4116航天润滑油摩擦特性的影响因素

采用球盘试验机测定了4116航天润滑油在不同工况下的摩擦因数,尤其成功实现了高低温环境下的测试.应用正交试验设计方法,研究了滚动速度、滑动速度、最大工作压力和入口油温4个因素对润滑油摩擦特性的影响,并绘出各因素对摩擦因数的影响曲线.研究结果表明:滑动速度和滚动速度对摩擦因数有显著影响,入口油温和最大工作压力对摩擦因数影响不显著.摩擦因数随着滑动速度的增加而增加,但是增加的幅度随滑动速度的增加而逐渐减小;随着滚动速度的增加,摩擦因数迅速减小,当滚速高于20m/s时趋于稳定;入口油温低于0℃时,其对摩擦因数有较大影响;随最大工作压力的增加摩擦因数缓慢增加.      

航空发动机主轴滚子轴承非典型失效机理

针对某航空发动机圆柱滚子轴承的非典型失效问题，基于滚动轴承动力学理论，考虑滚子动不平衡量及滚子与套圈挡边间的碰摩，建立高速圆柱滚子轴承的动力学微分方程组，采用预估-校正GSTIFF（Gear stiff）变步长积分算法进行求解，分析了轴承工况参数和结构参数对动不平衡滚子的最大歪斜角和滚子与挡边最大碰撞力的影响。结果表明：滚子最大歪斜角和滚子与挡边最大碰撞力大小随滚子动不平衡量、轴承内圈转速增加而增大，与径向载荷间未表现出明显的相关性；较小的轴向游隙能够有效抑制滚子歪斜，但会增大滚子与挡边碰撞力，存在合理的轴向游隙范围使得在滚子歪斜角不会过大的情况下滚子与挡边碰撞力较小；较小的保持架兜孔周向游隙与挡边负背角和较大的滚子球端面半径能够减小滚子最大歪斜角和滚子与挡边最大碰撞力。     

一种考虑齿轮副连续啮合过程的接触有限元动力学分析方法

在系统分析齿轮副连续啮合过程不同典型啮合状态特点的基础上,提出了一种可以考虑齿轮副连续啮合过程中啮合齿对变化,受载弹性变形以及滑动摩擦等影响因素的接触有限元分析方法.利用该方法对三种考虑不同因素的齿轮副模型进行了对比分析,并得到了各种因素对齿轮副连续啮合过程动态传递误差及动态接触力特性的影响.研究表明:该方法可以真实模拟齿轮副连续啮合过程中单、双齿对啮合及其交替啮合状态的动力学特性,包括滑动摩擦引起的节点冲击,受载弹性变形引起的啮入、啮出冲击以及时变刚度等激励特性;并可以得到啮入、啮出冲击的大小及作用时间,以及滑动摩擦和齿廓修形对动态啮合特性的影响;动态啮合特性分析结果与齿轮副连续啮合状态的特征完全吻合.      

Influences of preload on the friction and wear properties of high-speed instrument angular contact ball bearings

For starved-oil or solid lubrication of high-speed instrument angular contact ball bearings, friction heating and wear are the main reasons of bearing failures. This paper presents a dynamic wear simulation model to investigate the impacts of different preload methods and the changes of preload caused by wear on bearing wear life. The integral value QV of stress and sliding velocity in the contact ellipses between a ball and the inner and outer races determines friction heating and wear. The changes of QV with the friction coefficient and the wear volume under constant-force preload and fixed-position preload are analyzed. Results show that under the same initial preload, the QV decreases with an increase of the friction coefficient for both preload methods, and the latter is slightly larger. The wear of the ball and the race is equivalent to the ball diameter reduction. The QV of constant-force preload is almost not changed with a decrease of the ball diameter, but for fixed-position preload, the value decreases firstly and then increases substantially due to insufficient preload, and slipping occurs, the ball diameter is reduced by 0.025%, while the preload is reduced by 60.33%. An estimation of the bearing wear life under different preload methods requires a consideration of the changes in the wear rate of bearing parts.     

An improved procedure for manufacture of 3D tubes with springback concerned in flexible bending process

Three dimensional (3D) tubes, which possess the characteristics of space saving, lightweight and high strength, are widely used in many high-end industries such as aviation, aerospace, automobile and shipbuilding. However, when manufacturing a 3D tube in flexible bending process, springback is a big obstacle for improving the forming quality. In this paper, a new comprehensive strategy for springback control of 3D tubes is proposed. The strategy can be described as follows: (1) define the desired shape and manufacture shape; (2) optimize the manufacture shape using two tooling design methods (e.g. DA (displacement adjustment) method and B&T (bending and twisting) method presented in this paper); (3) make a discretization of the manufacture shape to acquire the optimized forming parameters. Additionally, experiment is implemented to validate the effectiveness of the new strategy. Results show that forming parameters acquired by the new strategy are partially effective. The new strategy also demonstrates that, during 3D tubes forming, the deviation caused by over-bent elements can be counteracted by the deficient-bent elements. This principle is helpful to reduce the difficulty of parameter determination in future.     

双列调心滚子轴承摩擦力矩的特性

基于滚动轴承的动力学理论，建立了双列调心滚子轴承动力学微分方程与摩擦力矩数学模型，采用预估-校正GSTIFF(gear stiff)变步长积分算法求解其动力学微分方程，研究了结构参数和工况参数对双列调心滚子轴承摩擦力矩特性的影响。研究结果表明:较小的内滚道密合度与较大的外滚道密合度有利于降低轴承的摩擦力矩；过大、过小的保持架兜孔曲率半径都不利于轴承摩擦力矩的降低，存在一个合理的保持架兜孔曲率半径使轴承摩擦力矩最小；保持架兜孔间隙对轴承的摩擦力矩影响较小，适当增大保持架引导间隙可有效减小轴承的摩擦力矩；适量的增大双列调心滚子轴承径向游隙有利于降低轴承的摩擦力矩。      

Tribological evaluation of surface modified H13 tool steel in warm forming of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy sheet

The H13 hot-working tool steel is widely used as die material in the warm forming of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy sheet. However, under the heating condition, severe friction and lubricating conditions between the H13 tools and Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy sheet would cause difficulty in guaranteeing forming quality. Surface modification may be used to control the level of friction force, reduce the friction wear and extend the service life of dies. In this paper, four surface modification methods(chromium plating, TiAlN coating, surface polishing and nitriding treatment)were applied to the H13 surfaces. Taking the coefficient of friction(CoF) and the wear degree as evaluation indicators, the high-temperature tribological behavior of the surface modified H13 steel was experimentally investigated under different tribological conditions. The results of this study indicate that the tribological properties of the TiAlN coating under dry friction condition are better than the others for a wide range of temperature(from room temperature to 500 C), while there is little difference of tribological properties between different surface modifications under graphite lubricated condition, and the variation law of CoF with temperature under graphite lubricated is opposite to that under the dry friction.     

摇摆对水平管内单相水阻力特性的影响分析

对摇摆状态下25mm和34.5mm管径水平管内单相水阻力特性进行了实验研究,通过实验发现,摇摆状态下单相水摩擦压降有明显的周期性,并与摇摆周期相同。雷诺数降低、摇摆振幅增加以及管径增加都会使摩擦压降增加。通过对摇摆周期、摇摆幅度、雷诺数和管径等影响因素的分析,给出了摇摆状态下单相水摩擦系数的计算公式。计算结果表明,得到的摩擦压降满足摇摆条件周期波动的特点,计算结果与实验结果符合较好。     

火箭橇系统的摩擦力分析与计算

根据火箭橇动态试验非线性和非定常特点，以及火箭橇与轨道的摩擦特性，对某型火箭橇系统进行了动力学分析、建模和流场数值模拟，界定了不同运动状态的动力学特点，得到了系统的气动力特性。研究结果表明:在60～90m/s速度条件下，该型火箭橇阻力系数约为0.58，升力系数约为0.003，气动力主要表现为气动阻力，升力与火箭橇自重相比相对较小，约占自重的0.5%～1.2%。同时结果表明，火箭橇运动速度是影响摩擦因数的主要因素，摩擦因数随运动速度的增大而减小。在数值模拟和试验数据基础上，确定了幂函数形式的摩擦因数计算公式，公式以运动速度为底数，系数为2.554，指数为-0.756。并在多种工况下，对火箭橇运动参数进行预测和验证，与试验数据符合良好。      

对直升机增速齿轮传动中大齿轮齿根弯曲疲劳应力计算的研究

作者系统地研究了影响直升机增速齿轮传动中大齿轮齿根弯曲疲劳应力的诸因素,并推导出包括齿间滑动摩擦力在内的实际外载荷作用下大齿轮齿根弯曲疲劳应力计算公式。研究表明,齿间摩擦力对大齿根弯曲疲劳强度的影响不可忽视。     

Finite element modelling and experimental investigation of the impact of filling different materials in copper tubes during 3D free bending process

3D free bending process, an advanced metal forming technology, has attracted much attention due to its unique geometrical flexibility and efficiency. Filling tubes with materials may effectively reduce the distortion in the cross-section area and restrain wrinkling and collapse of tube wall. In the present study, the impacts of filling different materials on the copper tubes during 3D free bending process were investigated. We have found that copper tubes filled with low melting point alloys could induce the most uniform stress distribution, which result in better formability and moderate thickness changing rates when compared to SS304 steel balls and PU rubbers. The lowest ellipticity reached to 1.467%.     

Deformation Behavior of Medium-strength TA18 High-pressure Tubes During NC Bending with Different Bending Radii

To improve the forming quality and forming limit of the numerical control (NC) bending of high-pressure titanium alloy tubes, in this study, using three-dimensional (3D) finite element method, deformation behavior of medium-strength TA18 high-pressure tubes during NC bending with different bending radii is investigated. The results show that the cross-sectional deformation and the wall thickness variation during NC bending of TA18 tubes using a small bending radius (less than 2 times of tube outside diameter) are clearly different from that using a normal bending radius (between 2 and 4 times of tube outside diameter). For bending with a normal bending radius, with or without a mandrel, the distribution of the flattening in the bending area resembles a platform and an asymmetric parabola, respectively. For bending with a small bending radius, with or without a mandrel, the flattening both distributes like a parabola, but the former has a stable peak which deflects toward the initial bending section, and the latter has a more pronounced peak with a bending angle and deflects slightly toward the bending section. The wall thickness variations with a normal bending radius, with and without a mandrel, both resemble a platform when the bending angle exceeds a certain angle. For the bending with a small radius, the distribution of the wall thickness variation without a mandrel follows an approximate parabola which increases in value as the bending angle increases. If a mandrel is used, the thickening ratio increases from the initial bending section to the bending section.     

运用弹流理论研究齿间摩擦对于齿轮弯曲疲劳强度影响

运用线接触等温弹流理论详细考察了精密轻载渐开线圆柱直齿轮在润滑良好情况下的齿间摩擦 力,研究结果表明良好的润滑会使齿间摩擦对轮齿弯曲疲劳强度的影响显著降低但仍然不可忽视。     

Plastic wrinkling model and characteristics of shear enforced Ti-alloy thin-walled tubes under combination die constraints and differential temperature fields

Plastic wrinkling predictions and shear enforced wrinkling characteristics of Ti-alloy thin-walled tubes under combination die constraints have become key problems urgently in need of solutions in order to improve forming quality in their shear bending processes under differential temperature fields. To address this, a wrinkling wave function was developed by considering their shear bend deformation characteristics. Based on this wave function and the thin shell theory, an energy prediction model for this type of wrinkling was established. This model enables considera-tion of the effects of shear deformation zone ranges, material parameters, loading modes, and fric-tion coefficients between tube and dies on the minimum wrinkling energy. Tube wrinkling sensitive zones (WSZs) can be revealed by combining this wrinkling prediction model with a thermal-mechanical coupled finite element model for simulating these bending processes. The reliability of this wrinkling prediction model was verified, and an investigation into the tube wrinkling char-acteristics was carried out based on the experimental conditions. This found that the WSZs are located on either a single side or both sides of the maximum shear stress zone. When the friction coefficients between the tube and the various dies coincide, the WSZs are located on both sides. The larger the value of the tube inner corner radius and/or the smaller the value of the outer corner radius, the smaller the wrinkling probability. With an increase in the value of the moving die dis-placement, the wrinkling probability increases at first, and then decreases.     

插入式机翼下壁板对接附加弯矩研究

插入式机翼下壁板对接具有双剪传力稳定、疲劳性能好的优点，但其结构中心线在对接区变化明显，会带来附加弯矩。为尽量减小对接区的附加弯矩，提出了在建立飞机骨架模型时即优化中央翼下翼面外形面相对外翼下翼面的位置方法。基于插入式机翼下壁板对接结构的特点，阐述了对接结构偏心的来源和附加弯矩的形成；针对某A型飞机的对接结构计算了偏心值，并利用力法对附加弯矩在对接区的分布进行了计算分析。以某A型飞机的对接结构为基础，建立了4组插入式下壁板对接结构的模型，每组模型的中央翼下翼面位置相对外翼的不同；分别用力法和有限元法对附加弯矩进行了计算。结果表明：可以通过优化中央翼下翼面外形面的相对位置达到减小对接区附加弯矩的目的。描述了另外两种下壁板对接形式的附加弯矩情况，并和插入式的进行了简单比较。最后，总结了为减小区域附加弯矩及其不利影响在对接结构设计上需要注意的点。     

Frictional behavior during cold ring compression process of aluminum alloy 5052

The friction is the considerable boundary condition in bulk metal forming. In this paper, the ring compression test was used to evaluate the friction coefficient and factor in Coulomb friction model and Tresca friction model for the plastic deformation of aluminum alloy AA5052. The micro-macro analysis method combining surface morphology and micro-texture was used to explore the friction behaviors in AA5052 cold forming process. In general, the magnitude (μ or m) of friction changes before and after a deformation threshold during ring compression. The maximum change rate of the magnitude (μ or m) before and after the deformation threshold is close to 18.5% under the present experimental conditions, and the change rate decreases with increasing loading speed. The lubrication using MoS₂ is better than that using oil at lower speeds (0.15 mm/s, 1.5 mm/s), but the lubrications for MoS₂ and oil are similar at higher speeds (15 mm/s). The surface roughness, three-dimensional topography, and surface texture of compressed ring have a sudden change around the deformation threshold, which deviate from the previous evolution trend. The increased friction after deformation threshold also promotes the formation of sufficient shear strain layer in the subsurface plane of the compressed ring, and then it hinders the formation of the typical deformation textures with β-oriented line and promotes the appearance of shear textures such as $\left\{\text{001}\right\}〈\text{110}〉$, $\left\{\text{111}\right\}〈\mathit{uvw}〉$ and $\left\{\mathit{hkl}\right\}〈110〉$ textures.     

滚动轴承非线性轴承力及其对轴承系统振动特性的影响

滚动轴承在旋转机械中应用及其广泛,其振动特性对旋转机械的正常运行有很大影响。本文基于赫兹弹性接触理论和滚动轴承运动学,推导了滚动轴承在工作状态下产生的非线性轴承力,并在此基础上对滚动轴承系统的振动特性进行了分析。研究结果表明:滚动轴承的非线性轴承力会诱发变刚度振动。系统响应中存在多种周期(谐波、次谐波和超谐波)和非周期(拟周期和混沌)响应。通过频谱图、Po incaré图和分叉图,分析了滚动轴承系统在不同参数下的周期分叉特性。当非线性轴承力和不平衡力共同作用时,滚动轴承系统会产生组合振动,随着不平衡力的增大变刚度振动所对应频率的幅值逐渐降低。      

计及芯轴变形的轴连轴承载荷分布和刚度计算

因轴连轴承高承载能力和长寿命的性能指标要求，提出三列滚动体混合式结构，通过两端圆柱滚子线接触形式提高轴承整体承载能力。为考核新型轴连轴承承载性能，基于柔性梁理论引入芯轴挠曲变形的影响，采用滚动轴承设计方法，建立新型轴连轴承力学分析模型，在此基础上研究了外载大小、外载位置和游隙因素对轴承载荷分布和刚度的影响。载荷分析表明:径向载荷增加，芯轴在各滚动体列产生的附加力矩增加，各滚动列最大接触载荷增大；载荷作用距离减小，芯轴在各滚动体列产生的附加力矩减小，各滚动体列的承载载荷明显下降；滚子列径向游隙的增加，各滚动体列的最大接触载荷增大，承载区域减小，载荷分布均匀性下降。刚度分析表明随着径向载荷增大，各滚动体列主刚度明显上升，而载荷作用距离减小和滚子列径向游隙增加，会造成各滚动体列主刚度一定程度下降。      

干滑动摩擦下SiC/Al复合材料摩擦磨损性能

采用摩擦磨损试验机研究不同滑动距离下的SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料( SiC体积含量为9%)的摩擦磨损性能。在载荷45 N(5 MPa)、转速200 r/min、转动距离分别为5000 r、10000 r以及20000 r条件下,进行连续干滑动摩擦实验。结果表明：在长程连续干滑动下,其摩擦系数变化可分为磨合区、缓慢上升区、加速上升区3个阶段;随着摩擦距离的增加,基体表面的温度急剧升高,进而发生黏着磨损,产生塑性流变区,多种摩擦方式并存使得该条件下摩擦系数与磨损量均增加。