先进战斗机过失速机动大气数据融合估计方法

可控的过失速机动是先进战斗机超机动性能的重要标志，飞机飞行包线的扩大已超出传统的大气数据系统测量范围，可靠的迎角、侧滑角、总压、静压等飞行大气数据是制约先进战斗机过失速机动中飞行控制的关键因素。以中国推力矢量验证机为对象，基于过失速机动飞行试验的数据，开展大气参数估计与验证研究。结合过失速机动的时间与空间特性，研究了基于风速、地速、空速矢量和惯性姿态、导航参数的大气参数融合计算方法；针对过失速大迎角状态下飞机周围气流非定常、模型非线性导致的融合大气参数误差的复杂特性，进一步构建深度神经网络，对机动状态融合迎角、侧滑角的强非线性误差进行拟合。仿真和飞行试验表明：该方法可在大迎角飞行状态下实现主要大气参数的融合估计，过失速机动过程中融合迎角误差优于2.3°，融合得到的大气参数可为过失速大迎角机动飞行控制提供可靠的大气参数状态反馈。     

民用飞机迎角传感器布局气动分析

民用飞机迎角传感器布局设计的首要目标是使得迎角信号具有高鲁棒性及高信噪比的品质。在迎角传感器布局设计中,迎角信号的高鲁棒性体现为迎角校线不受侧滑角因素影响,高信噪比体现为迎角校线受机身迎角因素影响明显。本文通过CFD方法研究了迎角传感器布局在某民机机身不同位置时迎角校线随机身迎角及侧滑角的变化规律;获得了迎角校线随侧滑角变化不敏感的机身区域,及迎角校线随机身迎角变化敏感的机身区域,即在机身最大半宽线附近。该研究可为迎角传感器的布局设计提供参考。     

双下侧布局二元超声速进气道掺混气动特性

针对一种冲压发动机用设计飞行马赫数范围为2.5～3.5的双下侧布局二元超声速进气道掺混气动特性开展了高速风洞实验和一体化数值仿真研究.研究结果表明:(1)在混和段内气流是通过两股气流的撞击以及横截面上二次流形成的旋涡不断掺混的,这也是混和段气流损失的主要原因.采用二元进气道的双下侧布局在整个混和段内气流除了在射流区内不均匀外,在1.5D截面至掺混段出口截面4.5D处慢慢趋向均匀.(2)掺混段出口截面与进气道出口截面总压恢复系数变化规律一致.随着来流马赫数和侧滑角的增大,掺混段出口截面总压恢复系数均是逐渐下降,而随着迎角的增大其总压恢复系数是提高的.(3)导流段损失和混和段损失均随着来流马赫数和侧滑角的增大而增大,整个掺混段损失增大.而随着迎角的增大,由于导流段损失逐渐下降,混和段损失变化不大,所以整个掺混段损失是降低的.(4)随着导流角的增加,进气道的总压恢复系数几乎未受影响,而掺混段的总压损失呈线性提高.研究范围内随着导流角的增大,气流导流段的总压损失几乎不变的,而由于径向速度分量增大,混和段损失增加,同时掺混出口截面承受反压能力降低.     

民用飞机大气传感器低速验证试验研究

飞机的大气传感器是获得飞机外部大气参数的重要的测量仪器,如果大气传感器自身精度不够,或者由于布置不合理引起的误差,就会引起飞行危险。为了验证气动设计的布局方案,选出传感器位置比较优化的方案,得到机头静压值随迎角变化不变的区域,同时总结出民机大气数据传感器布局设计验证的风洞试验方法。通过低速测压风洞试验和缩比传感器（风标和七孔探针）,测量得到大气传感器不同布局位置的气动特性。结果表明：大气传感器的布局位置对测量结果影响相当重要;试验结果与计算结果符合良好,满足气动设计要求。     

民用飞机迎角传感器及静压探测器布局验证方法

主要针对民用飞机迎角传感器及总静压探测器布局方案的设计及验证方法进行阐述。通过CFD仿真计算确定了适合的安装区域,并通过风洞试验对设计方案进行了验证。从迎角传感器的纵向特性及侧滑角的敏感性、静压测量的纵/ 横向变化规律分别对其进行了比较分析,获得了可靠的结果。     

一种飞行迎角和侧滑角解算方法研究

水陆两栖飞机的机身外形复杂,采用单一迎角传感器难以消除侧滑角的影响。对某大型水陆两栖飞机的前机身模型进行风洞试验,根据机身两侧迎角传感器受侧滑角影响的特点,在机身两侧对称位置安装迎角传感器,研究左右两侧迎角传感器的测量值随模型迎角、侧滑角的变化规律;根据左右两侧测量值的均值和差值,反算得到飞行迎角和侧滑角,并对此迎角、侧滑角解算方案进行试飞验证。结果表明：机身两侧安装迎角传感器可以消除侧滑角影响,从而得到准确的迎角信号,还可根据左右迎角差值计算得到侧滑角,采用机身左右两侧的迎角传感器解算飞行迎角和侧滑角是可行的。     

基于嵌套网格的内埋物单侧投放影响研究

内埋物投放分离技术是新一代飞行器研制的关键技术之一。首先，基于动态嵌套非结构网格耦合求解流场非定常N-S方程和刚体动力学方程，实现了内埋物投放的精确模拟；然后，研究载机不同飞行姿态对内埋舱内左侧无挂载、仅右侧挂弹投放过程的影响。研究结果表明：正迎角工况对弹体投放分离影响较小，负迎角工况将引起弹体有较大的反方向的横向运动和偏航；负侧滑工况对弹体投放影响较小，正的小侧滑角工况下，在投放分离过程中弹体气动力和气动力矩存在较强的脉动变化；随着侧滑角进一步增大，弹体气动特性的脉动变化减小。     

直升机机身大角度气动特性计算与试验相关性研究

计算直升机大角度飞行状态的飞行性能、品质和载荷需要大迎角和大侧滑角的机身气动特性数据作为设计输入,在直升机研制过程中,这些数据通常采用风洞试验和CFD计算的方法来获得。为了研究上述两种方法得到的气动特性数据之间的相关性,采用CFD方法计算了3种不同构型的直升机机身大角度状态的气动特性,并与风洞试验结果进行了对比分析。分析结果表明,CFD计算得到的大角度状态气动特性结果变化趋势与风洞试验结果一致,两者的差值在部分迎角或侧滑角时比较大,而两者的比值基本不随迎角或侧滑角的变化而变化。研究结果可为大角度状态气动特性CFD计算结果修正和CFD计算方法在直升机研制中的应用提供参考。     

民用飞机侧滑角传感器安装位置数值研究

侧滑角传感器的安装位置会影响当地侧滑角测量的准确性,并且其尾迹涡可能会影响到布置在机头两侧其他传感器,因而研究侧滑角传感器的安装定位对民用飞机的操控特性和安全性有着重要意义。采用基于非结构网格的计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamic,简称CFD)数值模拟方法研究了侧滑角传感器安装位置对机头附近当地侧滑角和对当地攻角的影响。计算构型分别为全机干净机身构型和全机干净机身加上安装在机头上两组不同位置分布的侧滑角传感器构型。计算工况为来流马赫数0.85,来流攻角±2°,干净构型的来流侧滑角为0°～20°,传感器构型来流侧滑角0°和10°。对三种构型的流场、机头偏移面处当地侧滑角、当地攻角分布和无量纲涡量分布进行了分析比较,得到侧滑角传感器处当地侧滑角随来流侧滑角的变化规律,以及侧滑角传感器的尾迹影响区域及其对机头两侧当地攻角分布的影响,并给出了侧滑角传感器尾迹影响下机头两侧攻角传感器的合理布置区域。     

双下侧定几何二元混压式超声速进气道的风洞试验

 针对一种应用于导弹上的冲压发动机用双下侧布局二元混压式超声速进气道气动特性开展了高速风洞试验研究。研究结果表明,随着反压比的提高,进气道总压恢复系数提高,临界状态后结尾激波系能停留在收缩通道内,在稳定亚临界状态下进气道总压恢复系数最高,但流量系数略有降低;随着来流马赫数的增大,进气道总压恢复系数下降,流量系数在小于设计马赫数下逐渐提高,激波贴口后流量系数基本不变;随着迎角的增大,进气道的总压恢复系数和流量系数随之提高,在Ma＝2.5,侧滑角β＝0°,迎角α增大到6°时进气道出现流量堵塞现象,性能降低;随着侧滑角的增大,两个进气道的性能均下降,迎风侧进气道相对背风侧进气道下降更厉害,在Ma＝2.5,α＝2°,β＝2°时背风侧进气道出现流量堵塞,性能降低;小角度滚转对进气道性能影响不大。     

A study of morphing aircraft on morphing rules along trajectory

Morphing aircraft can meet requirements of multi-mission during the whole flight due to changing the aerodynamic shape, so it is necessary to study its morphing rules along the trajectory. However, trajectory planning considering morphing variables requires a huge number of expensive CFD computations due to the morphing in view of aerodynamic performance. Under the given missions and trajectory, to alleviate computational cost and improve trajectory-planning efficiency for morphing aircraft, an offline optimization method is proposed based on Multi-Fidelity Kriging (MFK) modeling. The angle of attack, Mach number, sweep angle and axial position of the morphing wing are defined as variables for generating training data for building the MFK models, in which many inviscid aerodynamic solutions are used as low-fidelity data, while the less high-fidelity data are obtained by solving viscous flow. Then the built MFK models of the lift, drag and pressure centre at the different angles of attack and Mach numbers are used to predict the aerodynamic performance of the morphing aircraft, which keeps the optimal sweep angle and axial position of the wing during trajectory planning. Hence, the morphing rules can be correspondingly acquired along the trajectory, as well as keep the aircraft with the best aerodynamic performance during the whole task. The trajectory planning of a morphing aircraft was performed with the optimal aerodynamic performance based on the MFK models, built by only using 240 low-fidelity data and 110 high-fidelity data. The results indicate that a complex trajectory can take advantage of morphing rules in keeping good aerodynamic performance, and the proposed method is more efficient than trajectory optimization by reducing 86% of the computing time.     

An experimental investigation on static directional stability

A generic aircraft usually loses its static directional stability at moderate angle of attack (typically 20–30?). In this research, wind tunnel studies were performed using an aircraft model with moderate swept wing and a conventional vertical tail. The purpose of this study was to investigate flow mechanisms responsible for static directional stability. Measurements of force, surface pressure and spatial flow field were carried out for angles of attack from 0? to 46? and sideslip angles from ?8? to 8?. Results of the wind tunnel experiments show that the vertical tail is the main contributor to static directional stability, while the fuselage is the main contributor to static directional instabil-ity of the model. In the sideslip attitude for moderate angles of attack, the fuselage vortex and the wing vortex merged together and changed asymmetrically as angle of attack increased on the wind-ward side and leeward side of the vertical tail. The separated asymmetrical vortex flow around the vertical tail is the main reason for reduction in the static directional stability. Compared with the wing vortices, the fuselage vortices are more concentrated and closer to the vertical tail, so the yaw-ing moment of vertical tail is more unstable than that when the wings are absent. On the other hand, the attached asymmetrical flow over the fuselage in sideslip leads to the static directional instability of the fuselage being exacerbated. It is mainly due to the predominant model contour blockage effect on the windward side flow over the model in sideslip, which is strongly affected by angle of attack.     

双尾撑倒V尾无人机气动特性及静稳定性计算分析

在双尾撑无人机上配置倒V 形尾翼，其夹角会影响全机的气动特性和静稳定性。提出一种双尾撑倒V形尾翼布局，采用数值方法与U 形尾翼布局进行对比分析；对倒V 形及U 形尾翼布局的计算模型进行校核和验证，分析两种布局在不同迎角和侧滑角下的纵向、横向和航向气动特性及静稳定性。结果表明：倒V 形尾翼可减小浸润面积，使全机升阻比提高2.2%，增大了尾翼失速迎角，但横向静稳定度明显下降；当尾翼夹角小于90°时，倒V 形尾翼能够增强全机横向稳定性，夹角增大也会使航向静稳定度略有降低，而纵向静稳定度有一定增强。     

三维进气道湍流流场数值模拟

结合实验数据,采用有限容积法,对超音速S形进气道三维湍流流场进行了数值模拟,分析了0°攻角、10°攻角、10°侧滑角三种工况下机头激波对入口气流的影响、进气道入口激波分布和进气道出口压力分布情况.计算结果表明:0°攻角和10°攻角时,机头激波对入口气流影响不大,出口气流总压分布相对均匀,且高压区面积较大;而10°侧滑角时,受机头激波的影响,进气道前方出现小范围的低压区,且出口气流低压区较大.     

基于 CFD 和推阻分解技术的全机溢流阻力预测与分析

飞机在飞行过程中,根据性能需求,需要不断调整发动机活门流量系数,因此发动机短舱唇口的压力分布形态会发生很大变化,前方外流作用于进气道内流管上的合力也将改变,从而引起溢流阻力变化。本文基于某型号飞机,结合 CFD 动力模拟和推阻分解方法,获得不同流量系数下的溢流阻力,并分析流量系数、马赫数、高度、迎角对溢流阻力的影响。溢流阻力预测方法和影响研究可为飞机/涡扇发动机一体化设计、大涵道比短舱设计和气动力预测提供参考。     

翼吊长涵道发动机短舱内偏角优化和机理研究

翼吊式发动机短舱是现代大中型飞机最常采用的气动布局形式,发动机短舱及挂架相对于机翼的展向位置、弦向位置、垂向位置、内偏角、安装角均会对它们之间的流场产生影响,进而影响全机的气动特性。本文采用CFD数值计算的方法,对翼吊长涵道发动机短舱的内偏角进行优化分析。对比分析了不同内偏角时,高速巡航状态的干扰阻力和低速大迎角状态的失速特性,研究了高速巡航时挂架内侧出现高负压峰值的机理,以及不同剖面形状的挂架对内偏角优化的影响。计算结果表明：内偏角-0.5°、0°和0.5°时,干扰阻力及升力损失较小,不同剖面形状的挂架不会对内偏角优化结果产生较大影响,但可以减小挂架内侧的负压峰值。本文得出的结论对工程上翼下吊挂外挂物有一定的指导意义。     

Transition prediction and sensitivity analysis for a natural laminar flow wing glove flight experiment

Natural laminar flow technology can significantly reduce aircraft aerodynamic drag and has excellent technical appeal for transport aircraft development with high aerodynamic efficiency. Accurately and efficiently predicting the laminar-to-turbulent transition and revealing the maintenance mechanism of laminar flow in a transport aircraft’s flight environment are significant for developing natural laminar flow wings. In this research, we carry out natural laminar flow flight experiments with different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. The critical N-factor is calibrated as 9.0 using flight experimental data and linear stability theory from a statistical perspective, which makes sure that the relative error of transition location is within 5%. We then implement a simplified e^N transition prediction method with a similar accuracy compared with linear stability theory. We compute the sensitivity information for the simplified e^N method with an adjoint-based method, using the automatic differentiation technique (ADjoint). The impact of Reynolds numbers and pressure distributions on TS waves is analyzed using the sensitivity information. Through the sensitivity analysis, we find that: favorable pressure gradients not only suppress the development of TS waves but also decrease their sensitivity to Reynolds numbers; there exist three special regions which are very sensitive to the pressure distribution, and the sensitivity decreases as the local favorable pressure gradient increases. The proposed sensitivity analysis method enables robust natural laminar flow wings design.     

涡襟翼在不同雷诺数下的控制分离特性研究

受鸟类抬起羽毛控制分离流的启发,涡襟翼成为翼型大迎角分离流的控制措施之一。采用数值模拟方法研究不同雷诺数下涡襟翼在控制翼型大迎角分离流动时的气动特性及其物理机制。结果表明：涡襟翼在低雷诺数下能够极大地改善翼型的大迎角升力特性,其物理机理是涡襟翼将翼型主分离涡的涡心位置控制在离翼型更近的区域,且涡心位置的涡量得到大幅提升,使得涡心附近的低压特性影响到翼型上表面,而且涡襟翼能够将翼型上方前区的低压与下游的高压隔开;但是在高雷诺数（对应常规飞机雷诺数）下涡襟翼改善翼型大迎角气动特性的效果远不如低雷诺数情况,由此解释了为什么鸟类能够通过羽毛抬起提高升力特性,而常规飞机的涡襟翼只能作为阻力板使用的原因。     

Instability analysis and drag coefficient prediction on a swept RAE2822 wing with constant lift coefficient

Swept wing is widely used in civil aircraft,whose airfoil is chosen,designed and optimized to increase the cruise speed and decrease the drag coefficient.The parameters of swept wing,such as sweep angle and angle of attack,are determined according to the cruise lift coefficient requirement,and the drag coefficient is expected to be predicted accurately,which involves the instability characteristics and transition position of the flow.The pressure coefficient of the RAE2822 wing with given constant lift coefficient is obtained by solving the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation numerically,and then the mean flow is calculated by solving the boundary layer(BL) equation with spectral method.The cross-flow instability characteristic of boundary layer of swept wing in the windward and leeward is analyzed by linear stability theory(LST),and the transition position is predicted by eNmethod.The drag coefficient is numerically predicted by introducing a laminar/turbulent indicator.A simple approach to calculate the lift coefficient of swept wing is proposed.It is found that there is a quantitative relationship between the angle of attack and sweep angle when the lift coefficient keeps constant;when the angle of attack is small,the flow on the leeward of the wing is stable.when the angle of attack is larger than 3°,the flow becomes unstable quickly;with the increase of sweep angle or angle of attack the disturbance on the windward becomes more unstable,leading to the moving forward of the transition position to the leading edge of the wing;the drag coefficient has two significant jumping growth due to the successive occurrence of transition in the windward and the leeward;the optimal range of sweep angle for civil aircraft is suggested.