某典型飞行器模型俯仰/滚转两自由度耦合动态气动特性

先进飞行器在大迎角高机动飞行过程中,气动力复杂演化与运动姿态剧烈变化的相互作用,容易诱发俯仰拉起的滚转或侧偏等耦合运动,呈现出十分强烈的多自由度动态气动力特性。为此,选取某典型四代机修型设计模型,利用FL-26风洞专用的俯仰/滚转两自由度动态试验装置,开展了单自由度和俯仰/滚转两自由度耦合运动的动态气动力特性研究。结果表明,研究模型在迎角30°左右会出现滚转单自由度的侧偏和小振幅摇滚运动现象;俯仰单自由度振动条件下,模型法向力和俯仰力矩会出现明显的气动迟滞特性;在强迫俯仰/自由滚转（或强迫滚转）两自由度耦合运动情况下,模型的侧偏运动幅值得到了一定的抑制,但纵横向气动力都出现了迟滞现象,甚至是多个气动迟滞环结构,容易引发耦合失稳发散。     

吸气式高超声速飞行器俯仰/滚转耦合运动特性

针对一种类似SR-72构型的吸气式高超声速飞机开展了进气道通流状态下俯仰/滚转耦合运动相关研究。通过数值模拟获得了滚转单自由度静稳定性、动稳定性以及强迫俯仰/自由滚转运动下的两自由度耦合动稳定性，研究了飞行器转动惯量以及俯仰运动频率对耦合运动的影响，简要分析了耦合运动的机理。研究发现虽然此飞行器具有滚转静稳定性和动稳定性，但是在强迫俯仰/自由滚转运动过程中，滚转通道却出现了小幅度振荡与大振幅振荡交替出现的情况，最大滚转角超过70°。小幅度振荡出现在正弦俯仰振荡的上半周期，其振荡频率随轴向转动惯量增加而降低，幅值随俯仰振荡频率增加而增大；大振幅振荡出现在下半周期，其幅值基本不变，而振荡频率与俯仰振荡一致。这种现象基本不受惯性耦合作用影响，可以认为是由气动力主导的。     

2.4m跨声速风洞大振幅动态试验技术

现代先进飞行器在高机动飞行过程中,容易诱发非指令的多自由度耦合运动,呈现出复杂的动态气动力及耦合运动现象。为满足先进飞行器多自由度动态气动特性研究与试验评估的需求,中国空气动力研究与发展中心高速空气动力研究所在2.4m×2.4m跨声速风洞建立了可以开展大迎角静态、单自由度俯仰振动、快速拉起、俯仰/滚转双自由度耦合运动等试验的模拟技术。通过典型的70°三角翼验证模型的试验研究,结果表明试验技术获取的试验数据合理可靠,变化规律正确,能够准确反映模型的动态气动力迟滞特性,实现了俯仰/滚转两自由度耦合大振幅运动的纵横向动态气动力测量,可以为飞行器的试验鉴定评估提供技术支撑。     

全模颤振双索悬挂系统刚体模态频率研究

研究绳系结构和绳索预紧力对全模颤振双索悬挂系统刚体模态频率的影响。首先，基于绳索并联机构理论，对双索悬挂系统进行静力学建模，引入加权矩阵，推导了双索悬挂系统静刚度模型；其次，建立双索悬挂系统无阻尼振荡方程，分析双索悬挂系统刚体模态频率变化规律；进而，搭建了双索悬挂系统地面样机，开展系统模态频率测试试验，研究系统刚体模态频率的影响因素及其变化规律；最后，参考试验结果修正所建数学模型。结果表明，随着绳索预紧力的增加，系统刚体模态频率呈上升趋势，但各阶刚体模态的固有频率上升速率不同，平动模态的固有频率受绳索预紧力影响比转动模态小得多；在转动模态方面，滚转模态的固有频率最大且上升快；在平动模态方面，升沉模态的固有频率大于横侧滑模态的固有频率；双索经过的机身前后滑轮与飞机模型质心之间的相对位置变化会不同程度地影响支撑系统俯仰模态、偏航模态的固有频率，但几乎不影响其滚转模态的固有频率。研究发现，通过控制悬挂绳索预紧力的大小，合理设计机身上的滑轮安装位置，能够有效降低双索悬挂系统刚体模态频率。研究结果对于优化设计全模颤振双索悬挂系统具有指导意义。     

三角翼受迫俯仰滚转运动气动特性的数值模拟研究

基于动网格的技术，利用有限体积法对N—S方程进行数值离散，选用湍流模型，对65°大后掠三角翼的受迫俯仰滚转运动进行了数值模拟，在此基础上，对俯仰滚转耦合运动的气动力特性和流场结构进行了分析。计算结果表明：俯仰滚转耦合运动时，三角翼上表面涡分布的非对称性将产生横侧方向的偏航力矩和滚转力矩，滚转力矩和偏航力矩随着滚转振幅角和滚转缩减频率的增大而增大，但对法向力影响不大。     

倾转四旋翼飞行器操纵策略及配平特性分析

针对倾转四旋翼飞行器机翼与旋翼气动干扰复杂的问题，建立了考虑干扰的倾转四旋翼飞行器飞行动力学模型，提出了倾转四旋翼飞行器在直升机与固定翼模式下的操纵策略，并利用数值仿真方法研究了不同模式下的配平特性。利用小扰动假设提取出直升机小速度前飞状态下的状态矩阵，分析不同前飞速度下的特征根变化趋势，并以典型速度下的配平状态矩阵与操纵矩阵分析了零输入响应与零状态响应特性。仿真结果表明，倾转四旋翼飞行器在小速度前飞状态下俯仰通道较为独立，滚转和偏航通道存在耦合。     

基于翼面压力的飞行器气动力感知技术与自由飞验证

飞行器在大迎角飞行状态下其复杂绕流流动会导致非指令运动出现,严重影响了飞行器的操纵性与飞行安全。现有以惯性元件为核心的机载设备无法直接提供非定常气动力参数,而如何实时感知飞行器大迎角状态的非定常气动力/力矩,是抑制非指令运动现象的核心所在,将是未来战机设计中亟待解决的空气动力学和飞行控制的关键问题之一。针对上述问题,提出基于翼面压力信息获取特征截面滚转力矩系数C_lsec,估算飞行器全机在大迎角状态下的非定常气动力矩,进而判断飞行器的滚转运动的设想。风洞和飞行试验研究结果表明：对于80°/48°双三角翼,0.8c特征截面滚转力矩系数C_lsec与模型滚转力矩存在相关性;在飞行器进行大迎角平飞动作时,非指令滚转运动下的滚转力矩系数C_lsec大幅增加;C_lsec能够比惯性传感器提前预测模型的滚转运动趋势,可为飞行器大迎角状态的非指令运动抑制提供一定数据依据。     

机动式再入弹头小滚转气动力风洞试验技术

基于气浮轴承的自由滚转式小滚转力矩测量系统的风洞试验技术,针对传统的惯性再入武器向再入机动武器发展需求,利用多孔光栅及高灵敏度光电传感器测量带小突起（如边条,小配平翼）的非轴对称模型自由滚转状态下的角速度随时间的变化过程。采用理论验证、最小二乘拟合、动力学仿真计算等方法,建立相应滚转力矩气动力模型进行试验数据处理和分析。风洞试验结果显示,数据大小合理,规律性好,同时可获得试验模型在滚转运动中的滚转气动力随时间的变化曲线,以及任意滚转角位置的小滚转静力矩,能够满足机动式再入弹头小滚转气动力测量试验的发展需求。     

基于主动流动控制技术的无舵面飞翼布局飞行器姿态控制

飞翼布局飞行器因其升阻比高、隐身性能好等诸多优势得到越来越广泛的应用，但是操纵舵面偏转会增加飞行器的雷达散射截面积。提出了采用射流环量控制和反向射流两种主动流动控制技术实现飞行器的无舵面飞行姿态控制。利用风洞测力试验对射流环量控制和反向射流的"舵效"进行了分析，结果表明环量控制技术能产生规律变化且可控的滚转和俯仰力矩、反向射流产生的偏航力矩随控制信号规律变化。飞行试验记录了飞行器姿态随射流激励器控制信号的变化规律，飞行数据表明俯仰环量控制激励器能有效地控制无人机的俯仰运动；无人机的横航向操纵存在耦合，但滚转环量控制激励器和反向射流能控制无人机的滚转和偏航运动。     

推力协同的大柔性飞行器纵向姿态控制

为了研究大柔性飞行器飞行/结构耦合动力学特性,提出了改进的面向控制的大柔性飞行器多体模型,开展了大柔性飞行器纵向动力学耦合特性分析与推力协同下纵向姿态控制律设计。采用二面角动态近似描述大柔性飞行器结构动力学特征,并推导了纵向耦合动力学模型。根据改进模型在配平点处的线性化模型,分析了飞行/结构耦合系统的纵向稳定性与结构变形量之间的关系。针对大柔性飞行器姿态稳定与跟踪,设计了纵向姿态控制器。与常规飞行器相比,大柔性飞行器飞行过程中会发生大变形,当载荷较大时,配平构型近似“U”形,此时纵向动力学具有长周期不稳定的特征。分析结果表明:大柔性飞行器各模态之间的耦合程度随着变形的增大而增大。此外,纵向姿态控制需要升降舵与推力协同控制速度和俯仰角并且考虑结构动力学的影响,否则飞行/结构的耦合作用会导致姿态跟踪误差衰减缓慢甚至发散。      

Dynamics,stability, and control of a four-cable mount system for wind tunnel test

A four-cable mount system is proposed for full-model wind tunnel flutter tests, which may adjust the pitch and roll attitude of the aircraft scaled model and ensure that the model is not subjected to cable tension. The system provides sufficient support to simulate the free flight of the aircraft by applying appropriate spring stiffness and cable tensions. The proposed four-cable mount system is modeled based on Lagrange mechanics, and its dynamics equations consider aerodynamic effects. The singularity of the system and its bifurcation characteristics under flow conditions are analysed to determine the supercritical bifurcation phenomenon for different tension levels and distances from the front suspension point to the mass centre of the model. The mathematical expressions of the longitudinal flight stability of the cable mount system are derived by linearising the system dynamics equations using small perturbations. The influence of the cable tension, spring stiffness, suspension point position, and other factors on the flight stability of the aircraft are analysed. A feedforward control algorithm is proposed to minimize the total elastic potential energy of the system. The results show that the model is in the level flight state when the elastic potential energy of the four-cable mount system is minimized. A feedback control design method is proposed based on the Lyapunov stability theory to derive the closed-loop stability conditions. The system dynamics model that includes the aircraft rigid body model, flexible cables, pulleys, springs, aerodynamic model, and servo motor control is established using the flexible multibody dynamics method. A multibody dynamics solver and Simulink are used to simulate the attitude adjustment of the model in the wind tunnel and verify the supercritical bifurcation characteristics of the system and the effectiveness of the feedback and feedforward control.     

Installation error calibration for MEMS angular measurement system in hypersonic wind tunnel

The accuracy of model attitude measurement has an important impact on wind tunnel test results. Microelectromechanical System Inertial Measurement Unit (MEMS IMU) provides a feasible way to measure model attitudes with high accuracy. However, the installation error between MEMS IMU coordinate system and the body coordinate system of test models can make the accuracy of the model attitude measurement decrease. In wind tunnel tests, the installation error depends on the relationship between the IMU and the model mechanism before tests. Therefore, in-field calibration in wind tunnel tests is necessary to reduce installation errors. To improve attitude measurement accuracy, the least squares quaternion calibration method based on MEMS IMU and six-position calibration procedure are proposed. High-precision three-axis turntable tests are performed. The pitch accuracy after calibration is higher than that before calibration in the angle of attack sweeping tests. The Root-Mean-Square Errors (RMSE) in the roll and yaw are within 0.01°, which are smaller than those before calibration. In the roll sweeping tests, RMSE of three attitude angles decrease significantly. In hypersonic wind tunnel tests, the pitch errors before and after calibration are within 0.05° and 0.02° in the angle of attack sweeping tests without wind. In five angle of attack sweeping tests with wind, the deviation between the mean of the pitch and the pitch after the elastic angle correction is within 0.03° and the standard deviation of five tests is within 0.01°. The proposed method is confirmed to enhance the accuracy of attitude measurement effectively, which is convenient for engineering applications.     

低速风洞绳牵引并联支撑系统的机构与模型姿态控制方案设计

首先介绍作为风洞试验中新型"软式"支撑系统的绳牵引并联支撑系统;其次,在给定的设计要求下,依据缩比模型所需运动,探讨绳牵引并联支撑系统的设计原理,并提出详细的设计步骤,得到了一个8根绳牵引的RRPM:WDPSS-8,使缩比为1∶40的F-15E模型可实现的俯仰角达-79°~71°、滚转角达-90°~90°、偏航角达-38°~39°;最后,在建立系统的动力学模型的基础上,采用基于绳长关节空间的驱动力矩控制器的位置控制方案来进行缩比模型的姿态控制,并用Lyapunov函数证明缩比模型在该控制规则下的运动稳定性。     

Virtual flight test of pitch and roll attitude control based on circulation control of tailless flying wing aircraft without rudders

Circulation Control(CC) realizes rudderless flight control by driving compressed air jet to generate a virtual rudder surface, which significantly improves low detectability. The layout plan of combined control rudder surface is proposed based on the tailless flying wing aircraft. The closed-loop jet actuator system and stepless rudder surface switching control strategy are used to quantitatively study the control characteristics of circulation actuator for pitch and roll attitude through 3-DOF ...     

拖曳系统基本飞行性能算法研究

分别采用拖缆模型中的刚化柔性悬索和线性弹簧模型对拖曳系统的起飞性能和平飞性能进行了仿真计算。计算结果表明．运载器的质量和气动特性对拖曳系统的飞行性能影响极大，拖缆采用刚化柔性悬索和线性弹簧模型的计算结果基本一致．说明在拖曳系统中，上述两种拖缆模型的使用是适当的。     

Accurate attitude estimation of HB2 standard model based on QNCF in hypersonic wind tunnel test

The accuracy of the HB2 standard model attitude measurement has an important impact on the hypersonic wind tunnel data assessment. The limited size of the model and the existence of external vibrations make it challenging to obtain real-time reliable attitude measurement. To reduce the influence of attitude errors on test results, this paper proposes a Quaternion Nonlinear Complementary Filter (QNCF) attitude determination algorithm based on Microelectromechanical Inertial Measurement Unit (MEMS-IMU). Firstly, the threshold-based PI control strategy is adopted to eliminate noise effect according to the Acceleration Magnitude Detector (AMD). Then, the flexible quaternion method is updated to carry out attitude estimation which is operational and easy to be embedded in the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Finally, a high-precision three-axis turntable test and a hypersonic wind tunnel test are performed. The results show that the pitch-roll attitude errors are within 0.05° and 0.08° in the high-precision three-axis turntable test in a calculation time of 100 s respectively, and the attitude error is within 0.3° after the elastic angle correction in the hypersonic wind tunnel test. The proposed method can provide accurate real-time attitude reference for the analysis of the actual movement of the model, exhibiting certain engineering application value with robustness and simplicity.     

An experimental system for release simulation of internal stores in a supersonic wind tunnel

Aerodynamic parameters obtained from separation experiments of internal stores in a wind tunnel are significant in aircraft designs. Accurate wind tunnel tests can help to improve the release stability of the stores and in-flight safety of the aircrafts in supersonic environments.A simulative system for free drop experiments of internal stores based on a practical project is provided in this paper. The system contains a store release mechanism, a control system and an attitude measurement system. The release mechanism adopts a six-bar linkage driven by a cylinder, which ensures the release stability. The structure and initial aerodynamic parameters of the stores are also designed and adjusted. A high speed vision measurement system for high speed rolling targets is utilized to measure the pose parameters of the internal store models and an optimizing method for the coordinates of markers is presented based on a priori model. The experimental results show excellent repeatability of the system, and indicate that the position measurement precision is less than0.13 mm, and the attitude measurement precision for pitch and yaw angles is less than 0.126°, satisfying the requirements of practical wind tunnel tests. A separation experiment for the internal stores is also conducted in the FL-3 wind tunnel of China Aerodynamics Research Institute.     

Initial virtual flight test for a dynamically similar aircraft model with control augmentation system

To satisfy the validation requirements of flight control law for advanced aircraft,a wind tunnel based virtual flight testing has been implemented in a low speed wind tunnel.A 3-degree-offreedom gimbal,ventrally installed in the model,was used in conjunction with an actively controlled dynamically similar model of aircraft,which was equipped with the inertial measurement unit,attitude and heading reference system,embedded computer and servo-actuators.The model,which could be rotated around its center of gravity freely by the aerodynamic moments,together with the flow field,operator and real time control system made up the closed-loop testing circuit.The model is statically unstable in longitudinal direction,and it can fly stably in wind tunnel with the function of control augmentation of the flight control laws.The experimental results indicate that the model responds well to the operator's instructions.The response of the model in the tests shows reasonable agreement with the simulation results.The difference of response of angle of attack is less than 0.5°.The effect of stability augmentation and attitude control law was validated in the test,meanwhile the feasibility of virtual flight test technique treated as preliminary evaluation tool for advanced flight vehicle configuration research was also verified.