Modeling high-speed cutting of SiCp/Al composites using a semi-phenomenologically based damage model

In this paper, we attempts to investigate cutting mechanisms in high-speed cutting of Al6061/SiC_p/15p composites using a semi-phenomenologically based damage model in the equivalent homogeneous material (EHM) framework. By combining macroscale EHM modeling and underlying microscale physical mechanisms, a feasible semi-phenomenological plastic model is proposed for prediction of cutting forces and chip morphology during high-speed turning Al6061/SiC_p/15p composites. This model incorporates the modified Weibull weakest-link effect to represent the strain-based damage evolution in large deformations. This proposed semi-phenomenological constitutive model is implemented by compiling material subroutines into cutting finite element (FE) codes. The effects of the critical shear stresses on chip formation that depend on the tool-chip frictional coefficient are accounted for in the cutting FE model. The chip formation mechanism affecting material removal behaviors during high-speed turning is further investigated. The capabilities of the proposed constitutive model are evaluated by comparing cutting forces and chip morphologies between experiments and simulations at different cutting speeds associated with strain rates. The EHM-based and microstructure-based models are further compared in both computational efficiency and accuracy. The simulation results show that the developed semi-phenomenological constitutive formalism and cutting model are promising and efficient tools for further investigation of dynamic mechanical and cutting behaviors of particle-reinforced composites with different volume fraction and particle size.     

7050航空铝合金“单因素”本构模型参数与温度相关性研究

从理论和实验两方面研究7050航空铝合金"单因素"本构模型中参数与温度的相关性.通过位错理论分析和进行材料基本关系式推导指出铝合金材料模型受温度的影响.设计准静态压缩实验和高速冲击压缩实验研究材料的静、动态力学性能.通过对试验数据的分析、拟合和比较,得出7050航空铝合金"单因素"本构模型中的参数与温度相关的结论.根据试验结果建立材料参数与温度之间的数学映射,并在此基础上构建7050航空铝合金单因素"本构模型,最后进行切削实验验证模型的正确性.7050航空铝合金"单因素"本构模型的建立为进一步开展切削加工有限元模拟和进行工艺优化奠定基础.     

Three-dimensional temperature prediction in cylindrical turning with large-chamfer insert based on a modified slip-line field approach

Chamfered inserts have found broader applications in metal cutting process especially in high-performance machining of hard-to-cut materials for their excellent edge resistance and cutting toughness. However, excessive heat generation and resulting high cutting temperature eventually cause severe tool wear and poor surface integrity, which simultaneously limits the optimal selection of machining parameters. In the present study, an analytical thermal–mechanical model is proposed for the prediction of the three-dimensional (3-D) temperature field in cylindrical turning with chamfered round insert based on a modified slip-line field approach. First, an innovative discretization method is introduced in a general 3-D coordinate system to provide a comprehensive demonstration of the irregular cutting geometry and heat generation zones. Then, a plasticity-theory-based slip-line field model is developed and employed to determine the intensities and geometries of every elementary heat sources in Primary Deformation Zones (PDZ), Secondary Deformation Zones (SDZ) and Dead Metal Zones (DMZ). At last, a 3-D analytical model is suggested to calculate the temperature increases caused by the entire heat sources and associated images. The maximum cutting temperature region predicted is found existing upon the chip-tool contact area rather than the tool edge. Moreover, the rationalities of cutting parameters employed are analyzed along with theoretical material removal rates and ensuing maximum cutting temperatures. The results indicate that the cutting conditions with large depth of cut and high cutting speed are more desirable than those with high feed rates. The proposed models are respectively verified through a series of 3-D Finite Element (FE) simulations and dry cutting experiments of Inconel 718 with chamfered round insert. Satisfactory agreement has been reached between the predictions and simulations as well as the measurements, which confirms the correctness and effectiveness of the presented analytical model.     

损伤演化对Ti6Al4V高速切削仿真结果的影响

利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立了Ti6Al4V二维切削仿真模型，在模型其他参数（本构参数、初始损伤参数等）固定不变时，得到了不同损伤演化特征参数（断裂能）取值下的切削力、切削温度和切屑形貌，以此来研究损伤演化过程对仿真结果的影响。研究发现随着断裂能取值的减小，仿真的切削力、切削温度会降低，切屑的锯齿化程度会变得严重。在切削速度为180 m/min，进给量为0.1 mm/r的条件下进行了Ti6Al4V正交切削实验，测量了切削力，将仿真得到的主切削力和切屑锯齿化程度与实验结果进行对比，确定了适合本研究建立的仿真模型的合理断裂能值。结果表明，在使用此断裂能取值时，仿真得到的切削力和切屑形态与实验值有很好的一致性。在消除了能量密度对仿真模型的影响后，进行了4组验证实验，仿真结果与验证实验的结果相吻合，证明了断裂能取值的准确性。     

Analytical model of cutting force in axial ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling in-situ TiB2/7050Al PRMMCs

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling has been widely applied in machining the difficult-to-cut materials owing to the remarkable improvements in reducing the cutting force. However, analytical models to reveal the mechanism and predict the cutting force of ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling metal matrix composites are still needed to be developed. In this paper, an analytical model of cutting force was established for ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites. During modeling, change of motion of the cutting tool, contact of tool-chip-workpiece and acceleration of the chip caused by ultrasonic vibration was considered based on equivalent oblique cutting model. Meanwhile, material properties, tool geometry, cutting parameters and vibration parameters were taken into consideration. Furthermore, the developed analytical force model was validated with and without ultrasonic vibration milling experiments on in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites. The predicted cutting forces show to be consistent well with the measured cutting forces. Besides, the relative error of instantaneous maximum forces between the predicted and measured data is from 0.4% to 15.1%. The analytical model is significant for cutting force prediction not only in ultrasonic-vibration assisted milling but also in conventional milling in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites, which was proved with general applicability.     

Numerical approach for assessment of dynamic strength for riveted joints

Numerous rivets have to be modelled for aeronautical framework crashes. A numerical procedure based on FE modelling and characterisation of material failure constitutive models is proposed in order to limit the experimental procedure. Quasi-static and dynamic experiments are carried out on elementary tension (punched) and shear (riveted) specimens. No strain rate sensitivity has been measured on the riveted joint assemblies failure. The experiments are used to identify, by an inverse method, the Gurson damage parameters of each material (2024-T351 and 7050 aluminium alloys for the sheet metal plate and the rivet). The characterisation gives rise to a satisfactory correlation between FE models and experiments. Optimised parameters are validated for each material by means of a uniaxial tension test for the sheet metal plate and an ARCAN type specimen in pure tension for the rivet. Results can then be used to identify macroscopic failure criterion to model the rivet behaviour in aeronautical framework crashes. FE tools can also resolve problems linked to limit-design or the design of new riveted joint assemblies more rapidly and cost effectively than experiments.     

置氢处理对TC4钛合金流变行为的影响

应用材料试验机及霍普金森压杆装置(SHPB)对切削用置氢TC4钛合金进行了静态和动态压缩实验,获得了不同温度和应变率下的应力-应变曲线。实验中应变率范围为0.001～15000s-1,温度范围为293～973K。分析比较了合金流变应力对温度及应变率的敏感性。结果表明,置氢TC4钛合金具有较强的热软化效应,而应变率强化效应则相对较弱。随氢含量的增加,流变应力呈现先减小后增大的规律,氢含量0.3%时,最大降幅达25%。根据流变应力的变化规律及相关切削理论,对实验中切削力及切削温度的变化情况进行了分析。最后基于Johnson-Cook本构模型,拟合了模型中的参数,其预测值与实验结果吻合较好。     

不同刀具车削加工高硅氧玻璃纤维/酚醛树脂切削力研究

为探索高硅氧玻璃纤维/酚醛树脂复合材料的切削加工性能,对该类材料进行大直径薄壁回转类零件的车削加工。采用四种不同刀具进行实验研究,获得了不同切削参数及不同刀具材料对切削力的影响规律。试验结果表明:切削用量三要素中,切削深度对切削力的影响最大,其次是进给量,而切削速度的影响很小。当切削速度为119.32 mm/min、进给量为0.1 mm/r、背吃刀量为0.5 mm时,为最优切削参数。Ti-Al-Si-N纳米涂层硬质合金和超硬材料F2HX无涂层硬质合金刀具适合于低速加工,而PCD刀具则适合于高速加工。     

An inverse strategy to determine constitutive parameters of tubular materials for hydroforming processes

This paper is to determine the flow stress curve of 5049-O aluminium alloy by a tube hydraulic bulging test with fixed end-conditions. During this test, several tubular specimens are bulged under different internal pressures before their bursting, and the corresponding bulging height and wall thickness at the pole are measured. An inverse strategy is developed to determine the constitutive parameters of tubular materials based on experimental data, which combines the finite element method with g...     

Cutting tool temperature prediction method using analytical model for end milling

Dramatic tool temperature variation in end milling can cause excessive tool wear and shorten its life, especially in machining of difficult-to-machine materials. In this study, a new analyt-ical model-based method for the prediction of cutting tool temperature in end milling is presented. The cutting cycle is divided into temperature increase and decrease phases. For the temperature increase phase, a temperature prediction model considering real friction state between the chip and tool is proposed, and the heat flux and tool-chip contact length are then obtained through finite element simulation. In the temperature decrease phase, a temperature decrease model based on the one-dimension plate heat convection is proposed. A single wire thermocouple is employed to mea-sure the tool temperature in the conducted milling experiments. Both of the theoretical and experi-mental results are obtained with cutting conditions of the cutting speed ranging from 60 m/min to 100 m/min, feed per tooth from 0.12 mm/z to 0.20 mm/z, and the radial and axial depth of cut respec-tively being 4 mm and 0.5 mm. The comparison results show high agreement between the physical cutting experiments and the proposed cutting tool temperature prediction method.     

TC4合金的新型本构关系

通过热态模拟试验 ,系统地研究了主要锻造热力参数 (变形速度、变形温度、变形程度 )与 TC4合金流动应力、微观组织之间的数值关系 ,采用数理统计原理 ,科学地分析并回归出了能综合反映锻造热力参数和微观组织演化过程对材料成形性能影响的本构方程 ,定性地探讨了各热力参数对 TC4合金组织和性能的影响规律 ,为TC4合金锻造过程的数值模拟和锻造热力参数的合理制订与控制提供了基础。     

基于SVR和NSGA-II的钛合金铣削参数多目标优化

对钛合金材料Ti6Al4V铣削加工进行有限元数值计算,结合试验设计方法构建了基于支持向量回归机（SVR）的铣削力预测模型,以材料去除率和刀具寿命为优化目标,提出一种基于支持向量回归机和带精英策略的非支配排序遗传算法（NSGA-II）的优化方法。结果表明,该方法能够获得满意的Pareto解集,为钛合金铣削参数优化提供一种新的方法,具有良好的推广价值。     

GH4169高温合金高应变率本构关系试验研究

 基于高应变率下GH4169高温合金的本构关系是采用有限元法对GH4169高温合金进行切削加工数值分析研究的基础。本文针对GH4169高温合金,通过试验对其在温度为室温至1 000 ℃、应变率为2 000～10 000 s^-1的范围内的本构关系进行了研究。研究发现高应变率下GH4169高温合金的流动应力与塑性应变关系接近线性关系,同时温度影响着高应变率下应变率对本构关系的影响程度及方式。根据GH4169合金流动应力曲线的特点,对Johnson-Cook本构模型进行修正。基于试验结果,通过数据拟合确定了对应高应变率GH4169高温合金的材料常数,建立了描述GH4169高温合金高应变率下的本构模型,为切削加工有限元数值分析提供了理论基础,并为相关类似研究提供了思路。     

SHPB实验考虑绝热变形和端面摩擦的修正方法

采用高温分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)实验技术对GH4169高温合金进行测试,获得了材料在高应变率下的温度敏感性,并拟合了Johnson-Cook本构模型的参数。结合数值计算方法对压缩实验中试件内部的应力、应变以及温度的分布建立了一个半经验的数学模型并提出了一种新的参数修正方法,将端面摩擦效应、绝热变形升温效应与SHPB实验结果进行解耦。实验结果表明:温度越高,GH4169高温合金的屈服强度以及流动应力越小。并且在SHPB实验中GH4169高温合金存在明显的绝热变形升温效应和端面摩擦效应,导致实验结果并不能真实反映材料的硬化特性。通过对原始Johnson-Cook本构方程的硬化项乘以1.2的修正系数,发现修正后的本构参数准确反映了材料在高应变率下的应力应变特性。      

TMF本构和寿命模型:从光棒到涡轮叶片

针对空心涡轮叶片，发展了考虑瞬态变温效应的热机械疲劳（TMF）本构模型和寿命预测方法。第一，以某涡轮叶片用定向凝固合金DZ125为对象，开展了光棒、缺口TMF试验，结合已有的高温疲劳试验数据，获得了相位、温度范围、应力集中等因素对TMF寿命影响规律；第二，利用材料微观组织分析手段，揭示了导致光棒和缺口TMF失效的疲劳裂纹萌生机理；第三，借助于Chaboche本构模型，进行了各向异性、变温、蠕变损伤修正，建立了考虑变温效应的循环-蠕变本构模型，实现了DZ125合金拉伸、等温循环、蠕变、疲劳-蠕变以及TMF应力应变响应的统一建模和预测；第四，发展了疲劳-蠕变-氧化损伤累积的TMF寿命模型，利用简单纯疲劳和蠕变基础数据获得了寿命模型参数，并进一步发展了名义应力法预测了缺口模拟件的TMF寿命；最后，以某涡轮叶片为对象，进行了模拟飞行载荷谱条件下的瞬态变形响应计算和叶片TMF寿命预测。     

材料切除对机匣铣削动力学与稳定性的影响

在薄壁零件加工过程中,工件材料的连续切除会造成工艺系统动力学特性的不断变化,并对工艺系统的颤振稳定性产生显著影响。以航空发动机机匣为对象,研究了其铣削过程中工件材料切除以及切削位置变化对工件动力学特性与颤振稳定性的影响规律。首先,根据机匣的几何结构与铣削工艺特点,提出了按切削行及切削段进行材料切除过程细分的方法。其次,建立了工艺系统动力学特性演化的快速计算方法和颤振稳定性极限的频域预测方法,并在单个切削行内和不同切削行间分析了材料切除过程对工艺系统的影响。结果显示,在单个切削行内工艺系统的动力学特性会小幅度减小,稳定性极限图会向左下方小幅度偏移;在不同切削行间工艺系统的动力学特性变化幅度较大,稳定性极限图呈现出交错排列现象,难以针对整个铣削过程进行切削参数优选,因此提出了基于单行刀位轨迹的切削参数优选方法,保证了整个材料切除过程的稳定切削。最后,进行了机匣铣削与模态试验,验证了所提方法的正确性与有效性。     

一种基于并联关系模型的TC4合金本构方程

 以 TC4合金流动应力σ为目标函数,通过热态物理模拟试验,系统地研究了主要锻造热力参数 (变形温度、变形速度和变形程度等 )对目标函数的影响,基于数理统计学原理,科学地分析并回归出了能综合反映锻造热力参数对材料成形性能影响的本构方程,得出了 TC4合金变形工艺参数 (变形温度 T、等效应变速率ε、等效应变ε等 )对目标函数的影响规律,从而,为 TC4合金锻造过程的数值模拟和锻造热力参数的合理制订与控制提供了基础。     

An efficient hyper-elastic model for the preforming simulation of Carbon-Kevlar hybrid woven reinforcement

An efficient hyper-elastic model that can reflect the primary mechanical behaviors of Carbon-Kevlar hybrid woven reinforcement was developed and implemented with VUMAT constitutive code for preforming simulation. The model parameters were accurately determined through the uniaxial and bias-extension tests. To calibrate the simulation code, preforming experiments of hybrid woven reinforcement over the hemisphere mold and tetrahedron mold were respectively conducted to validate the proposed hyper-elastic model. The comparison between the simulations and experiments shows that the model can not only accurately capture shear angle distribution and geometry shape after deformation, but also accurately predict the force–displacement curve and potential fiber tensile failure during the preforming process. This result indicates that the proposed model can be used to predict the preforming behavior of Carbon-Kevlar hybrid woven reinforcement, and simulate its manufacturing process of complicated geometry.     

针刺陶瓷基复合材料损伤本构模型及构件应力分析

基于连续介质损伤力学方法提出了适用于针刺陶瓷基复合材料的各向异性损伤本构模型.该模型考虑了拉伸与剪切损伤的影响.通过试验得到了材料的拉伸和剪切的应力-应变曲线,采用曲线拟合获得了本构模型的参数.应用用户子程序技术将本构模型写入商用有限元软件,计算所得拉伸和剪切的应力-应变曲线与试验曲线比较吻合,最大误差分别为5.62%和1.47%.使用该损伤本构模型及弹性模型计算了航空发动机尾喷管调节片在气动和温度载荷下的力学响应,两者计算所得应力分布相似,但损伤本构模型计算值明显小于弹性模型计算值.      

J-C本构参数对绝热剪切影响的敏感性分析

 综合考虑应变、应变率和温度对绝热剪切的影响,通过理论推导建立了基于J-C本构方程的绝热剪切失稳判据。以45号钢、TC4钛合金和7050航空铝合金3种不同的金属晶格材料为例,计算得出了出现锯齿形切屑的临界切削速度,并以临界切削速度为参量,以敏感度作为衡量敏感性的统一标准,进行了本构参数对绝热剪切的敏感性分析,旨在说明J-C本构参数对绝热剪切的影响大小,为材料的本构研究和工程中绝热剪切的预测提供一定的理论参考。研究结果表明:3种材料中,TC4钛合金对绝热剪切的敏感性最大;J-C本构参数对锯齿形切屑的出现皆有影响,对绝热剪切的敏感性最大的是本构参数A,次大的是硬化系数n。