二元矢量喷管内流特性的数值模拟

应用多重网格ＭａｃＣｏｒｍａｃｋ显示格式对不同矢量角下二元喷管的流动进行了模拟分析。计算时,在细网络上采用了雷诺平均Ｎ－Ｓ方程和Ｋ－ε湍流模型方程;在粗网格上则采用Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程。数值计算给出了较清晰的流谱。壁面压力分布的计算值也与实验结果吻合。通过计算结果分析了喷管几何参数对流场的影响。所得结果显示出多重网格算法高效可靠,可用于开展参数研究     

二维折角管道内超声速流动的多重网格计算

本文应用Euler模型和隐式TVD格式计算了二维折角管道内的超声速流动问题,为了有效地模拟激波和膨胀波系的相互干扰及壁面的反射,本文试将多重网格法和TVD格式结合起来进行数值求解。考虑到目前绝大部分文章采用V-循环多重网格法,我们对多重网格法中的几种多层次循环形式(V-循环、W-循环)进行了比较性的数值计算,旨在从中发现合适的多层次循环求解的形式,以期充分发挥多重网格法在Euler方程求解过程中的效益。同时,本文也是对多重网格法和TVD格式结合求解的一次初步尝试。     

不同矢量偏角下二元喷管内流特性的数值研究

应用多重网格MacCormack显式格式对不同矢量角下二元喷管的内部流动进行了模拟分析。计算时, 在细网格上采用了雷诺平均N-S方程与k-ε湍流模型方程;在粗网格上则采用Euler方程。数值计算给出了较清晰的流谱, 壁面压力分布的计算也与实验结果相吻合。通过计算结果分析了矢量喷管几何参数对流场的影响, 并对矢量喷管的推力特性进行了数值研究。      

机器学习辅助湍流建模在分离流预测中的应用

数据驱动湍流建模是近年来发展的提高雷诺平均N-S方程预测精度的有效手段,通过机器学习算法能够从高置信度数据中自动提取特征,建立准确的从平均流动特征到雷诺应力的预测模型。针对高雷诺数下积冰翼型绕流这一类典型的复杂流动分离问题,基于此前研究者提出的机器学习预测框架,从输入输出特征选择和翼型绕流中数据分布特性两个方面出发,对机器学习预测结果的光滑性和准确性进行改善。提出了基于雷诺应力张量分析和流动特征辨识的输入特征选择准则;提出了局部区域建模方法以及基准模型和机器学习预测模型混合的代入计算方法。将改进方法应用于积冰翼型绕流问题之中,结果表明改进的方法能够准确给出训练集和预测集上的雷诺应力结果,并且代入平均流计算可以得到和真实分布更加接近的流动和机翼表面压力分布。     

基于预估校正和嵌套网格的虚拟飞行数值模拟

 针对导弹虚拟飞行数值模拟问题,发展了空气动力学/飞行力学数值计算方法和软件。控制方程为非定常雷诺时均Navier-Stoker(RANS)方程和刚体六自由度运动方程;流场求解器为有限体积法结构网格求解器,时间推进采用双时间步法,湍流模型为Spalart-Allmaras一方程模型;采用Adams预估校正法实现飞行力学方程与流场控制方程的耦合计算;使用嵌套网格方法模拟多体运动。首先模拟了美国国家航空航天局(NASA)窄条翼导弹模型纵向虚拟飞行,研究耦合方式和时间步长的影响。仿真结果表明,双时间步三阶Adams耦合方法,同等精度下可以显著增大时间步长,缩短仿真时间。最后,采用该方法模拟了导弹自由摇滚特性和纵向虚拟飞行,模拟结果与试验值吻合较好。     

用多重网格方法计算旋翼跨声速无粘流场

发展了一种加快悬停旋翼无粘流场计算收敛速度的多重网格方法。由于悬停旋翼流场中存在不可压区域，同时旋翼尾涡系统的发展需要较长的时间，使得旋翼流场的收敛速度远低于固定翼流场，因此研究旋翼流场的多重网格算法具有重要意义。空间离散格式采用了中心有限体积方法，时间推进应用了五步龙格-库塔法。采用3层网格的V循环，对一跨声速悬停旋翼无粘流场进行了数值计算。计算结果表明：尽管多重网格方法对旋翼流场的加速收敛作用不如对固定翼流场的加速收敛效果，但是多重网格方法仍然可以显著地加快旋翼流场收敛。     

用隐式多重网格法计算实用外形无粘绕流

网格展弦比的好坏严重地影响多重网格的效率。文中细致地处理了多重网格算法的细节,了网格展弦比的影响,发展了一种计算实用外形绕流的隐式多重网格解法,计算效率提高了５倍。     

A Preconditioned Multigrid Method for Efficient Simulation of Three-dimensional Compressible and Incompressible Flows

将矩阵预处理方法与多重网格方法结合,发展了适用于机翼及复杂外形气动数值优化设计的高效数值模拟方法和程序。在不改变定常流动解的前提下,对 Navier-Stokes 方程的时间导数项实施 Choi-Merkle 矩阵预处理,从而改善可压缩控制方程在低速情况下的系统刚性。Choi-Merkle 预处理最初用于二维低马赫数粘性流动数值模拟,本文将其推广应用到计算三维流动,并针对提高跨音速流动计算收敛性进行了相应的改进。预处理后控制方程采用中心格式有限体积进行空间离散,Runge-Kutta 混合多步方法进行显式时间推进求解,并应用 FAS 多重网格方法加速收敛。采用所发展的方法和程序数值模拟了绕 M6 机翼和 M100 机翼的低速和跨音速流动(马赫数从0.01 到 0.839)以及绕 F4 翼身组合体流动。计算结果与实验值吻合良好,验证了所发展的方法的正确性。算例研究表明所发展方法较大幅度地提高了三维流动数值模拟的效率,且同时适用于可压和不可压流动计算,在机翼及复杂外形气动优化设计方法具有应用前景     

聚合多重网格法在旋翼前飞流场计算中的应用

基于非结构动态嵌套网格, 将聚合多重网格方法引入到旋翼的前飞流场计算中.从初始的整体非结构网格出发, 快速建立相互重叠的两个子域网格, 同时无需建立背景网格便可以确定初始洞边界和初始插值贡献单元, 且动态嵌套时无需更新洞边界, 并采用了一种无需背景网格便可快速查找新的贡献单元的方法.分区利用聚合法生成多重网格, 利用双时间方法分区运用三层网格V循环求解非定常Euler方程, 两区的流场参数在重叠区实现耦合, 对旋翼的前飞流场进行了计算.结果表明, 多重网格方法能够有效地加快旋翼前飞流场收敛.      

高阶精度非线性格式WCNS-E-5在二维流动中的应用研究

本文采用具有5阶精度的加权紧致非线性显式格式(WCNS-E-5)对定常与非定常二维流动进行数值模拟,研究表明该格式对各类间断有很好的分辨捕捉能力,而且对强间断如激波的计算,即使在高马赫数与高雷诺数条件下它仍具有很好的收敛性与可靠的计算结果.此外,WCNS-E-5在粗网格条件下也体现出优越性.类如WCNS-E-5的高精度激波捕捉方法将为以后开展湍流数值模拟工作提供坚实的技术保证.     

A 3D hybrid grid generation technique and a multigrid/parallel algorithm based on anisotropic agglomeration approach

A hybrid grid generation technique and a multigrid/parallel algorithm are presented in this paper for turbulence flow simulations over three-dimensional (3D) complex geometries. The hybrid grid generation technique is based on an agglomeration method of anisotropic tetrahedrons. Firstly, the complex computational domain is covered by pure tetrahedral grids, in which anisotropic tetrahedrons are adopted to discrete the boundary layer and isotropic tetrahedrons in the outer field. Then, the anisotropic tetrahedrons in the boundary layer are agglomerated to generate prismatic grids. The agglomeration method can improve the grid quality in boundary layer and reduce the grid quantity to enhance the numerical accuracy and efficiency. In order to accelerate the convergence history, a multigrid/parallel algorithm is developed also based on anisotropic agglomeration approach. The numerical results demonstrate the excellent accelerating capability of this multigrid method.     

RANS analysis of the low-Reynolds number flow around the SD7003 airfoil

This paper presents a numerical analysis of the incompressible flow at Reynolds number 6.0×¹⁰⁴ around the Selig–Donovan 7003 airfoil. The airfoil performances have been computed by the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations and large eddy simulations. The airfoil stall and preliminary post-stall have been obtained by both the methods. Some limitations of the RANS turbulence models for low-Reynolds number flows have been overcome by the κ–ω SST-LR model, a recent modification of the well-known SST model. Large-eddy simulations have also been performed for a more detailed analysis of the results. The relevance in the stall mechanism of the laminar separation bubble arising on the airfoil is highlighted. The stall occurs when the laminar bubble present in the leading edge zone and a separated region forming on the central part of the airfoil join together. The κ–ω SST-LR model returns the same stall mechanism as the large eddy simulation. Flows at low-Reynolds numbers can be simulated by the RANS methods, but the choice of the turbulence model is crucial. The κ–ω SST-LR model has provided results in good agreement with the large eddy simulation and the available experimental data.     

悬停旋翼无粘流场数值模拟中的多重网格方法

发展了一种基于不同空间离散格式的多重网格算法,并应用于悬停旋翼无粘绕流的Euler方程数值模拟。由于悬停旋翼流场中存在不可压区域,同时旋翼尾涡系统的发展需要较长的时间,使得旋翼流场的收敛速度远低于固定翼流场,因此研究旋翼流场的多重网格算法具有重要意义。空间离散采用了Roe s FDS格式和Jameson中心有限体积格式,时间推进应用了五步Runge-Kutta方法。采用多重网格V循环方式,对一跨声速悬停旋翼无粘流场进行了数值计算。计算结果表明:多重网格算法可以显著加速悬停旋翼无粘流场的数值计算收敛速度;无论在激波分辨率还是在计算精度上,Roe s FDS格式都优于JST格式。     

非结构聚合多重网格法流场数值模拟研究

 在非结构网格上应用聚合多重网格技术来加速 Euler方程的收敛过程。设计了一种高效率的网格聚合方法。采用四重网格,在每一层网格上采用有限体积法进行计算。通过对多段翼型绕流的数值求解验证了多重网格加速收敛的高效性。     

Euler方程的自适应多重非结构网格计算

介绍一种基于四面体网格的多重网格技术,用于求解三维Euler方程定常解,具有十分明显的加速收敛效果。求解Euler方程的基本算法采用有限体积中心差分格点格式。多重网格技术采用一组几何上相互独立的粗细不同的网格。流动变量、余量和修正量在相邻粗细网格间的相互传递通过线性插值实现。采用自适应技术对网格进行加密,可以获得较优的网格,并作为一套细网格,进行多重网格计算。数值实验表明本文自适应多重网格法十分有效。     

后缘小翼对旋翼气动特性的控制机理及参数分析

针对后缘小翼（TEF）的典型运动参数对旋翼气动特性的控制进行了分析研究。为克服变形网格方法可能导致网格畸变的不足,发展了一套适用于前飞状态带后缘小翼旋翼的运动嵌套网格方法。基于非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（URANS）方程、k-ω剪切应力输运（SST）湍流模型和Roe-MUSCL插值格式,采用含LU-SGS隐式推进的双时间方法及并行技术,建立了一套适用于带有后缘小翼控制的旋翼前飞非定常流动特性模拟的高效CFD方法。以带后缘小翼的SMART旋翼为算例,对比了桨叶剖面等效法向力的计算结果,验证了CFD方法的有效性。着重开展了前飞状态旋翼后缘小翼的控制分析,在操纵量不变的情况下,分别研究了后缘小翼偏转幅值、偏转频率、安装位置及宽度等参数对旋翼气动力的影响特性,获得了典型参数对旋翼气动特性的控制规律。进一步研究了配平状态下后缘小翼对旋翼气动特性的参数影响。结果表明：后缘小翼可以充分发挥旋翼在前行侧的升力潜能,同时降低后行侧动态失速过程中旋翼的阻力和扭矩;在相同的旋翼拉力情况下,通过安装后缘小翼可以将旋翼阻力系数和扭矩系数分别降低17%和29%,升阻比提高14%。     

一种大负荷低压涡轮叶型的气动性能

基于Lantry-Menter转捩模型,分别对Zweifel升力系数为1.2的一种大负荷低压涡轮叶型在定常来流不同湍流度、雷诺数条件下,上游非定常、周期性尾迹作用下的流动进行了数值模拟.计算结果表明,定常来流低雷诺数条件下,湍流度对该大负荷叶型的气动性能影响较大;上游非定常、周期性尾迹对叶型吸力面分离泡的抑制作用可进一步减小低雷诺数条件下的叶型损失.计算结果揭示了该大负荷叶型在低压涡轮内部真实流动环境中的表面流动及损失特征,对国内现行低压涡轮设计有着较好的启示.      

三维可压和不可压缩流动数值模拟的一种预处理多重网格方法研究(英文)

将矩阵预处理方法与多重网格方法结合,发展了适用于机翼及复杂外形气动数值优化设计的高效数值模拟方法和程序。在不改变定常流动解的前提下,对 Navier-Stokes 方程的时间导数项实施 Choi-Merkle 矩阵预处理,从而改善可压缩控制方程在低速情况下的系统刚性。Choi-Merkle 预处理最初用于二维低马赫数粘性流动数值模拟,本文将其推广应用到计算三维流动,并针对提高跨音速流动计算收敛性进行了相应的改进。预处理后控制方程采用中心格式有限体积进行空间离散,Runge-Kutta 混合多步方法进行显式时间推进求解,并应用 FAS 多重网格方法加速收敛。采用所发展的方法和程序数值模拟了绕 M6 机翼和 M100 机翼的低速和跨音速流动(马赫数从0.01 到 0.839)以及绕 F4 翼身组合体流动。计算结果与实验值吻合良好,验证了所发展的方法的正确性。算例研究表明所发展方法较大幅度地提高了三维流动数值模拟的效率,且同时适用于可压和不可压流动计算,在机翼及复杂外形气动优化设计方法具有应用前景     

Numerical simulation of compression corner flows at Mach number 9

A hypersonic vehicle encounters a wide range of conditions during its complete flight regime. These flight conditions may vary from low to high Mach numbers with varying angles of attack. The near-wall viscous dissipation associated with flows at combined high Mach and Reynolds numbers leads to significant wall heat transfer rates and shear stresses. The shock wave/boundary-layer interaction results in a flow separation region, which commonly augments total pressure losses in the flow and lowers the efficiency of aerodynamic control surfaces such as fins installed on a vehicle. The standard turbulence models, when used to resolve such flows, result in incorrect separation bubble size for large separated flows. Therefore, it results in an inaccurate aerodynamic load, such as the wall pressures, skin friction distribution, and heat transfer rate. In previous studies, the application of the shock-unsteadiness correction to the standard two-equation k-ω turbulence model improved the separation bubble size leading to an accurate pressure prediction and shock definition with the assumption of constant Prandtl number. In the present work, the new shock-unsteadiness modification to the k-ω turbulence model is applied to the hypersonic compression corner flows. This new model with variable Prandtl number is based on the model parameter, which depends upon the local density ratio. The computed wall pressures, heat flux and flow field are compared to the experimental data. A parametric study is carried out by varying compression deflection angles, free stream Reynolds number and wall temperatures to compute the flow field and wall data accurately, particularly in the shock boundary layer interaction region. The new shock-unsteadiness modified k-ω model with variable Prandtl number shows an accurate prediction of initial pressure rise location, pressure distribution in the plateau region and heat flux in comparison to the standard k-ω model.     

Transition prediction and sensitivity analysis for a natural laminar flow wing glove flight experiment

Natural laminar flow technology can significantly reduce aircraft aerodynamic drag and has excellent technical appeal for transport aircraft development with high aerodynamic efficiency. Accurately and efficiently predicting the laminar-to-turbulent transition and revealing the maintenance mechanism of laminar flow in a transport aircraft’s flight environment are significant for developing natural laminar flow wings. In this research, we carry out natural laminar flow flight experiments with different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. The critical N-factor is calibrated as 9.0 using flight experimental data and linear stability theory from a statistical perspective, which makes sure that the relative error of transition location is within 5%. We then implement a simplified e^N transition prediction method with a similar accuracy compared with linear stability theory. We compute the sensitivity information for the simplified e^N method with an adjoint-based method, using the automatic differentiation technique (ADjoint). The impact of Reynolds numbers and pressure distributions on TS waves is analyzed using the sensitivity information. Through the sensitivity analysis, we find that: favorable pressure gradients not only suppress the development of TS waves but also decrease their sensitivity to Reynolds numbers; there exist three special regions which are very sensitive to the pressure distribution, and the sensitivity decreases as the local favorable pressure gradient increases. The proposed sensitivity analysis method enables robust natural laminar flow wings design.