基于Rodrigues参数的姿态估计算法

 以Rodrigues参数作为姿态描述参数提出一种快速的全姿态估计算法。Rodrigues参数具有简洁高效的特点,但它具有奇异性,不适用于大角度情况。首先将序贯旋转方法和Rodrigues参数相结合,提出了一种简洁、无奇异的姿态描述方法。然后应用该姿态描述方法,针对“矢量观测+陀螺”这种典型的姿态测量方案,讨论飞行器的姿态估计问题。在姿态估计算法设计中,给出了陀螺模型和观测矢量模型,推导了状态和状态误差协方差阵的预测方程和量测更新方程,并提出了预测方程的一种高效积分方法。仿真结果表明在估计精度等同的条件下,该姿态估计算法比四元数算法效率大约提高10%。     

四元数的核心矩阵及其在航天器姿态控制中的应用

基于旋转群代数,以航天器姿态控制研究为背景,提出了四元数的核心矩阵的概念。以此为中心,首先导出了核心矩阵本身、逆、行列式及其导数的若干关系式,然后应用核心矩阵得到了四元数姿态误差及其运动学关系的非常简洁的表示形式,最后利用核心矩阵证明了用缩减四元数为广义坐标和以常规 Euler角为广义坐标对描述航天器姿态动力学的等效性。研究结果可应用于航天器的快速、大角度和三维姿态机动控制     

权值动态分配的加权平均法在姿态解算中的应用

鉴于各种姿态算法解算后的精度不高,提出将加权平均法应用于捷联惯导系统的姿态解算中.针对实际应用中无法准确获得姿态角度的真实值这一情况,提出对解算误差进行实时估计的方法,再基于最优权值分配的原则进行权值动态分配.对几种姿态解算算法进行了有效的融合,并应用到姿态解算模块的实际测量中.测量结果分析表明此种方法很大程度上减少了单一算法的解算误差及测量的误差,提高了测量的精度.     

基于对偶四元数的捷联惯导算法在发射点惯性系下的应用研究

针对导弹类载体在做复杂的高动态机动时,采用传统的捷联惯导算法容易产生圆锥误差与划船误差,从而导致解算精度降低的问题,在发射点惯性系下设计了基于对偶四元数的捷联惯导算法。在建立发射点惯性系下的捷联惯导解算模型的基础上,详细推导了基于对偶四元数的捷联惯导解算算法,通过对比分析其中的速度更新过程与传统算法的差异,说明该算法可以有效提高速度和位置解算精度。在设计的多条机动飞行轨迹下,以三子样更新为例,对对偶四元数算法和传统算法的性能进行了仿真对比分析。仿真结果表明,对偶四元数导航算法可以有效提高速度和位置解算精度,且姿态机动情况越复杂、持续时间越长,改善效果越显著。     

高速飞行姿态解算系统设计与实现

飞行事故分析需要完整记录飞机的飞行姿态,为此设计了一种基于FPGA的高速姿态解算系统,能够在线高速输出姿态信息,为飞行事故分析提供充足的参考数据。系统采用基于四元数的姿态算法,以克服欧拉法在90。具有奇异性的缺陷;用浮点数格式进行数据描述,并在FPGA内设计了浮点数四则运算硬件逻辑电路,以提高解算的精度;同时,在解算过程中充分发挥FPGA分布式、并行化的处理特点,通过并行流水设计及模块复用方法对系统的处理速度和资源消耗进行折中,使得系统在一块小规模FPGA芯片中达到0．38MHz的姿态输出频率。进行仿真数据测试及转台实验,对系统的解算精度及动静态性能进行了分析与评价。实验结果表明,系统性能良好,简单实用,具有较好的工程推广应用前景。     

大机动飞行仿真的一种改进算法

传统的四元数和欧拉角之间的转换仅是对体轴系下的姿态角进行处理,并没有考虑与航迹轴相关的航迹角的转换问题,这样,在大机动飞行仿真中不仅会使飞机方程的解出现奇异,而且不能正确表示飞机的姿态。为此,提出了一种新的改进算法,采用该算法,不仅能够实现全角度的四元数与欧拉角之间的转换,同时也对航迹角的解算进行了相应的处理,使仿真结果与工程实际情况完全一致。经过对多种大机动飞行动作的仿真,验证了本方法是正确、实用的。     

利用Singer模型的无陀螺姿态和角速度估计

 给出了一种利用Singer跟踪模型的扩展卡尔曼滤波器 (ExtendedKalmanFilter) ,用于无陀螺姿态和姿态角速度估计。在滤波器中 ,姿态和姿态误差分别由姿态四元数和误差四元数表示 ,而姿态角加速度由一阶Markov过程描述 ,从而避免采用姿态动力学模型。利用数值仿真计算验证了滤波器的性能。在所有的仿真过程 ,滤波器显示出快速收敛能力。稳态估计误差主要由测量更新频率和精度决定。     

刚体姿态仿真方法研究

首先论述了姿态描述的四种方法:欧拉角、欧拉轴旋转参数、方向余弦和四元数法,重点介绍了四元数法在飞行器运动学上的应用,它消除了欧拉方程的奇异性,计算效率也远远优于其他三种方法;最后讨论了数值仿真的方法及误差。     

提高飞行器姿态角计算精度的方法研究

分析了传统的通过方向余弦矩阵、四元数形式的飞行器转动微分方程数值积分结果确定姿态角方法的不足,介绍了基于改进的牛顿法确定飞行器姿态角的方法.基于多次测量均值效应原理,介绍多使用上述两种方法中的元素提高飞行器姿态角计算精度的算法及仿真结果.     

基于四元数误差模型的捷联惯导系统对准方法

传统的小干扰方程并不能描述捷联惯导系统在大失准角下的误差传播特性 ,推导了姿态误差为大角度时的四元数误差方程 ,并指出当姿态误差为小量时 ,所推导的误差模型与小干扰方程是等价的。仿真结果表明在大失准角下的空中对准过程中 ,采用四元数误差方程以及非线性滤波技术能有效地提高对准精度     

Pseudo-linear inertial navigation algorithm

A new method is illustrated for processing the output of a set of triad orthogonal rate gyros and accelerometers to reconstruct vehicle navigation parameters (attitude, velocity, and position). The paper introduces two vectors with dimensions 4 × 1 as velocity and position quaternions. The navigation equations for strapdown systems are nonlinear but after using these parameters, the navigation equations are converted into a pseudo-linear system. The new set of navigation equations has an analytical solution and the state transition matrix is used to solve the linear time-varying differential equations through time series. The navigation parameters are updated using the new formulation for strapdown navigation equations. Finally, the quaternions of velocity and position are converted into the original position and velocity vectors. The combination of the coning motion and a translational oscillatory trajectory is used to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed algorithm. The simulations show significant improvement in the accuracy of the inertial navigation system, which is achieved through the mentioned algorithm.     

喷嘴为执行机构的空间飞行器基于误差四元数的非线性姿态跟踪控制

研究带喷嘴空间飞行器在姿态跟踪机动时的多轴耦合非线性姿态控制问题。姿态运动学和动力学用误差四元数描述。通过线性变换将误差四元数动力学方程转换成 4个摄动双积分系统 ,并基于此摄动双积分系统设计了开关控制器。由误差四元数及其导数构成的抛物型开关函数决定了控制器中的逻辑。文章考虑了最短的姿态捕获路径、外部干扰抑制、和不确定参数补偿问题。控制器允许力矩矩阵为非对称 ,从而使喷气执行机构的安装有更好的灵活性。由于不需要目标的加速度反馈 ,控制器可用于对机动目标的跟踪。用相平面方法分析了闭环系统的鲁棒稳定性。仿真结果验证了控制方案的可行性     

利用转移矩阵进行姿态控制

传统欧拉角控制方法在处理大姿态角机动时往往出现奇异和交联问题。针对这一问题对欧拉角的跳变现象进行了讨论,并从飞行器实际姿态与需求姿态之间的空间关系入手,给出了一种消除欧拉角跳变现象的有效方法－转移矩阵法,仿真计算表明,该方法在大型航天器的姿态控制中可以有效地消除欧拉角奇异、交联和跳跃现象,在欧拉角跳变的情况下仍然能够实现对飞行器的控制。     

基于奇异值分解的组合导航可观测度计算

以捷联惯组为主惯导的组合导航系统具有短时定位精度高、可靠性强等优点,但其依然存在长时间导航精度不高、运算量大、组合效率不高等问题。为更好地完善组合导航系统的误差补偿和抑制技术,对SINS/DVL组合导航系统的可观测性能进行了研究。在分段定常系统(Piece-wise Constant System,PWCS)的可观测性分析方法及基于奇异值分解的系统状态可观测度分析方法基础上,结合可观测性矩阵的遗传特性,提出了一种简化的状态量可观测性分析方法,并对该方法进行了理论仿真。为方便比较状态量的可观测程度,对各状态的可观测度进行了归一化处理。最后,通过湖面跑船实验设计了不同的航迹机动方式,计算了关键导航参数的可观测性能。实验证明,该方法可以实时计算组合导航参数的可观测度,根据可观测度设计的航迹可以有效提高导航精度,定位精度可提高1个量级,收敛速度也获得了明显提高。     

基于视觉的惯性导航误差在线修正

陀螺零偏和加速度计零偏是影响惯性测量单元(IMU)积分精度的重要因素。提供一组精确的实时的零偏估计可以提高IMU的积分精度,为视觉导航提供良好的位姿预测,提高整个系统的动态性能。通过合理地建立IMU的噪声模型以及IMU和视觉的组合方程,利用一种基于李群和李代数知识的IMU预积分方法将零偏进行合理的线性化,运用Kalman滤波进行IMU零偏的在线估计。实验结果表明,通过本文的修正方法,惯性导航的平均积累误差由0.034m/s提高到0.0037m/s,精度明显提高。     

一种用于仿生导航无人机航姿求解的混合滤波方法

针对现有组合导航系统易被干扰欺骗以及姿态求解精度不足的问题，设计了惯性测量单元(IMU)与偏振光传感器组成的航姿参考系统(AHRS)。同时，考虑到传统的姿态求解方法精度不高，提出了一种用于仿生导航无人机航姿求解的混合滤波方法。将Mahony滤波后的姿态值作为系统观测量，再结合扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)实现传感器数据的深层融合，以获得高精度的姿态角信息。实验结果表明：在静态环境下采用混合滤波方法求解的姿态值能有效滤除偏振光传感器和加速度计内部噪声干扰，其稳定性明显优于两种方法各自求解时的情况；在动态实验中该方法能有效抑制单独采用Mahony滤波时存在的超调问题，表现出更高的动态解算精度，从而为偏振光组合导航系统提供了更精确的姿态估计信息。     

Wavelet de-noising for IMU alignment

Inertial navigation system (INS) is presently used in several applications related to aerospace systems and land vehicle navigation. An INS determines the position, velocity, and attitude of a moving platform by processing the accelerations and angular velocity measurements of an inertial measurement unit (IMU). Accurate estimation of the initial attitude angles of an IMU is essential to ensure precise determination of the position and attitude of the moving platform. These initial attitude angles are usually estimated using alignment techniques. Due to the relatively low signal-to-noise ratio of the sensor measurement (especially for the gyroscopes), the initial attitude angles may not be computed accurately enough. In addition, the estimated initial attitude angles may have relatively large uncertainties that may affect the accuracy of other navigation parameters. This article suggests processing the gyro and accelerometer measurements with multiple levels of wavelet decomposition to remove the high frequency noise components. The proposed wavelet de-noising method was applied on a navigational grade inertial measurement unit (LTN90-100). The results showed that accurate alignment procedure and fast convergence of the estimation algorithm, in addition to reducing the estimation covariance of the three attitude angles, could be obtained.     

Modeling quaternion errors in SDINS: computer frame approach

We propose new equivalent tilt error models which are applicable to the analysis of the terrestrial strapdown inertial navigation systems (SDINS), based on the quaternions. The currently available equivalent tilt error models, like the conventional Φ model of the gimbaled inertial navigation systems (GINS), are derived only by the true frame approach. The true frame approach has a computational disadvantage that it produces an error model where the attitude error equation is coupled with its position and velocity error equations. The motivation of this work is to solve this problem. As a result, two kinds of error models are derived. Among them, one is derived by the computer frame approach for practical onboard implementations. Thus, like the conventional GINS Ψ model, its attitude error equation is decoupled from the position and velocity error equations. The other is derived in order to show the relationship between the true frame approach and the computer frame approach which are applied to the quaternion-based SDINS. Thus, like the GINS δΘ model, it can be used to transform the error variables into each other which are calculated by the two different approaches     

Analysis Strapdown Navigation Using Quaternions

A brief review of the theory of strapdown inertial navigation is presented in which the attitude of the sensor box with respect to inertial space is represented by the four-parameter quaternion vector. . A 4X4 matrix R is defined which aids in relating quaternions to direction cosines and facilitates interpretation of the equations for error propagation, which are also derived. In the interpretation, it is shown that the error in the quaternion vector causes aor-(correctable) scale factor error and an equivalent tilt vector error that propagates the same way as the platform tilt vector in a gimbaled system.     

Novel attitude determination method by integration of electronic level meter,INS, and low-cost turntable for level attitude evaluation and calibration of INS

Attitude references are greatly needed for the evaluation and calibration of Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs), which are widely used in gravimeter, marine, and aeronautical navigation. High-accuracy turntable, INS, and Global Navigation Satellite System have been utilized to verify the performance of relatively low-accuracy INS. The accuracy requirement of the attitude reference continuously increases with the rapid improvement of inertial sensors and navigation algorithms. However, the cost of attitude determination system increases rapidly with the increase of attitude accuracy requirement. To solve this limitation, the integration of level meter, INS, and low-cost turntable is proposed to provide level attitude, such as roll and pitch. The turntable is utilized to rotate the INS. An integration model of the level meter and INS is built to estimate the level attitude and reduce the cost of the turntable. The proposed method successfully avoids the dependence on high-accuracy turntables. An observability degree analysis is conducted to improve the level attitude accuracy further. The simulation and turntable test results indicate that the proposed method can provide high-accuracy level attitude without high-accuracy INS or turntable and is applicable to error calibration and attitude evaluation of INS.