基于遗传算法的液体火箭发动机参数优化

建立了液体火箭发动机系统设计的仿真模型和多目标优化模型,采用组合优化策略和遗传算法,针对全流量补燃循环发动机,进行了不同设计变量和目标函数下发动机性能参数的优化,求得全局最优解.计算结果表明,遗传算法是解决该类问题的有效方法,可为其它类似发动机的优化提供一定的指导作用.      

航空活塞发动机涡轮增压系统的安全边界研究

针对高空长航时无人机的动力性和安全性要求,首先应用MATLAB/Simulink对某型一级航空活塞发动机涡轮增压系统建立联合仿真模型.模型主要分为四部分:涡轮增压器模型、发动机平均值模型、中冷器模型和废气阀模型,并根据实验数据对仿真结果进行了校核,确保模型的可行性.在此基础上从整个系统的角度出发研究活塞发动机涡轮增压系统的安全边界,通过发动机级的安全边界要求给出增压器级的安全要求,同时分析主要参数对系统安全性的影响.最后,建立基于安全边界的废气阀的调节规律,使整个活塞发动机涡轮增压系统运行在安全边界之内.结果表明:基于模型的活塞发动机涡轮增压系统的安全边界研究方法给可以给出系统安全运行边界,同时可以在保证安全的前提下为下一步改善发动机涡轮增压系统的性能提供依据,进一步在设计阶段确保系统的安全性.      

基于稀疏网格配置方法的超燃冲压发动机高维不确定性量化

为了定量化的评估和研究随机不确定性对超燃冲压发动机性能评估及优化设计可能带来的影响及其规律特征,本文基于高斯过程描述发动机工作状态及来流环境等控制参数随机误差,建立由自由来流条件、进气道压缩系统以及燃烧加热等构成的发动机输入边界不确定性表征。耦合全局敏感度分析、稀疏网格技术、概率配置方法及等压燃烧热力学分析模型,提出了面向超燃冲压发动机高维不确定性量化方法,研究量化了上述随机不确定性输入对典型超燃冲压发动机性能的影响及其不确定性传递特征。结果表明：马赫数6.0巡航条件下,发动机的比冲对进气道的压缩过程最为敏感,占比达到65%~70%,而对燃烧加热的敏感性最低,进气道压缩系统的初始压缩激波以及来流马赫数对于整个超燃冲压发动机的比推力敏感性要显著高于其他输入因素;随着燃烧室入口马赫数由2.0增大到3.0,单一因素存在5%不确定性导致的发动机比冲性能评估的不确定度由最小的5.5%快速放大到约7.63%,系统朝着不稳定的方向发展,多种随机不确定性共同作用下的发动机性能不确定性传递存在一定的耦合效应;高速进气道正常工作需要处理的空气动能与外部注入的燃料热能之比随飞行马赫数增加呈现近似2次方指数型增长,从能量流视角开展进一步的分析研究将非常有助于深度理解超燃冲压发动机性能不确定性的传递行为。     

基于失效概率的涡轮后机匣全局灵敏度分析

涡轮后机匣是航空发动机安全的关键部件,但是其具有工况复杂、不确定性因素多的缺点。为了探究输入随机变量的不确定性对涡轮后机匣结构失效概率的影响,建立参数化有限元模型进行确定性分析。考虑材料性能、几何参数及外部载荷的不确定性,对涡轮后机匣两种典型失效模式：强度失效以及刚度失效建立极限状态函数;通过构造自适应Kriging 代理模型并结合重要抽样方法评估涡轮后机匣结构失效概率,利用基于失效概率的全局灵敏度方法对涡轮后机匣结构可靠度的不确定性来源进行分析,对各输入随机变量重要性进行排序,构建一种涡轮后机匣全局灵敏度分析框架。结果表明：涡轮后机匣在两种失效模式以及系统失效模式下,发动机推力以及线性膨胀系数对结构失效概率影响最为显著,应对其重点考虑;内外机匣长度以及材料弹性模量对涡轮后机匣结构失效概率影响较小,可对其适当忽略。     

多变量气动设计问题分层协同优化

 通过验证实例分析,气动设计中精细化优化模型对设计结果收敛精度的提高有很大帮助,但同时也带来优化算法搜索困难的问题,并且由于不同类型设计变量之间的相互耦合干扰使优化难以收敛到全局最优解。于是提出基于响应均值灵敏度的概念对大规模的设计变量进行重要性分组的策略,依据设计变量分组情况应用系统分解思想对多变量设计问题进行分层协同优化来降低系统的复杂度,这既保证了精细化设计的要求,又缓解了优化算法对大规模问题搜索困难的问题。与传统气动优化方法相比,基于系统分解的分层协同优化算例有较大寻优效率和性能提升,证明了该方法的可行性。     

Comprehensive analysis of transport aircraft flight performance

This paper reviews the state-of-the art in comprehensive performance codes for fixed-wing aircraft. The importance of system analysis in flight performance is discussed. The paper highlights the role of aerodynamics, propulsion, flight mechanics, aeroacoustics, flight operation, numerical optimisation, stochastic methods and numerical analysis. The latter discipline is used to investigate the sensitivities of the sub-systems to uncertainties in critical state parameters or functional parameters. The paper discusses critically the data used for performance analysis, and the areas where progress is required.

Comprehensive analysis codes can be used for mission fuel planning, envelope exploration, competition analysis, a wide variety of environmental studies, marketing analysis, aircraft certification and conceptual aircraft design.

A comprehensive program that uses the multi-disciplinary approach for transport aircraft is presented. The model includes a geometry deck, a separate engine input deck with the main parameters, a database of engine performance from an independent simulation, and an operational deck. The comprehensive code has modules for deriving the geometry from bitmap files, an aerodynamics model for all flight conditions, a flight mechanics model for flight envelopes and mission analysis, an aircraft noise model and engine emissions. The model is validated at different levels. Validation of the aerodynamic model is done against the scale models DLR-F4 and F6. A general model analysis and flight envelope exploration are shown for the Boeing B-777-300 with GE-90 turbofan engines with intermediate passenger capacity (394 passengers in 2 classes). Validation of the flight model is done by sensitivity analysis on the wetted area (or profile drag), on the specific air range, the brake-release gross weight and the aircraft noise. A variety of results is shown, including specific air range charts, take-off weight–altitude charts, payload-range performance, atmospheric effects, economic Mach number and noise trajectories at F.A.R. landing points.     

Dynamic behavior of aero-engine rotor with fusing design suffering blade off

Fan blade off(FBO) from a running turbofan rotor will introduce sudden unbalance into the dynamical system,which will lead to the rub-impact,the asymmetry of rotor and a series of interesting dynamic behavior.The paper first presents a theoretical study on the response excited by sudden unbalance.The results reveal that the reaction force of the bearing located near the fan could always reach a very high value which may lead to the crush of ball,journal sticking,high stress on the other components and some other failures to endanger the safety of engine in FBO event.Therefore,the dynamic influence of a safety design named ‘‘fusing" is investigated by mechanism analysis.Meantime,an explicit FBO model is established to simulate the FBO event,and evaluate the effectiveness and potential dynamic influence of fusing design.The results show that the fusing design could reduce the vibration amplitude of rotor,the reaction force on most bearings and loads on mounts,but the sudden change of support stiffness induced by fusing could produce an impact effect which will couple with the influence of sudden unbalance.Therefore,the implementation of the design should be considered carefully with optimized parameters in actual aero-engine.     

多用途战斗机/涡扇发动机一体化循环参数优化

 针对多用途战斗机的特点,发展了基于飞/发一体化的涡扇发动机循环参数优化设计模型和相应的计算程序,优化设计模型中包括双变量控制涡扇发动机特性计算模型、进排气系统安装特性计算模型、飞机气动特性分析模型、重量组成分析模型、任务剖面分析模型、约束分析与任务分析模型和优化计算模型等。重点研究了多用途战斗机约束边界的获得方法,利用多岛遗传算法和自适应模拟退火优化算法,分别对现役多用途战斗机、不加力超声速巡航多用途战斗机以及下一代先进多用途战斗机用涡扇发动机循环参数进行了优化计算,对计算结果进行了分析,获得了对多用途战斗机用涡扇发动机循环参数选择有指导意义的结论。     

转子非包容失效安全性的计算机辅助分析方法

 转子非包容失效是威胁飞机飞行安全的典型特殊风险之一,为了分析其对飞机安全性的影响,开发了转子非包容失效安全性分析系统(URFSAS)。将飞机功能危险分析(FHA)中的灾难性功能危险与故障树分析(FTA)中的底事件及飞机数字样机中的设备模型形成映射关系,建立了需求信息关系模型。在CATIA环境下基于Monte Carlo法以随机飞散角和平动角对转子碎片及其扫掠路径作空间几何变换,基于区域划分和层次包围盒法检测失效的飞机设备,通过故障树最小割集与仿真结果数据的对比分析,实现了对转子非包容失效所触发最小割集的识别和安全性的定量分析。最后,以某型飞机的应用实例分析,表明了该系统的有效性和实用性。     

Safety Analysis of Flow Parameters in a Rotor-stator Cavity

In order to ensure the safety of engine life limited parts (ELLP) according to airworthiness regulations, a numerical approach integrating one-way fluid structure interaction (FSI) and probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) is developed, by which the variation of flow parameters in a rotor-stator cavity on the safety of gas turbine disks is investigated. The results indicate that the flow parameters affect the probability of fracture of a gas turbine disk since they can change the distribution of stress and temperature of the disk. The failure probability of the disk rises with increasing rotation Reynolds number and Chebyshev number, but descends with increasing inlet Reynolds number. In addition, a sampling based sensitivity analysis with finite difference method is conducted to determine the sensitivities of the safety with respect to the flow parameters. The sensitivity estimates show that the rotation Reynolds number is the dominant variable in safety analysis of a rotor-stator cavity among the flow parameters.     

基于Simscape模型的航空发动机系统安全性分析方法

针对航空发动机系统安全性分析中的耦合情况,研究基于Simscape模型的航空发动机耦合故障建模和安全性分析问题。在基于模型的安全性分析(MBSA)故障拓展一般特点的基础上,分析了Simscape环境下进行故障外部拓展和建模语言内部故障拓展两种方式,以建立耦合故障模型。以全权限数字式发动机控制(FADEC)主燃油控制子系统为研究示例,进行独立和耦合故障形式化系统安全性分析。结果表明:航空发动机系统安全分析Simscape模型基于系统设计环境,可直接成为系统设计和安全性分析共同的工具,便于保证设计和安全性分析的一致性;该模型拓展方法和建模语言,从故障数学原理出发,对实际系统不同物理域的组件独立和耦合故障特性具有灵活和定量描述能力;由此拓展的故障模型下的安全性分析具有形式化、直观性和客观性的优势。      

航空发动机安全边界与“即用性”燃料认证方法

在航空替代燃料缺乏足够飞行数据,几乎不可能通过有限发动机和飞行实验来评价其安全特性状况下,研究开发了一种简便却可保证适航安全性的方法来研究航空替代燃料的安全性能.“即用性”航空替代燃料被认为是发动机更换最频繁的部件,从而采用相似类比、使用经验方法来验证“即用性”燃料的适航符合性.以航空煤油实际使用经验为基准,提炼燃料性能、燃料系统、燃烧性能、发动机性能、飞机性能5个层次上参数化描述的安全边界,与通过航空替代燃料在5个层次上得到的工作边界进行相似类比,从而预测发动机使用替代燃料的安全性.该方法提炼了替代燃料在发动机安全性上的判定准则,还降低了认证流程的燃料成本和时间成本.      

Adaptive modification of turbofan engine nonlinear model based on LSTM neural networks and hybrid optimization method

An accurate and reliable turbofan engine model which can describe its dynamic behavior within the full flight envelop and lifecycle plays a critical role in performance optimization, controller design and fault diagnosis. However, due to the performance differences caused by the tolerance of engine manufacturing and assembly, and performance degradation during continuously stringent environmental regulations, the model accuracy is severely reduced. In this paper, an adaptive modification method of turbofan engine nonlinear Component-Llevel Model (CLM) based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Neural Network (NN) and hybrid optimization algorithm is pro-posed. First, a dynamic compensator with a combined LSTM NN architecture is constructed to compensate for the initial error between the experimental data and CLM of a turbofan engine under health condition. Then, a sensitivity analysis approach based on the entropy coefficient and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution integrated evaluation is developed to choose the unmeasurable health parameters to be adjusted. Finally, a parallel hybrid optimization algorithm is developed to complete the adaptive model modification when the performance degrades. The proposed method is verified on a military low-bypass twin-spool turbofan engine, and the experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于模态信息的叶盘结构失谐识别方法鲁棒性研究

为有效运用整体叶盘结构失谐识别技术,针对一种以模态信息作为输入参数的识别方法进行了鲁棒性方面的研究.推导了该方法中识别参数对各输入参数的灵敏度公式,利用灵敏度分析的结果,可以明确各个输入参数的重要程度,为实际运用中获取输入参数信息提供指导;另外也可对识别结果的准确度作进一步的分析评价,为可靠的使用该识别方法提供保障.      

面向航空发动机推力控制的大气参数测量系统设计

为了实现多发飞机推力控制匹配要求,以及提升机载控制参数测量可靠性要求,设计了一套适用于多发飞机的机载环 境大气参数测量系统。通过对发动机推力控制需求和适航相关要求的分析,确定了系统设计原则,利用飞机和发动机的有限硬件 资源,提出了一种适用于多发飞机的多余度机载环境大气参数测量系统架构。针对不同来源的信号,分别设计了相应信号故障诊 断算法、表决算法以及多源信号故障切换逻辑,保证系统在信号发生故障时可及时切换到健康余度。通过仿真和试验对测量系统 在信号发生故障时的容错能力进行了验证,结果表明：系统余度设计合理,故障诊断和表决逻辑有效,环境大气参数测量的可靠性 和安全性得到了提升;当信号发生故障时,可实现故障重构,且切换过程产生的推力变化小于3%。     

Reliability and global sensitivity analysis for an airplane slat mechanism considering wear degradation

This paper focuses on the issue of reliability and global sensitivity analysis for an airplane slat mechanism considering the uncertainties in the wear process of mechanical components. First, the multi-body kinematic model of the slat mechanism is built in the ADAMS software. The geometrical sizes of the roller wheels after wear degradation are considered as input variables and the angle the slat should turn is considered as the output response. To accurately identify the influential roller wheels to the reliability and robustness of the slat mechanism, the failure probability based sensitivity and variance-based sensitivity indices are introduced. Comprehensive analysis of the results have shown that the reliability analysis and global sensitivity theory can help engineers find significant parts by their contributions, thus provide guidance for mechanical design and maintenance.     

Uncertainty analysis and design optimization of hybrid rocket motor powered vehicle for suborbital flight

In this paper, we propose an uncertainty analysis and design optimization method and its applications on a hybrid rocket motor(HRM) powered vehicle. The multidisciplinary design model of the rocket system is established and the design uncertainties are quantified. The sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties shows that the uncertainty generated from the error of fuel regression rate model has the most significant effect on the system performances. Then the differences between deterministic design optimization(DDO) and uncertainty-based design optimization(UDO) are discussed. Two newly formed uncertainty analysis methods, including the Kriging-based Monte Carlo simulation(KMCS) and Kriging-based Taylor series approximation(KTSA), are carried out using a global approximation Kriging modeling method. Based on the system design model and the results of design uncertainty analysis, the design optimization of an HRM powered vehicle for suborbital flight is implemented using three design optimization methods: DDO, KMCS and KTSA. The comparisons indicate that the two UDO methods can enhance the design reliability and robustness. The researches and methods proposed in this paper can provide a better way for the general design of HRM powered vehicles.In this paper,we propose an uncertainty analysis and design optimization method and its applications on a hybrid rocket motor(HRM)powered vehicle.The multidisciplinary design model of the rocket system is established and the design uncertainties are quantified.The sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties shows that the uncertainty generated from the error of fuel regression rate model has the most significant effect on the system performances.Then the differences between deterministic design optimization(DDO)and uncertainty-based design optimization(UDO)are discussed.Two newly formed uncertainty analysis methods,including the Kriging-based Monte Carlo simulation(KMCS)and Kriging-based Taylor series approximation(KTSA),are carried out using a global approximation Kriging modeling method.Based on the system design model and the results of design uncertainty analysis,the design optimization of an HRM powered vehicle for suborbital flight is implemented using three design optimization methods:DDO,KMCS and KTSA.The comparisons indicate that the two UDO methods can enhance the design reliability and robustness.The researches and methods proposed in this paper can provide a better way for the general design of HRM powered vehicles.     

推进剂利用系统对液体火箭发动机性能的影响分析

建立了带有推进剂利用系统的泵式压液体火箭发动机稳态工况的非线性数学模型，用非线性优化方法和小偏差方法计算分析了推进剂利用系统调节阀所控制的燃料流量对液体火箭发动机性能的影响，并对比分析了计算结果。所得结论可用于泵压式液体火箭发动机的控制和调节、试验结果分析、可靠性分析、故障分析，也可用于揭示发动机参数随各种干扰因素的变化规律。     

选择发动机最佳循环参数的一体化方法研究

 航空发动机是飞机的动力装置,它的性能、重量、尺寸都对飞机性能有显著影响。本文从系统工程的观点出发,综合考虑飞机、发动机性能的相互影响和匹配,提出了以最好地满足飞机飞行任务为目标,选择发动机最佳循环参数和调节计划的一体化方法。 本文的应用实例是歼击机动力改型时优选加力发动机的最佳设计方案。计算结果表明:飞机飞行任务不同、改型要求不同、约束条件不同,发动机最佳方案的类型、循环参数和调节计划也完全不同。因此,一体化选择方法具有重要实际意义。     

两种基于方差的全局灵敏度分析W指标改进算法

在全局灵敏度分析(SA)中,基于方差的灵敏度分析指标(包括Sobol指标和W指标)应用广泛。其中Sobol指标是将输入随机变量固定于特定点时,求得其对输出响应量的平均影响;而W指标求解当输入随机变量在各自分布区间上缩减变化时,输入变量对输出响应量的影响程度。相比Sobol指标,W指标所反映的信息更加全面。但目前对W指标的求解方法还比较欠缺,双层重复抽样蒙特卡罗(DLRS MC)方法和双层一次抽样蒙特卡罗(DLSS MC)方法是两种传统的求解方法。针对W指标的求解问题,提出了两种新算法:改进的蒙特卡罗模拟(AMCS)和基于稀疏网格积分(SGI)的方法。AMCS只需抽取一组样本便可计算出所有变量的各阶W指标,由于该方法是通过筛选策略来计算条件区间上的方差,避免了DLSS MC法中由于小数取整带来的计数误差,从而提高了计算W指标的精度。基于SGI的方法则利用稀疏网格积分来计算三重矩进而得到W指标,由于该方法继承了稀疏网格积分的高效性,因而进一步提高了W指标的计算效率。最后,给出了两个数值算例和一个工程算例,用于验证所提方法求解W指标的准确性和高效性。