导航卫星的短弧运动学定轨

导航卫星在姿轨控和轨道恢复期间,由于观测数据有限,传统的统计定轨理论难以实现导航卫星精密定轨。本文尝试采用一种不依赖轨道动力学的、新的运动学定轨方法来处理短弧和复杂动力学过程中的定轨,提出了基于多项式拟合的短弧运动学定轨算法,并提出2种不同的实现方案。该算法充分利用了高采样率的测轨数据,减少了结果的噪声,其优点在于不需要长时间累积测轨数据,可以实现近实时快速计算,克服了动力学法定轨发散和单点定位无法获得卫星速度信息等不足。对COMPASS M-01导航卫星实测数据的处理表明,10min左右短弧运动学定轨的位置精度可以优于10m,速度精度优于4cm/s,满足了短弧跟踪条件下RDSS对卫星轨道精度的要求,实现了短弧跟踪条件下卫星精密定轨,但从轨道预报精度来看,该方法仅仅适用于短期预报。     

BDS-3观测数据质量分析及精密定轨

当前，北斗卫星导航定位系统正处于快速发展阶段，在全球GNSS卫星导航定位领域中受到了越来越多的关注，分析BDS-3卫星观测数据质量以及钟差性能对中国北斗导航事业的发展与应用具有重要意义。深入分析了IGMAS监测站BDS-3卫星的数据质量，同时采用现有的观测数据进行了BDS-3卫星三天弧段的定轨实验。结果表明，轨道重叠弧段1D RMS径向优于20cm，钟差重叠弧段STD精度优于1ns。为准确掌握BDS-3卫星钟差的时频特性，利用估计的钟差数据计算了BDS-3卫星钟差频率稳定性指标，其千秒稳定度、万秒稳定度和日稳定度分别为4.64×10-13、8.55×10-14和1.28×10-14，相对于BDS-2系统最高提升了25.89%。     

转发式测轨系统地面设备时延测量方法

受地面设备时延误差的影响,转发式测轨系统的卫星定轨精度受到严重制约。为实现卫星精密定轨,地面设备时延误差的精确补偿至关重要,因此需要对地面设备时延进行精确测量。采用一种外环设备时延测量方法,实现对转发式测轨系统地面设备时延的实时测量。经过试验验证和分析,结果表明地面设备时延测量稳定度优于0.3ns,修正地面设备时延误差后的卫星重叠弧段的轨道差RMS值优于2m。     

空间飞行器综合定轨与参数分析软件COMPASS的研发——动力学统计定轨程序compass的编写及调试

介绍了空间飞行器综合定轨与参数分析软件COMPASS的开发过程。软件的初级阶段目标是可以利用SLR观测对多颗激光卫星进行同时定轨、可以利用非差GPS观测对GPS星座进行同时定轨，并估计有意叉的地学参数。COMPASS的开发采取了由简到繁、循序渐进的技术策略，软件开发经历了这样几个主要过程：多星多技术定轨框架的建立。利用SLR观测确定GPS卫星的轨道，利用IGS的SP3轨道确定GPS星座的轨道，利用非差GPS伪距观测确定GPS星座的轨道，利用非差GPS伪距和相位观测确定GPS星座的轨道。激光卫星的定轨精度已经达到国际水平，可以用于提供国际服务（如IERSEOP；ILRS快速分析）；GPS定轨内符精度达到国际先进水平，平均外符精度好于30cm。     

广播星历旋转误差对低轨星载BDS-3/GPS实时精密定轨影响分析

基于LT-01A卫星星载BDS-3/GPS观测值进行了星载实时精密定轨研究,并重点分析了广播星历旋转误差对实时定轨精度的影响。通过赫尔默特转换评估了所选时段内GPS和BDS-3广播星历轨道旋转误差,显示BDS-3广播星历旋转误差可达-8.7 mas,平均量级较GPS大约2.5倍。BDS-3广播星历经旋转改正后,轨道切向、法向均方根(RMS)误差从25 cm左右提升至10 cm量级,提升幅度超过50%。因此,基于星载BDS-3以及BDS-3/GPS联合的实时定轨精度受BDS-3星历旋转误差影响严重,且主要作用于切向和法向。经过旋转改正后,单独BDS-3实时定轨在切向、法向、径向RMS分别为21.0 cm、10.7 cm及11.2 cm,其切向和法向精度比改正前分别提升15.0%和31.8%;BDS-3与GPS联合定轨进一步提升切向精度至19.4 cm。得益于BDS-3广播星历较高的精度,单BDS-3以及BDS-3/GPS联合的实时定轨在旋转改正前的三维RMS分别为31.9 cm和29.2 cm,较单GPS实时定轨分别提升9.1%和16.8%;添加旋转改正后,其定轨精度分别提升至26.7 ...     

基于伪距信息的COMPASS-MEO导航卫星单星定轨分析

COMPASS-MEO导航卫星的伪距观测量包含星站距离、接收机钟差和卫星钟差以及各种噪声。本文首先分析了接收机钟差和卫星钟差在一定间隔内主要表现为线性变化的特性,可以考虑将接收机和卫星钟差作为测距的偏差和偏差变化率和轨道一起进行求解。其次,利用实测的MEO导航单星伪距数据,进行了数据预处理和定轨试验,分别对站间无时间同步信息和有时间同步信息两种情况进行定轨、残差分析和参数解算。使用重叠弧段、轨道预报和激光观测数据验证定轨结果的精度。结果表明,两种情况下的定轨结果无明显差别。该定轨方法可以运用于MEO导航单星精密轨道的计算。     

自主机动条件下的实时定轨方法

中继卫星在跟踪自主机动用户目标时,由于机动轨道未知,需要利用中继卫星下传的星载GNSS(Global Navigations Satellite System,全球导航卫星系统)数据进行实时轨道确定与预报,为中继卫星跟踪提供实时的引导信息,以方便中继卫星快速捕获目标和连续稳定跟踪。针对该类用户目标的任务需求,讨论了基于星载GNSS数据自主机动条件下的实时定轨方法,建立了连续推力机动力学模型。以某一型号卫星的实测数据进行分析验证,并对轨道机动进行辨识,计算的机动加速度和机动时间与试验单位提供的结果一致。针对卫星不同机动情况,5min的观测数据定轨预报10min的弧段,最大位置误差小于8km,可以为中继卫星快速捕获提供高精度的引导信息。     

一种数值定轨方案

本文给出一种有别于习惯采用的人造卫星精密定轨方法，该方法仍以分析定轨法的轨道根数作为待估状态量，但却采用数值法计算精度要求较高的卫星受摄星历，而用分析法去计算条件方程中所需的状态转移矩阵。这样既保持了清晰的轨道图象，又使计算卫星受摄星历和状态转移矩阵得以简化，相应的软件形式简单。只要定轨弧段Ｓ不太长（Ｓ〈１０＾３），就能在一定精度条件下明显提高卫星定轨的计算效率。     

北斗实时精密轨道和钟差产品解算策略及精度评定

随着北斗卫星导航系统全球星座部署即将完成，其应用领域不断扩大，实时精密服务性能受到了极大关注。基于动力学精密定轨方法，设计了北斗卫星实时轨道、钟差算法流程和解算策略。利用不同频点信号，分别计算了BDS-2和BDS-3卫星的实时精密轨道和钟差，建立了完整的轨道和钟差精度评定方法，重点对解算的实时产品的精度进行了评定。结果表明：BDS-2和BDS-3实时精密轨道和钟差产品精度均可满足大部分实时用户的需求。对于B1IB3I频点，BDS-3 MEO卫星的实时轨道精度约为26cm，径向精度约为6cm，实时钟差精度约为0.45ns，且相较于BDS-2，性能更加稳定；对于B1CB2a频点，BDS-3 MEO卫星的实时轨道精度优于20cm，精度和稳定性较高。     

星载GPS相位非差低轨卫星定轨及其精度分析

星载GPS相位非差低轨卫星事后精密定轨无需考虑复杂的动力学模型和地面资料，只需低轨卫星上的GPS观测资料和IGS的GPS精密星历产品，而且对于不同高度的卫星定轨都适用，计算简单、方便，能快速、高精度地确定轨道，同时还能确定部分动力学参数。本文在研究相位非差定轨方法基础上，对低轨卫星的误差影响及其处理措施进行探讨，给出了GPS相位非差定轨流程，编写了相应的定轨软件（SHKINE），并利用CHAMP卫星资料对定轨的可靠性和精度进行分析，表明：利用自行编写的SHKINE定轨软件对CHAMP卫星定轨，3个方向坐标精度为10cm-20cm，点位精度为30cm-40cm，能满足一般定轨要求，是一种简单方便、行之有效的定轨方法。     

Spaceborne GPS receiver antenna phase center offset and variation estimation for the Shiyan 3 satellite

In determining the orbits of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites using spaceborne GPS, the errors caused by receiver antenna phase center offset (PCO) and phase center variations (PCVs) are gradually becoming a major limiting factor for continued improvements to accuracy. Shiyan 3, a small satellite mission for space technology experimentation and climate exploration, was developed by China and launched on November 5, 2008. The dual-frequency GPS receiver payload delivers 1 Hz data and provides the basis for precise orbit determination within the range of a few centime-ters. The antenna PCO and PCV error characteristics and the principles influencing orbit determi-nation are analyzed. The feasibility of PCO and PCV estimation and compensation in different directions is demonstrated through simulation and in-flight tests. The values of receiver antenna PCO and PCVs for Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Shiyan 3 satellites are estimated from one month of data. A large and stable antenna PCO error, reaching up to 10.34 cm in the z-direction, is found with the Shiyan 3 satellite. The PCVs on the Shiyan 3 satellite are estimated and reach up to 3.0 cm, which is slightly larger than that of GRACE satellites. Orbit validation clearly improved with independent k-band ranging (KBR) and satellite laser ranging (SLR) measurements. For GRACE satellites, the average root mean square (RMS) of KBR resid-uals improved from 1.01 cm to 0.88 cm. For the Shiyan 3 satellite, the average RMS of SLR resid-uals improved from 4.95 cm to 4.06 cm.     

Inter-satellite link augmented BeiDou-3 orbit determination for precise point positioning

Precise Point Positioning(PPP) requires precise products, including high-accuracy satellite orbit and clock parameters. It is impossible to obtain an orbit solution that is sufficiently accurate for PPP services with a regional tracking network; therefore, satellite orbits are usually estimated by a global tracking network with a large number of ground stations. However, it is expensive to build globally distributed stations. Fortunately, BeiDou-3 satellites carry an InterSatellite Link(ISL) pay...     

Feasibility study of autonomous orbit determination using only the crosslink range measurement for a combined navigation constellation

In order to expand the coverage area of satellite navigation systems, a combined navigation constellation which is formed by a global navigation constellation and a Lagrangian navigation constellation was studied. Only the crosslink range measurement was used to achieve long-term precise autonomous orbit determination for the combined navigation constellation, and the measurement model was derived. Simulations of 180 days based on the international global navigation satellite system(GNSS) service(IGS) ephemeris showed that the mentioned autonomous orbit determination method worked well in the Earth–Moon system. Statistical results were used to analyze the accuracy of autonomous orbit determination under the influences of different Lagrangian satellite constellations.     

Basic performance of BeiDou-2 navigation satellite system used in LEO satellites precise orbit determination

The visibility for low earth orbit（LEO） satellites provided by the BeiDou-2 system is analyzed and compared with the global positioning system（GPS）. In addition, the spaceborne receivers＇ observations are simulated by the BeiDou satellites broadcast ephemeris and LEO satellites orbits. The precise orbit determination（POD） results show that the along-track component accuracy is much better over the service area than the non-service area, while the accuracy of the other two directions keeps at the same level over different areas. However, the 3-dimensional（3D） accuracy over the two areas shows almost no difference. Only taking into consideration the observation noise and navigation satellite ephemeris errors, the 3D accuracy of the POD is about30 cm. As for the precise relative orbit determination（PROD）, the 3D accuracy is much better over the eastern hemisphere than that of the western hemisphere. The baseline length accuracy is 3.4 mm over the service area, and it is still better than 1 cm over the non-service area. This paper demonstrates that the BeiDou regional constellation could provide global service to LEO satellites for the POD and the PROD. Finally, the benefit of geostationary earth orbit（GEO） satellites is illustrated for POD.     

Precise orbit determination for TH02-02 satellites based on BDS3 and GPS observations

The Tianhui-2 02 (TH02-02) satellite formation, as a supplement to the microwave mapping satellite system Tianhui-2 01 (TH02-01), is the first Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) satellite formation-flying system that supports the tracking of BeiDou global navigation Satellite system (BDS3) new B1C and B2a signals. Meanwhile, the twin TH02-02 satellites also support the tracking of Global Positioning System (GPS) L1&L2 and BDS B1I&B3I signals. As the spaceborne receiver employs two independent boards to track the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites, we design an orbit determination strategy by estimating independent receiver clock offsets epoch by epoch for each GNSS to realize the multi-GNSS data fusion from different boards. The performance of the spaceborne receiver is evaluated and the contribution of BDS3 to the kinematic and reduced-dynamic Precise Orbit Determination (POD) of TH02-02 satellites is investigated. The tracking data onboard shows that the average number of available BDS3 and GPS satellites are 8.7 and 9.1, respectively. The carrier-to-noise ratio and carrier phase noise of BDS3 B1C and B2a signals are comparable to those of GPS. However, strong azimuth-related systematic biases are recognized in the pseudorange multipath errors of B1C and B3I. The pseudorange noise of BDS3 signals is better than that of GPS after eliminating the multipath errors from specific signals. Taking the GPS-based reduced-dynamic orbit with single-receiver ambiguity fixing technique as a reference, the results of BDS3-only and BDS3 + GPS combined POD are assessed. The Root Mean Square (RMS) of orbit comparison of BDS3-based kinematic and reduced-dynamic POD with reference orbit are better than 7 cm and 3 cm in three-Dimensional direction (3D). The POD performance based on B1C&B2a data is comparable to that based on B1I&B3I. The precision of BDS3 + GPS combined kinematic orbit can reach up to 3 cm (3D RMS), which has a more than 25% improvement relative to the GPS-only solution. In addition, the consistency between the BDS3 + GPS combined reduced-dynamic orbit and the GPS-based ambiguity-fixed orbit is better than 1.5 cm (3D RMS).     

天象一号低轨导航增强系统研究与在轨试验验证

如何实现GNSS全球瞬时高精度服务一直是GNSS领域的迫切需求和研究热点.采用低轨导航增强技术体制,利用低轨卫星运动几何变化快的特点,解决GNSS精密单点定位快速收敛问题和性能提升问题,是GNSS高精度定位服务未来发展的重要方向.从全球瞬时高精度服务内涵出发,阐述了天象一号低轨导航增强试验系统的技术体制,包括系统工作模...     

HOI延迟对LEO卫星简化动力学POD的影响

通常使用无电离层(IF)线性组合(LC)消除低地球轨道(LEO)卫星简化动力学精密定轨(POD)一阶电离层延迟误差,忽略了高阶电离层(HOI)延迟误差。随着LEO卫星POD技术的发展,计算不同轨道高度的HOI延迟并探索其变化已成为进一步提高POD精度的重要手段。首先,使用国际参考电离层-2016(IRI-2016)和国际地磁参考场第13代(IGRF-13)模型,计算电离层穿刺点(IPP)位置和地磁场强度。其次,使用平滑星载GNSS数据计算电离层斜路径总电子含量(STEC)。然后,分别计算GOCE、GRACE-A和SWARM-A/B卫星的二阶和三阶电离层延迟。最后,评估了HOI延迟对LEO卫星重叠轨道分析、卫星激光测距(SLR)检核和精密科学轨道(PSO)比较结果的影响。实验结果表明：HOI延迟对LEO卫星简化动力学POD的影响大约在毫米至厘米的数量级上;HOI延迟对LEO卫星简化动力学POD外符合精度的影响分别达到0.92,0.22,0.21和0.18 mm;随着LEO卫星轨道高度的增加,HOI延迟对LEO卫星简化动力学POD的影响减小。     

GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO实时服务（RTS）产品性能评估分析

目前,不同机构提供的GNSS实时服务产品性能存在差异。为了全面揭示实时服务产品的性能，为系统服务和用户应用提供参考，统计了各实时服务产品的历元完整率及卫星数量，基于实时轨道和钟差恢复方法，比较分析了产品精度，并评估了产品定位性能。研究结果表明：正常情况下，实时服务产品的历元完整率较高，基本可保持在95%以上，所提供系统的卫星数量保持稳定且充足。对于GPS，各机构卫星实时轨道平均精度基本一致，约为3cm，实时钟差精度略有差别。对于其他GNSS，不同机构产品精度存在差别。利用实时服务产品进行GPS实时精密单点定位的平面精度优于10cm，高程精度优于20cm。相对于GPS单系统，多系统联合定位精度基本一致，但收敛速度明显提升。     

基于低轨通信星座的导航增强技术发展概述

在我国北斗三号卫星导航系统全面完成组网建设的背景下,世界卫星导航步入新时代。各卫星导航大国均瞄准更高服务精度、更加多样功能、更加可靠服务,正在着手开展新一代系统建设和技术迭代。随着各国对于大型低轨通信星座的积极开发与广泛部署,应用低轨卫星技术实现导航增强与PNT系统备份能力,因其易与GNSS协同,具有提高全球自主导航精度、拓展全球卫星导航应用市场的巨大潜力而成为研究热点。面向低轨导航增强技术,首先总结了低轨卫星的最新态势,梳理了卫星导航增强服务模式,并详细分析了低轨通信星座导航精度增强及导航信号增强两方面的技术动向。在此基础上,重点针对导航增强频率的兼容互操作、通信/导航信号一体化设计、高动态导航增强信号捕获与跟踪等方面,对低轨卫星导航增强体系未来的发展机遇以及面临的技术挑战进行了展望。此外,还基于美国铱星系统实收采集信号开展了定位服务性能试验分析,结果表明600个历元内收敛定位精度优于100m,相关分析成果可为我国低轨导航增强建设提供参考和借鉴。