某夹芯结构抗鸟撞分析与设计

 为了对某飞机中的挡板结构进行优化设计,以PAM-CRASH显式有限元分析软件作为平台,对某飞机中的蜂窝夹芯挡板结构地面抗鸟撞试验过程进行了数值仿真分析,并将挡板结构破坏失效的数值模拟结果与试验结果进行了对比,二者的一致性表明了抗鸟撞计算方法的合理性.在此基础上对原挡板结构设计进行改进,并利用鸟撞计算方法考核其抗鸟撞性能.最后,对改进结构进行了地面鸟撞试验.试验结果表明改进结构能够满足抗鸟撞设计要求,表明了设计方法的合理性,为飞机结构抗鸟撞设计提供了一定的技术支持.     

A numerical model for bird strike on sidewall structure of an aircraft nose

In order to examine the potential of using the coupled smooth particles hydrodynamic(SPH) and finite element(FE) method to predict the dynamic responses of aircraft structures in bird strike events, bird-strike tests on the sidewall structure of an aircraft nose are carried out and numerically simulated. The bird is modeled with SPH and described by the Murnaghan equation of state, while the structure is modeled with finite elements. A coupled SPH–FE method is developed to simulate the bird-strike tests and a numerical model is established using a commercial software PAM-CRASH. The bird model shows no signs of instability and correctly modeled the break-up of the bird into particles. Finally the dynamic response such as strains in the skin is simulated and compared with test results, and the simulated deformation and fracture process of the sidewall structure is compared with images recorded by a high speed camera. Good agreement between the simulation results and test data indicates that the coupled SPH–FE method can provide a very powerful tool in predicting the dynamic responses of aircraft structures in events of bird strike.     

基于LS-DYNA和HyperMesh的某型飞机垂尾翼尖前缘鸟撞分析

飞机的鸟撞事故是一种突发性和多发性的飞行事故,轻则飞机受损,重则机毁人亡.在飞机设计过程中,为了通过严格的适航条例,需要进行大量的鸟撞试验.随着有限元理论和计算机软、硬件的发展,利用计算机仿真技术进行飞机结构的抗鸟撞设计分析可以减少试验数量或者加强试验针对性,提高试验效率.基于LS-DYNA软件和前处理软件HyperMesh,利用光滑粒子法（SPH）与有限元耦合算法,采用带失效模型的短梁单元模拟铆钉失效,对某型飞机垂尾前缘进行鸟撞分析.通过对应力和位移结果的分析以及对沙漏能的有效控制,表明本文提出的建模方法具有满足工程要求的准确性,符合适航条例的规定.     

Layout design of thin-walled structures with lattices and stiffeners using multi-material topology optimization

In this paper, the thin-walled structures with lattices and stiffeners manufactured by additive manufacturing are investigated. A design method based on the multi-material topology optimization is proposed for the simultaneous layout optimization of the lattices and stiffeners in thin-walled structures. First, the representative lattice units of the selected lattices are equivalent to the virtual homogeneous materials whose effective elastic matrixes are achieved by the energy-based homogenization method. Meanwhile, the stiffeners are modelled using the solid material. Subsequently, the multi-material topology optimization formulation is established for both the virtual homogeneous materials and solid material to minimize the structural compliance under mass constraint. Thus, the optimal layout of both the lattices and stiffeners could be simultaneously attained by the optimization procedure. Two applications, the aircraft panel structure and the equipment mounting plate, are dealt with to demonstrate the detailed design procedure and reveal the effect of the proposed method. According to numerical comparisons and experimental results, the thin-walled structures with lattices and stiffeners have significant advantages over the traditional stiffened thin-walled structures and lattice sandwich structures in terms of static, dynamic and anti-instability performance.     

航空发动机宽弦风扇叶片鸟撞损伤模型标定

为建立航空发动机风扇叶片抗鸟撞载荷能力的量化预测方法,针对特定的航空发动机宽弦风扇叶片设计,依据发动机在典型工作状态下的吸鸟速度、角度等撞击参数开展叶片鸟撞试验,采用显式动力学数值仿真方法,建立叶片鸟撞试验仿真分析模型,并通过对模型中叶片材料参数、鸟体本构模型参数、鸟与叶片耦合接触参数进行敏感度分析,对模型进行标定.结果表明,标定后的鸟撞分析模型所预测的叶片损伤模式与试验结果一致,预测的损伤位置与试验测量结果误差小于10%.      

复合材料曲板缺陷及安装误差对屈曲性能的影响

复合材料曲板的屈曲行为对缺陷十分敏感,研究数值模拟及试验中缺陷对屈曲性能的影响对复合材料曲板的工程应用具有重要意义。应用数值模拟方法研究了常见典型缺陷及缺陷所引起的安装误差对复合材料曲板屈曲性能的影响。建立了理想曲板模型和考虑安装误差的含缺陷曲板模型,缺陷类型包括复合材料曲板在制造过程中易产生的缺陷,如倾斜、厚度不均、翘曲。计算了模型在轴压载荷下的屈曲载荷及应变分布情况,并将含缺陷模型计算结果与理想模型进行比较。研究表明：倾斜对受载曲板的应变分布改变较大,会使试验件屈曲载荷大幅下降;翘曲对受载曲板的应变分布影响不大但会使试验件屈曲载荷大幅下降;厚度不均的缺陷对曲板屈曲性能影响较小。与含典型缺陷的曲板轴压试验结果对比,试验结果与理论研究结果一致。     

Static Pull and Push Bending Properties of RTM-made TWF Composite Tee-joints

This paper deals with static pull and push bending tests on two-dimensional (2D) orthogonal EW220/5284 twill weave fabric (TWF) composite tee-joints processed with the resin transfer moulding (RTM) technique. Static pull and push bending properties are determined and failure initiation mechanism is deduced from experimental observations. The experiments show that the failure initiation load, on average, is greater for push bending than for pull bending, whereas the scatter is smaller for push bending than for pull bending. The failure mode of RTM-made tee-joints in pull bending tests can be reckoned to be characteristic of debonding of resin matrix at the interface between the triangular resin-rich zone and the curved web of tee-joint until complete separation of the curved web from the bottom plate. In contrast, as distinct from the products subject to pull bending loading, the RTM tee-joints in push bending tests experience matrix cracking and fibre fracture from outer layers to inner layers of the bottom plate until catastrophic collapse resulting from the bending. Three-dimensional finite element (FE) models are presented to simulate the load transfer path and failure initiation mechanism of RTM-made TWF composite tee-joint based on the maximum stress criterion. Good correlation between experimental and numerical results is achieved.     

二维三角晶格的Peierls相变前后的声子色散曲面的研究

利用晶格动力学理论计算了二维三角晶格的Peierls相变前后的声子能谱。并且在第一布里渊区绘制了声子色散曲面。通过对Peierls相变前后的声子能谱比较可知，随其对称性降低，声子能谱的简并度被破缺。二维三角晶格的Peierls相变前只有两支声频支声子能谱，Peierls相变后有两支声频支声子能谱与两支光频支声子能谱，并且声频支声子能谱与光频支声子能谱不相交，两支光频支声子沿ky轴平缓地变化。     

微爆索线型切割某战斗机舱盖的研究

 为了缩短弹射座椅穿盖时间,确保飞行员安全逃生, 提出了微爆索（MDC）爆炸切割技术在航空弹射救生系统中应用。首先对由黑索今(RDX)、奥克托金(HMX)、六硝基芪(HNSII)3种不同类型炸药,铅、铝两种包覆材料制作的半圆形微爆索线型切割平板航空有机玻璃（PMMA）元件进行了实验研究,观察了有机玻璃的层裂现象,确定了最佳的微爆索炸药类型、包覆材料和装药量。然后利用实验确定的微爆索方案,采用三维动态非线性显式有限元程序LS DYNA3D,对沿舱盖中央铺设的微爆索切割真实全尺寸飞机舱盖透明件进行了计算机模拟。在有限元分析中,选择ALE 算法模拟高能炸药起爆后表现出来的流体特性,定义自动面对面接触类型实现炸药与PMMA流固耦合作用,使用连续损伤动力学材料模型模拟有机玻璃在爆炸冲击波作用下的损伤行为,并伴随有层裂现象。数值模拟得到了一定的装药量对应的舱盖切割深度,与实验实测得到的结果吻合得较好。因此,平板有机玻璃元件实验可用来指导舱盖透明件实验。     

弯曲段壁面冲击发散冷却效率的实验

为了研究回流燃烧室弯曲段采用冲击发散冷却结构形式对冷却效率的影响规律,设计了多种不同几何尺寸的计算模型,采用试验方式分别对其冷却效果进行了试验研究,得出了如下结论：（1）吹风比对冷却效率影响显著,随着吹风比的增大冷却效率升高。沿整个弯曲段冷却效率呈现先增加后减小的趋势,但是变化幅度很小。（2）弯曲段冲击发散冷却结构发散孔倾角对冷却效率影响很大,冷却效率随着发散孔倾角的减小而增大。（3）发散孔纵向间距小的发散孔板冷却效率高于纵向间距大的发散孔板的冷却效率。     

涡轮盘疲劳寿命评估流程及应用

建立了较完整的涡轮盘疲劳寿命评估流程，并以一个涡轮转子模型的分析实例给出了寿命评估流程的实施过程，同时探索了涡轮盘考核部位模拟试验件设计的方法。结果表明:所建立的涡轮盘寿命评估流程具有较强的工程实用性，所发展的寿命方程参数确定方法可有效利用现有材料手册中各种材料基础试验数据并能获得一组物理意义明确的参数，此寿命方程预测的寿命精度在2倍分散带之内；通过涡轮盘计算分析发现应力梯度是影响涡轮盘中心孔、螺栓孔边以及过渡圆角等部位寿命的关键因素，需在设计过程中重点关注；通过带缺口的平板模型算例模拟了涡轮盘危险部位的应力梯度特征，实现试验件缺口部位的应力梯度与涡轮盘考核部位的相对梯度特征接近，并提供了缺口模拟试验件设计方法，为使用简单缺口试验件评估涡轮盘考核点的寿命提供了技术途径。      

弯曲段壁面冲击发散冷却结构流量系数与冷却效率的实验

为了研究回流燃烧室弯曲段采用冲击发散冷却结构时的流量系数和冷却效率,设计了多种不同几何尺寸的实验件模型,分别对其流量系数和冷却效率进行了实验研究,得出如下结论:①弯曲段冲击发散冷却结构的流量系数较小,一般不会超过0.7.发散孔倾角为40°的流量系数要小于倾角为20°和30°的流量系数,流量系数随着发散孔纵向间距比的增大而减小.②弯曲段冲击发散冷却结构的冷却效率均随着吹风比的增大而增大,其冷却效率要明显高于直板冲击发散冷却结构,且这种差异随着吹风比的增大而逐渐减弱.      

Unmanned aerial vehicle strike on a flat plate: Tests and numerical simulations

The incursion of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) into airports often occurs due to the popularity of drones, which may lead to a threat to aircraft flight safety. Therefore, estimating the dynamic impact load caused by drone strikes is essential. This paper proposes a test method with high precision and low cost involving launching of a UAV to impact a flat plate specimen by using an air gun. The test results of UAVs impacting flat plates at different impact velocities, such as the UAV damage deformation captured by a high-speed camera and strain vs time dynamic response curves of plates, were obtained and analysed. At the same time, a corresponding numerical simulation was carried out by using the explicit finite element software LS-DYNA. The predicted damage to the UAV and strain on the flat plate during the strike process were compared with the test results. The overall trend of the simulation results is in good agreement with the test results, at least for the first three milliseconds of the event. This shows that the numerical simulation model established in this paper is reasonable. The UAV numerical method established in the present paper can be used to carry out numerical simulations and evaluations of the collision safety of UAVs against large aircraft and high-value ground targets. The results show that the local deformation of the impacted target is uneven due to the distribution of concentrated mass components such as motors, battery, and camera. As the impact velocity of the UAV increases, all parts of the UAV are seriously damaged and basically in a fragmented state, and the battery is greatly deformed. The interaction between the UAV and the flat plate specimen is approximately 2.7 ms, and the UAV numerical simulation model established in this paper can well simulate the real UAV impact process.     

蜂窝平板太阳能集热器闷晒对比实验

研制了一种由聚酯薄膜制成的矩形孔蜂窝结构,并制作了蜂窝孔尺寸及壁厚不同的数块蜂窝板。对含有蜂窝结构的平板太阳能集热器与不含蜂窝结构的普通平板集热器,进行了闷晒对比实验。实验表明：蜂窝结构显著提高了平板集热器的平衡温度,且较小的蜂窝孔尺寸及薄的蜂窝孔壁厚效果更为明显;进一步的效率分析也表明∶含蜂窝板的平板集热器,其集热效率比普通平板集热器显著提高     

圆弧形榫连结构高/低循环疲劳试验研究

针对大涵道比涡扇发动机风扇叶/盘榫连结构,提出了缩比为1:2.5的圆弧形榫连结构疲劳试验方案,分别设计了高、低循环疲劳试验件及其夹具,并进行了疲劳试验验证.为了简化试验,低循环疲劳试验采用拉-拉循环加载试验方案,高循环疲劳试验则通过测定试验件1阶弯曲振型下的疲劳极限来实现.在低循环疲劳试验中,试验件结构的裂纹萌生寿命远大于60000次循环,具备足够的抗低循环疲劳能力;在高循环疲劳试验中,试验件结构在设计目标为207 MPa下通过了3×107循环的疲劳寿命考核.结果表明:圆弧形榫连结构的高、低循环疲劳试验装置设计合理,实现了预期的试验目标;所设计的圆弧形榫连结构具有良好的抗疲劳性能,满足大涵道比发动机的寿命设计目标;失效形式为由微动磨损引起的疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展.     

基体特性对HTPB推进剂力学性能的影响

按工程生产工艺要求，制得hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)固化胶片，通过控制试验环境温度（-50、-35、-20、0、20、35℃），得到了基于Prony级数形式的具有不同松弛特性的复合基体材料的松弛行为描述，为细观模型的建立提供了必要参数。随后基于分子动力学方法，结合具有内聚本构的黏接单元，建立了推进剂的细观计算模型。为验证所建数值模型的准确性，对固体推进剂在常温条件下进行宏观松弛力学试验，将仿真结果与试验数值的对比，试验结果与仿真结果相差在20%范围之内。最后对具有不同随机分布及不同基体松弛特性的推进剂细观模型进行有限元计算，结果表明:颗粒随机性不影响推进剂的宏观力学行为，而基体松弛特性显著影响固体推进剂的宏观力学性能，基体松弛特性获取环境温度与推进剂的宏观初始模量、延伸率以及强度均呈指数型关系。      

Reduction in clamping force due to applied longitudinal load to aerospace structural bolted plates

The main purpose of the present work is to experimentally and numerically study why and how the magnitude of the bolt clamping force reduces in the aerospace structural bolted plates when they are subjected to a longitudinal tensile load. In the experimental method, a holed plate of aluminium alloy 7075-T6 was clamped using a single bolt fastener, and then tested under an increasing static longitudinal tensile load. The bolt clamping magnitude was determined by using the measured axial compressive strains of a steel bush placed between the nut and plate. Two clamped specimens with different initial clamping forces were studied. In each specimen the actual clamping forces were determined during the longitudinal loading on the plate. In the numerical method, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model was generated in order to simulate and quantify the bolt clamping force in the plate model loaded in tension. Both experimental and numerical results showed that the clamping force reduces considerably in the aluminium bolted plates under the longitudinal tensile loading. This is because of the transverse contraction of the plate material that causes the clamped material to release from the initial compression, and as a result, the clamping force to relax.     

有限元法在高速碰撞模拟中的应用

在试验数据分析的基础上,应用LS-DYNA三维动力有限元程序对高速弹丸撞击铝板的三维数值模拟。通过计算结果与实验结果的比较,证明采用合理的材料参数和物理模型有限元法能够直观地分析弹靶的详细相互作用过程,且两者在宏观物理特征上基本吻合。     

多点"三明治"成形及其在风洞收缩段形体制造中的应用

大型风洞收缩段形体板厚较大,成形较困难,而风洞收缩段形体制造精度对气流品质有很大影响,由于收缩形体中各个瓣片的形状差异较大,所以采用传统模压工艺需要很多模具,势必增加成本和制造周期,因此,提出了低速风洞收缩段型面制造的一种新方法,即多点"三明治"成形方法。通过对收缩段曲面坐标变换和曲面离散,确定出多点"三明治"成形模具顶杆的高度,为了确保瓣片的尺寸加工精度,减少实验工作量,成形前,需要通过数值模拟对弹复量进行预报,试压后,测量瓣片的实际尺寸,重新调节模具顶杆的高度。研究表明,多点"三明治"成形适于制造大曲率半径曲面工件。采用此种新工艺已在一套模具上为某风洞收缩段形体制成200多种双曲率瓣片。     

纤维铺层方式对CFRP?铝合金单搭接胶接接头拉伸性能影响

为了分析异质材料胶接接头内部典型应力分布规律与刚度退化特点,探究不同铺层方式对异质材料单搭接胶接接头内部应力分布状态影响规律,开展试验和仿真相关研究。首先,制备不同铺层方式的CFRP（carbon fiber reinforce plastic）?铝合金单搭接胶接接头试验件,使用拉伸试验机进行拉伸试验,获得基本试验数据。其次,利用连续损伤模型、3D Hashin失效判据和Cohesive Zone Model研究异质材料胶接接头不同部位典型破坏特点。结果表明,随着复合材料板中0°铺层比例增加,胶接接头极限载荷呈现增加趋势,与之相反接头拉伸位移逐渐缩短。接头铺层方式与载荷方向共同影响胶接接头力学性能,当复合材料板内部各个方向纤维铺层较为均匀时,可以有效降低接头应力集中,载荷方向与铺层纤维方向一致时,可有效提高接头连接强度。复合材料板中0°铺层占比对接头的极限载荷和刚度退化（scalar stiffness degradation,SDEG）影响较大,0°占比越小接头承载能力越弱,接头刚度退化越复杂。