brings great difficulties to aeroservoelastic analysis and design. Recent research of the unsteady aerodynamic reduced order models (ROM) based on CFD provides a challenging approach for transonic aeroservoelastic analysis and design. Coupling the structural state equations with the aerodynamic state equations of the wing and the control surface based on the ROM, we construct a transonic aeroservoelastic model in state-space. Then the sub-optimal control method based on output feedback is used to design the flutter suppressing law. The study first demonstrates the open loop of the Benchmark Active Controls Technology (BACT) wing. The computational results of the CFD direct simulation method and the ROM analysis method are both agree well with the experimental data. Then both the closed loop time responses and the flutter results by ROM technique are compared with those of numerical aeroservoelastic simulation based on Euler codes to validate the correctness of the design method of the control law and aeroservoelastic analysis method. An increase of up to 20% of the speed index can be achieved by the control law designed by sub-optimal control method for this model.     

一种三维弹性机翼气动优化新方法

基于控制理论方法和有限元分析软件,通过将网格生成、流场计算、有限元分析、粘性伴随方程数值求解、梯度求解和拟牛顿优化算法等几方面的有效结合,研究与发展了计及静气动弹性影响的三维机翼气动优化设计方法,其中,雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程为主控方程,气动载荷和结构静弹性变形量由气动/结构方程的耦合迭代求解得到,目标函数梯度信息由共轭方程数值求解得到。典型大展弦比机翼气动减阻设计结果表明：研究及发展的计及静气动弹性影响的三维机翼气动优化设计方法是有效的,能够有效考虑静气动弹性的影响。     

基于控制理论和NS方程的气动设计方法研究

研究了基于控制理论和NS方程的气动设计方法,针对给定的目标函数表达形式,应用该设计理论在计算坐标下详细推导了相应的共轭方程及边界条件具体表达形式,以及梯度方程求解表达式,通过合理的数学变换,导出了共轭方程在笛卡尔坐标系下的直观表达形式,发展了有效的共轭方程数值求解方法,通过流动控制方程数值求解、共轭方程数值求解、目标函数对设计变量的梯度求解和优化算法等方面的有效结合,研究与发展了一种新的气动设计方法,以二维机翼气动设计为例,成功进行了亚、跨音速情形下的相关设计算例研究,研究结果表明应用控制理论和NS方程的气动设计方法在设计理论、适用性以及时间花费等方面都有着很好的特色和优点,且设计结果也更为可靠.     

大展弦比复合材料机翼的非线性颤振分析

大展弦比机翼在气动力作用下产生较大变形,颤振速度和颤振频率随之发生明显变化,线性理论难以获得比较合理的解答。综合考虑了结构几何非线性、气动非线性和材料各向异性对机翼运动状态的影响,将复合材料机翼建模为非线性薄壁单闭室截面梁,建立机翼的运动方程,并使用小扰动分析的方法得到机翼在平衡位置附近的振动方程。采用Theodorsen非定常气动理论构建气动模型,获得机翼在平衡位置附近的非线性颤振方程,并利用v-g法判定机翼颤振稳定性。通过算例演示了一些非线性颤振的特点,讨论了铺层角、展弦比、机翼线密度等参数对颤振速度的影响,并与线性理论得到的结果进行对比。     

喷流流动控制增升效应数值模拟

飞机的增升系统是影响其起降性的重要因素,为了研究飞机下表面喷流流动控制增升效应,采用数值模拟方法与结构网格求解不可压Navier-Stokes方程,对NACA0012翼型和机翼进行研究。通过改变喷气口的参数来研究其对翼型和机翼气动特性的影响。对于翼型,主要研究喷气口速度和位置对翼型气动特性的影响;对于机翼,主要研究喷气口区域沿展向分布和喷气速度对机翼气动特性和能量利用率的影响。计算结果表明:采用喷气控制可以获得较好的气动特性,增升效果也比较明显,控制效果和上述几个参数均有一定关系。本次研究为机翼喷气口设计以及机翼局部喷气控制展向分布的选取提供了依据。     

机翼和翼身融合体跨音速绕流有限元算法的研究

从全速位方程出发研究了机翼和翼身融合体跨音速绕流的有限元算法。给出适用于有限元法和复杂外形的块结构网格生成技术和使单元系数矩阵积分数目减少2/3的方法;并发展了一种内存量少的总体系数矩阵存贮方式。为了提高有限元离散方程组解的精度和加速收敛,提出α—GMRES算法代替传统全速位方程有限元解法中所习用收敛慢的线松弛迭代解法。通过机翼和翼身融合体实例考核,效果是好的,为飞行器先进气动布局的数值计算提供了一种新的有效算法。     

Recent advance in nonlinear aeroelastic analysis and control of the aircraft

A review on the recent advance in nonlinear aeroelasticity of the aircraft is presented in this paper. The nonlinear aeroelastic problems are divided into three types based on different research objects, namely the two dimensional airfoil, the wing, and the full aircraft. Different non- linearities encountered in aeroelastic systems are discussed firstly, where the emphases is placed on new nonlinear model to describe tested nonlinear relationship. Research techniques, especially new theoretical methods and aeroelastic flutter control methods are investigated in detail. The route to chaos and the cause of chaotic motion of two-dimensional aeroelastic system are summarized. Var- ious structural modeling methods for the high-aspect-ratio wing with geometric nonlinearity are dis- cussed. Accordingly, aerodynamic modeling approaches have been developed for the aeroelastic modeling of nonlinear high-aspect-ratio wings. Nonlinear aeroelasticity about high-altitude long- endurance （HALE） and fight aircrafts are studied separately. Finally, conclusions and the chal- lenges of the development in nonlinear aeroelasticity are concluded. Nonlinear aeroelastic problems of morphing wing, energy harvesting, and flapping aircrafts are proposed as new directions in the future.     

弹性飞翼无人机鲁棒姿态控制设计

针对大展弦比飞翼布局无人机的刚体运动与弹性运动耦合动力学模型,提出了一种基于反步法的鲁棒非线性控制方法。该方法考虑了飞翼无人机的非线性因素,将动态面反步控制作为内环控制抵消系统的非线性因素;同时考虑系统实际存在的弹性耦合项、参数不确定项以及外部扰动,将内环反步控制与飞翼无人机模型整体作为新的被控对象,引入最优化理论对新的被控对象设计了外环鲁棒控制器。仿真结果表明,所提出的控制器不仅满足飞翼无人机姿态跟踪性能的要求,且对模型不确定性和气动弹性影响具有鲁棒性。     

一种针对结构损伤的非线性容错飞行控制方法

飞机结构损伤会引起气动参数变化,进而影响系统的静稳定性和控制精度。针对具有多输入的非线性飞机模型,利用带有二阶命令滤波器的自适应反步控制方法在线估计飞机气动参数,补偿结构损伤导致的气动参数变化对控制系统的影响,以实现容错飞行控制功能;引入的命令滤波器可以避免反步控制中复杂的求导运算。从理论上分析证明了带有二阶命令滤波器的自适应反步控制的闭环系统稳定性,并给出了控制跟踪误差的理论上界和二阶命令滤波器频率参数选取的下界。通过一个大型客机垂直尾翼脱落场景的仿真实验,验证了所提容错控制方法的有效性。     

Sliding mode control design for oblique wing aircraft in wing skewing process

When the wing of Oblique Wing Aircraft (OWA) is skewed, the center of gravity, inertia and aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft all significantly change, causing an undesirable flight dynamic response, affecting the flying qualities, and even endangering the flight safety. In this study, the dynamic response of an OWA in the wing skewing process is simulated, showing that the three-axis movements of the OWA are highly coupled and present nonlinear characteristics during the wing skewing. As the roll control efficiency of the aileron decreases due to the shortened control arm in an oblique configuration, the all-moving horizontal tail is used for additional roll and the control allocation is performed based on minimum control energy. Given the properties of pitch-roll-yaw coupling and control input and state coupling, and the difficulty of establishing an accurate aerodynamic model in the wing skewing process due to unsteady aerodynamic force, a multi-loop sliding mode controller is formulated by the time-scale separation method. The closed-loop simulation results show that the asymmetric aerodynamics can be balanced and that the velocity and altitude of the aircraft maintain stable, which means that a smooth transition is obtained during the OWA’s wing skewing.     

遗传算法在机翼气动优化设计中的应用

把最优化方法与机翼的气动力求解相结合,进行跨音速机翼的气动优化设计。采用最优化方法为遗传算法,机翼的气动力由三维欧拉方程的数值解来提供。与基准机翼相比较,优化设计的机翼其气动性能有较大幅度的提高,表明遗传算法在机翼优化设计中的可行性和有效性     

Reliability and Sensitivity Analysis of Transonic Flutter Using Improved Line Sampling Technique

The improved line sampling (LS) technique, an effective numerical simulation method, is employed to analyze the probabilistic characteristics and reliability sensitivity of flutter with random structural parameter in transonic flow. The improved LS technique is a novel methodology for reliability and sensitivity analysis of high dimensionality and low probability problem with implicit limit state function, and it does not require any approximating surrogate of the implicit limit state equation. The improved LS is used to estimate the flutter reliability and the sensitivity of a two-dimensional wing, in which some structural properties, such as frequency, parameters of gravity center and mass ratio, are considered as random variables. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based unsteady aerodynamic reduced order model (ROM) method is used to construct the aerodynamic state equations. Coupling structural state equations with aerodynamic state equations, the safety margin of flutter is founded by using the critical velocity of flutter. The results show that the improved LS technique can effectively decrease the computational cost in the random uncertainty analysis of flutter. The reliability sensitivity, defined by the partial derivative of the failure probability with respect to the distribution parameter of random variable, can help to identify the important parameters and guide the structural optimization design.     

飞翼式客机机翼气动/结构综合优化方法研究

针对目前在飞翼客机机翼优化过程中对气动弹性效应考虑不充分、气动/结构耦合不充分的问题,分别对飞翼客机机翼的CFD（Computational Fluid Dynamics,简称CFD）气动模型、平板气动模型和三维板杆模型进行参数化建模,开展了针对飞翼布局客机机翼的气动/结构综合优化设计的研究,搭建了一套基于Kriging模型的前瞻性设计方法,获得了机翼最优的气动外形和结构构型,在有效降低机翼结构重量的同时,显著地减少了气动阻力。在满足精度及效率的前提下,气动子学科选用亚声速偶极子格网法以及基于Euler方程的CFD方法,结构子学科选用有限元分析方法,优化算法采用遗传算法。     

一个计算喷气翼的考虑非线性效应的涡格法

 本文发展了确定喷气翼气动性能的三维非线性方法。用附着涡和自由涡系统代表翼面、喷流、尾流和翼尖涡,解出弦向和展向载荷分布;同时解出喷流、尾流和翼尖涡的形状。所得结果在大展弦比条件下与实验及其他理论结果相符。本法可应用于各种展弦比、喷流角以及部分喷气情况下。     

基于CFD的静气动弹性优化设计方法

以三维Navier-Stokes方程为控制方程,数值计算弹性机翼跨音速气动力,耦合结构静平衡方程,研究弹性机翼的静气动弹性变形和真实载荷分布,并在此基础上,对机翼的型架外形进行基于静气动弹性的多学科的优化设计(MDO),以及对机翼进行基于总升力不变的飞行姿态确定,以满足弹性机翼在飞行时的品质设计要求.以某后掠机翼为例,设计结果达到预期目标.     

离散伴随方法在气动优化设计中的应用

针对工程问题中大规模设计变量难以进行快速优化的难题,在自研流场解算器(WiseCFD-UG)基础之上,发展了基于离散伴随方法的梯度计算模块,实现了目标函数对大规模设计变量的快速精确梯度求解.此外,结合FFD参数化、线弹性体网格变形,优化算法等模块建立了气动优化设计系统.运用系统对M6机翼和CRM翼身组合体构型进行定升减阻优化设计,结果表明:机翼表面的压力分布得到了显著改善,表面激波得到不同程度的消除或减弱.气动优化设计系统有效可靠,具有一定的工程应用价值.     

耦合六自由度运动弹性飞机阵风响应数值模拟

耦合飞机刚体六自由度运动,考虑飞机结构气动弹性变形,基于全湍流Navier—Stokes方程流场数值模拟方法．建立了离散阵风作用下弹性飞行器气动载荷与飞行姿态响应的数值模拟技术。其中模态空间中结构动力学方程以及六自由度运动方程分别采用四阶R—K进行时间推进求解,采用RadialBasicFunction（RBF）技术进行气动／结构数据耦合。对应飞机姿态以及弹性变形采用RBF与TFI组合模式的动网格方法进行网格更新;以飞翼布局弹性飞机为数值研究对象,研究了离散阵风作用下飞行器的气动载荷响应以及飞行姿态的变化,对比分析了刚性飞行器与弹性飞行器对离散阵风响应的区别,为进一步系统地分析真实飞机飞行品质提供数值平台。