基于本征方程的柔性机翼非线性颤振分析

柔性机翼在气动载荷作用下常常会产生较大的变形,颤振特性会随之发生变化,针对此问题线性理论常常难以进行合理的预测。以几何精确本征梁模型建立了机翼的运动方程,耦合ONERA-EDlin非线性气动模型,建立了柔性机翼的非线性气动弹性分析模型。利用Newton-Raphson和Backward-Differentiation-Formula(BDF)分别求解机翼的静态变形和动态响应,基于机翼平衡位置附近的线性化方程来判断系统的稳定性,进而确定颤振临界速度。通过算例验证了模型的准确性,并分析了不同刚度、后掠角、机翼安装角等参数对颤振速度的影响。     

带集中非线性的机翼气动弹性问题研究进展

带集中非线性环节的机翼非线性气动弹性问题是飞行器气动弹性研究领域的热点和难点。经过近几十年来的不断发展,这类机翼非线性气动弹性问题的研究已经取得了长足的进步,同时也面临着新的挑战。鉴于此,综述了近年来带集中非线性环节的机翼非线性气动弹性问题的研究进展,阐述了带集中非线性的机翼气动弹性分析的建模方法、分析方法及非线性气动弹性稳定性和响应行为的规律,并讨论和总结了相关的研究成果,对今后机翼非线性气动弹性问题的分析方法和研究内容提出了展望。     

后退式微型后缘装置对机翼增升和流动特性影响的实验研究

实验测量了加装"后退式微型后缘装置"的NACA23012机翼在低雷诺数下的升/阻力、力矩和翼尖涡速度分布,并根据实验测量结果研究了该装置对机翼气动特性和翼尖涡结构的影响。实验升/阻力由六分量风洞天平测量,翼尖涡速度分布用七孔探针扫描获得,自由来流速度为15m/s,以弦长为特征长度的雷诺数为1×105。结果表明:与NACA23012原型相比,加装"后退式Mini-TED"后机翼升力显著增加,失速攻角减小;而使机翼阻力比原型翼在小攻角时略有增加,但在大攻角时有更明显的增长;在中高升力系数的情况下,机翼升阻比明显大于原型机翼;Mini-TED使得气动中心后移,相比于原型翼,机翼低头力矩以较为平稳的趋势增加,使机翼在中等攻角和大攻角情况下的俯仰稳定性得到提高;翼尖涡测量结果显示,后退式Mini-TED机翼在相同的正攻角下具有更大的上下翼面压力差,诱导出更强的翼尖涡和下洗运动,从而使得诱导阻力增加,总阻力也随之增加。     

大展弦比机翼的静气动弹性分析

大型飞机普遍采用的大展弦比机翼,其气动弹性问题显得尤为突出。通过求解基于三维结构网格的Euler/边界层耦合方程组,采用结构模态分析法,对HIRENASD机翼的静气动弹性进行了数值模拟。计算得到了机翼静弹变形前和变形后的压力分布以及不同攻角下翼尖变形值。计算结果和实验值对比分析,验证了Euler/边界层耦合方程组求解器对静气动弹性数值模拟的准确性,表明所发展的数值模拟方法可以用于大展弦比机翼静气动特性的分析研究。     

长直机翼的颤振及混沌运动分析

采用非定常气动力并考虑几何非线性的影响,建立了长直机翼的气动弹性运动方程。运用伽辽金法对方程进行离散,通过数值模拟研究了机翼的颤振特性及混沌运动。结果表明:考虑几何非线性后,出现极限环振动的初始点与线性预测结果基本一致;不同机翼模型,机翼振动从收敛到混沌的过程不同,可由单个极限环振动经拟周期运动进入混沌,也可以由单个极限环到拟周期运动,再回到单环振动,然后经极限环的周期倍化进入混沌状态。     

飞机大攻角空间机动气动力建模研究

 准确的气动力模型是大攻角机动仿真与控制等飞行动力学问题研究的基础。针对纵向运动建立的非线性非定常气动力微分方程模型扩展应用于一般空间运动形式,在分析大攻角非定常流动机理和试验数据的基础上,发展了一种多自由度非线性非定常气动力数学模型,并探讨了模型辨识和参数估计问题。用全机构形的大攻角动态风洞试验数据对模型进行的验证表明所发展的气动力模型能够描述大攻角气动力主要的非线性和非定常特性。     

机翼大攻角气动力数值计算

本文描述了一个计算任意平面形状的机翼在无粘、亚音速、大攻角情况下的气动力数值方法,计算大攻角下气流分离时的定常非线性气动载荷。考虑翼面具有脱体涡分离,对旋涡强度和自由涡的位置进行松驰透代,取得收敛解。计算结果与实验数据很接近。     

大攻角机翼非线性颤振分析方法

 本文提出了一种计算方法分析大攻角、带分离涡机翼的非线性颤振特性。在机翼变形与广义气动力之间建立一种描述函数关系,利用传统v-g法对机翼运动方程进行求解。此外,还发展了一种迭代运算过程,使得输入的振幅幅值比例调整到与求解颤振方程所得到的比例相协调。计算结果表明本文方法与实验是一致的。     

倾转旋翼机流动机理及气动干扰特性试验

采用试验方法测量了悬停和过渡状态倾转旋翼机旋翼/机翼气动干扰特性,部分揭示了干扰流动的机理。基于3D-PIV(particle image velocimetry)技术的流场测量结果,发现大总距状态相对于小总距时倾转旋翼下洗流收缩更为剧烈,并有更强烈的卷起涡;揭示了“喷泉效应”的产生机理,受旋翼诱导作用的影响,“喷泉”中心的位置会随着总距和间距的改变而发生显著变化。测量了不同构型及状态参数对倾转旋翼/机翼之间气动干扰影响,发现减小垂直或水平距离均可使倾转旋翼升力有所增大,但将会增加机翼受到的旋翼下洗载荷。进行了该构型过渡状态气动干扰特性试验,获得旋翼、机翼综合气动特性与机翼攻角之间的影响关系,在较大机翼攻角时,将会加强对旋翼下洗流的阻碍作用,对旋翼起到类似“地面效应”的增升效果,但该现象随着机翼的偏转不断削弱;机翼升力随机翼段攻角增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。      

复合材料机翼气动弹性剪裁综合研究

研究了铺层厚度、铺层比例、铺层主方向角和厚度多项式对机翼气动弹性性能的影响，利用COMPASS分别对复合材料直机翼、三角翼和前掠翼3种机翼布局进行了位移、频率、发散和颤振速度约束下的气动弹性剪裁设计，获得了不同铺层参数下的优化设计结果。算例计算结果表明，采用多种设计形式能够充分挖掘复合材料使用的潜力，有效地改善机翼的气动弹性性能。     

大后掠翼前缘涡对其颤振特性的影响

大迎角三角翼的前缘涡不仅可以改善其气动力特性,也会显著影响机翼的气动弹性特性。运用基于Euler方程的非定常气动力降阶模型（ROM）方法,耦合结构运动方程,在状态空间内建立了气动弹性分析模型,研究了70°削尖三角翼的大迎角颤振特性。研究结果显示前缘涡对该机翼颤振特性的影响不可忽略。颤振速度随迎角的增加而大幅降低,迎角α=20°时的颤振速度比α=0°时降低了22％。发现了颤振特性随迎角变化时出现的不连续现象,并揭示了该现象是由于系统颤振分支随着静态迎角的增加发生转移所致。     

使用RANS/LES混合方法对钝前缘三角翼进行数值模拟(英文)

阐述了建立在一方程湍流模型基础上的分离涡模型(DES)和延迟脱体涡模型(DDES),它们很好地模拟了壁面附近的小尺度流动。该方法在大攻角分离流区域,使用了亚格子应力的Smagorinsky大涡数值模拟,模拟亚音速旋涡流动。使用大攻角下的钝前缘65°大后掠三角翼模型,研究了CFD对涡的发展、破裂以及复杂涡的发展和演变的模拟能力。研究结果说明了方法对模拟分离流动是可行的。     

翼梢装置对某机翼气动弹性行为影响研究

以大客某方案机翼为基本翼,通过数值模拟的方法研究了翼梢装置对机翼气动弹性特性影响,包括静气动弹性及颤振特性。其中通过CFD/CSD弱耦合求解的方法研究其静气动弹性响应,气动力计算采用面元法,结构响应计算采用结构有限元法,通过插值实现翼面气动力与有限元节点力之间的传递,以及有限元模型与气动网格之间的变形传递。对基本翼及带翼梢装置机翼静力学有限元模型局部修改得到动力学模型,应用MSC NASTRAN进行颤振特性分析。研究发现翼梢装置使得机翼的气动弹性特性不同程度均有降低,而不同翼梢装置对其影响又有所不同,可见,翼梢装置的设计在追求气动特性改善的同时必须关注其带来的结构特性的损失。     

Aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wing with flexible leading-edge

The morphing wing can improve the flight performance during different phases. However, research has been subject to limitations in aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible leading-edge. The computational fluid dynamic method and dynamic mesh were used to simulate the continuous morphing of the flexible leading-edge. After comparing the steady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing and conventional wings, this study examined the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wings with upward and downward deflections of the leading-edge at different frequencies. The numerical results show that for the steady aerodynamic, the leading-edge deflection mainly affects the stall characteristic. The downward deflection of the leading-edge increases the stall angle of attack and nose-down pitching moment. The results are opposite for the upward deflection. For the unsteady aerodynamic, at a small angle of attack, the transient lift coefficient of the upward deflection, growing with the increase of deflection frequency, is larger than that of the static case. The transient lift coefficient of the downward deflection, decreasing with the increase of deflection frequency, is smaller than that of the static case. However, at a large angle of attack, an opposite effect of deflection frequency on the transient lift coefficient was demonstrated. The transient lift coefficient is larger than that of the static case when the leading edge is in the nose-up stage, and lower than that of the static one in the nose-down stage.     

Time-domain nonlinear aeroelastic analysis and wind tunnel test of a flexible wing using strain-based beam formulation

A theoretical formulation for time-domain nonlinear aeroelastic analysis of a flexible wing model is presented and validated by wind tunnel tests. A strain-based beam model for nonlinear structural analysis is combined with the Unsteady Vortex Lattice Method (UVLM) to form the complete framework for aeroelastic analysis. The nonlinear second-order differential equations are solved by an implicit time integration scheme that incorporates a Newton-Raphson sub-iteration technique. An advanced fiber optic sensing technique is firstly used in a wind tunnel for measuring large structural deformations. In the theoretical study, the nonlinear flutter boundary is determined by analyzing the transient response about the nonlinear static equilibrium with a series of flow velocities. The gust responses of the wing model at various gust frequencies are also studied. Comparisons of the theoretical and experimental results show that the proposed method is suitable for determining the nonlinear flutter boundary and simulating the gust response of flexible wings in the time domain.     

大攻角非线性问题的局部线化方法

 本文引用局部线化的概念,提出一种数值计算方法,用以研究小展弦比、大攻角带前缘或侧缘分离流机翼的双重非线性问题,即基本方程的非线性（包含了速势方程的所有二阶非线性项）和边界条件的非线性（离体涡位置不能预先给定）。该方法适用于亚临界下的所有Mach数,计算简单,工作量小。通过算例计算表明,该方法计算结果与实验值是一致的。     

Transient aeroelastic responses and flutter analysis of a variable-span wing during the morphing process

To investigate the transient aeroelastic responses and flutter characteristics of a variablespan wing during the morphing process,a novel frst-order state-space aeroelastic model is proposed.The time-varying structural model of the morphing wing is established based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory with time-dependent boundary conditions.A nondimensionalization method is used to translate the time-dependent boundary conditions to be time-independent.The time-domain aerodynamic forces are calculated by the reduced-order unsteady vortex lattice method.The morphing parameters,i.e.,wing span length and morphing speed,are of particular interest for understanding the fundamental aeroelastic behavior of variable-span wings.A test case is proposed and numerical results indicate that the flutter characteristics are sensitive to both of the two morphing parameters.It could be noticed that the aeroelastic characteristics during the wing extracting process are more serious than those during the extending process at the same morphing speed by transient aeroelastic response analysis.In addition,a faster morphing process can get better aeroelastic performance while the mechanism comlexity will arise.     

基于响应面插值的非线性气动弹性计算

飞翼、大展弦比低雷诺数气动布局容易在小迎角的条件下出现气流分离,会带来明显的非线性气动力问题,同时气动弹性带来的影响亦不可忽略。针对此类布局提出一种建立基于径向基函数插值的非线性压力系数分布模型的方法,利用径向基函数插值建立面元上压力系数对迎角导数的响应面,将压力系数积分并通过无限板样条(IPS)方法进行气动结构多次迭代插值实现非线性气弹分析。结果验证了该方法对于静气动弹性分析的有效性,同时能准确地反映弹性带来气动效率的降低和变形对升力及阻力的影响。     

Static aeroelastic analysis of very flexible wings based on non-planar vortex lattice method

A rapid and efficient method for static aeroelastic analysis of a flexible slender wing when considering the structural geometric nonlinearity has been developed in this paper. A non-planar vortex lattice method herein is used to compute the non-planar aerodynamics of flexible wings with large deformation. The finite element method is introduced for structural nonlinear statics analysis. The surface spline method is used for structure/aerodynamics coupling. The static aeroelastic characteristics of the wind tunnel model of a flexible wing are studied by the nonlinear method presented, and the nonlinear method is also evaluated by comparing the results with those obtained from two other methods and the wind tunnel test. The results indicate that the traditional linear method of static aeroelastic analysis is not applicable for cases with large deformation because it produces results that are not realistic. However, the nonlinear methodology, which involves combining the structure finite element method with the non-planar vortex lattice method, could be used to solve the aeroelastic deformation with considerable accuracy, which is in fair agreement with the test results. Moreover, the nonlinear finite element method could consider complex structures. The non-planar vortex lattice method has advantages in both the computational accuracy and efficiency. Consequently, the nonlinear method presented is suitable for the rapid and efficient analysis requirements of engineering practice. It could be used in the preliminary stage and also in the detailed stage of aircraft design.