A New Single-blade Based Hybrid CFD Method for Hovering and Forward-flight Rotor Computation

A hybrid Euler/full potential/Lagrangian wake method,based on single-blade simulation,for predicting unsteady aerodynamic flow around helicopter rotors in hover and forward flight has been developed.In this method,an Euler solver is used to model the near wake evolution and transonic flow phenomena in the vicinity of the blade,and a full potential equation(FPE) is used to model the isentropic potential flow region far away from the rotor,while the wake effects of other blades and the far wake are incorporated into the flow solution as an induced inflow distribution using a Lagrangian based wake analysis.To further reduce the execution time,the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) solution and rotor wake analysis(including induced velocity up-date) are conducted parallelly,and a load balancing strategy is employed to account for the information exchange between two solvers.By the developed method,several hover and forward-flight cases on Caradonna-Tung and Helishape 7A rotors are per-formed.Good agreements of the loadings on blade surface with available measured data demonstrate the validation of the method.Also,the CPU time required for different computation runs is compared in the paper,and the results show that the pre-sent hybrid method is superior to conventional CFD method in time cost,and will be more efficient with the number of blades increasing.     

先进直升机旋翼悬停状态气动性能计算

 为更好地模拟先进直升机旋翼流场,同时准确计算其悬停状态的气动性能,建立了一套基于Navier-Stokes/Euler方程的混合CFD方法。该方法的求解域由两部分组成：一是围绕旋翼桨叶周围的黏性区域,采用可压缩Navier-Stokes方程来模拟旋翼附近的黏性流动和近场尾涡的捕捉;二是离桨叶较远、黏性可以忽略的远场区域,用Euler方程来描述其流动。在该方法中,将三阶逆风格式（MUSCL）与通量差分分裂方法相结合,无需添加人工黏性,因而可有效地减少旋翼尾迹数值耗散。?阌诹鞒》智蠼庖约爸芷谛员呓缣跫氖凳?采用了嵌套网格方法,并给出旋翼网格与背景网格交界面的信息传递方式。应用所建立的计算方法,首先对二维翼型、三维M6机翼的流场进行了数值模拟,以验证计算方法;然后,着重计算了有实验结果可供对比的具有先进气动外形的HELISHAPE 7A模型旋翼和UH-60A直升机旋翼,通过计算得到旋翼表面压力分布、桨叶展向拉力系数分布、桨叶表面细节流动以及气动性能等,进一步验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于涡限制法的旋翼气动噪声计算

在直升机旋翼流动的数值模拟中,流动求解精度对旋翼气动噪声的预测有着重要影响.采用中心格式有限体积法求解可压缩Euler方程数值模拟旋翼绕流,并采用基于Ffowcs Williams- Hawkings( FW-H)方程的声类比方法计算旋翼气动噪声.为了抑制中心格式的数值耗散,保持机翼翼尖以及旋翼桨尖的尾涡结构,引入了涡...     

悬停共轴双旋翼干扰流动数值模拟

基于非结构动态嵌套网格方法,通过求解三维非定常Euler方程对悬停共轴双旋翼直升机的复杂流场进行了数值模拟研究.双旋翼之间的干扰使得两者的拉力性能下降,上旋翼对下旋翼的干扰程度远大于下旋翼对上旋翼的影响程度.下旋翼处的下洗速度比单旋翼的要大得多,而上旋翼的下洗速度比单旋翼的略大一些,几乎相同.桨叶总星巨角增加,则下洗速...     

Hover performance of helicopter main and tail rotors with swirl velocities

It is important to quickly predict the hover performance of main and tail rotors with sufficient precision for helicopter design. To investigate the effects of swirl velocities on the hover performance of main and tail rotors, and give a better prediction for the hover performance, a flight performance model was derived and a swirl velocity model was coupled into it. The test data of the UH-60A helicopter were used for validation. When the blade loading coefficient of the main rotor was higher than 005, the effects of the swirl velocities on the main rotor power became significant. The swirl velocities increased the profile torque of the main rotor. The increased torque required the tail rotor to produce more thrust with more power consumption. At a higher blade loading coefficient of the main rotor of 012, the swirl velocities increased the main rotor power, tail rotor power and total power by 380%, 524% and 508%, respectively. The profile power increase of the main rotor caused by the profile swirl velocity was less than that of the induced swirl velocity, but the power increase was higher at high rotor blade loadings. Considering the swirl velocities in the main rotor can improve the prediction precision of the hover performance, especially at high blade loadings      

Effects of blade aspect ratio and taper ratio on hovering performance of cycloidal rotor with large blade pitching amplitude

In recent years, a lot of research work has been carried out on the cycloidal rotors. However, it lacks thorough understanding about the effects of the blade platform shape on the hover efficiency of the cycloidal rotor, and the knowledge of how to design the platform shape of the blades. This paper presents a numerical simulation model based on Unsteady ReynoldsAveraged Navier–Stokes equations(URANSs), which is further validated by the experimental results. The effects of blade aspect ratio and taper ratio are analyzed, which shows that the cycloidal rotors with the same chord length have quite similar performance even though the blade aspect ratio varies from a very small value to a large one. By comparing the cycloidal rotors with different taper ratios, it is found that the rotors with large blade taper ratio outperform those with small taper ratio. This is due to the fact that the blade with larger taper ratio has longer chord and hence better efficiency. The analysis results show that the unsteady aerodynamic effects due to blade pitching motion play a more important role in the efficiency than the blade platform shape. Therefore we should pay more attention to the blade airfoil and pitching motion than the blade platform shape.The main contributions of this paper include: the analysis of the effects of aspect ratio and taper ratio on the hover efficiency of cycloidal rotor based on both the experimental and numerical simulation results; the finding of the main influencing factors on the hover efficiency; the qualitative guidance on how to design the blade platform shape for cycloidal rotors.     

旋翼表面非定常压力脉动计算的三维自由尾迹非定常面元法

利用最新发展的高分辨率三维自由尾迹非定常面元方法计算多叶片直升机旋翼的三维非定常气动力，将风洞实验数据与旋翼在悬停和出现严重桨涡干扰的低速前飞下滑状态下的计算结果进行了比较，在悬停时，还与欧拉方法的结果进行了比较，本方法与欧拉方法的结果以及风洞实验结果都吻合很好。     

Aerodynamic/aeroacoustic variable-fidelity optimization of helicopter rotor based on hierarchical Kriging model

Rotor noise is one of the most important reasons for restricting helicopter development; hence, the optimization design of rotor blade considering aeroacoustic and aerodynamic performance at the same time has always been the focus of research attention. For complex rotor design problems with a large number of design variables, the efficiency of the traditional Kriging model needs to be improved. Thus, Hierarchical Kriging (HK) model is employed in this study for rotor optimization design. By using the validated RANS solver and acoustic method based on the FW–H_pds equation, an efficient aerodynamic/aeroacoustic optimization method for high-dimensional problem of rotors in hover based on HK model is developed. By using present HK model and new infill-sampling criteria, the number of design variables is increased from less than 20–53. Results of two analytical function test cases show that the HK model is efficient and accurate in calculation. Subsequently, the helicopter rotor blade is optimally designed for aerodynamic/aeroacoustic performance in hover based on the HK model with high dimensional design variables. The objective function is adopted to improve the rotational noise characteristics by reducing the absolute peak of the acoustic pressure. In addition, the constraints of thrust, hover efficiency, solidity, and airfoils thickness are strictly satisfied. Optimization results show that the Kriging model finds the objective of reducing the noise by 2.87 dB after 248 iterations while the HK model does it only after 164 iterations. The optimization efficiency of the HK model is significantly higher than that of the traditional Kriging model. In the case analyzed, the HK model saves 35% of the time used by the Kriging model.     

A weak coupling method between the dynamics code HOST and the 3D unsteady Euler code WAVES

This paper presents a weak coupling method between the HOST dynamics code and the WAVES Euler aerodynamic solver for computing the trim of a flexible rotor in steady forward flight. The coupling can be applied on the lift, the pitching moment and the drag variables which are introduced as corrections to the simplified aerodynamics used in HOST. On the other hand, the blades motion and deformation are taken into account in WAVES by a deforming grid approach. Applications to the 7A and 7AD model rotors show that a simultaneous coupling on these 3 parameters is required in order to obtain a converged solution independent of the simplified aerodynamic model used in HOST. The coupled solution provides significant improvements on the pitching moment and torsion prediction, but further work is necessary to obtain an improved solution for the remaining parameters.     

用多重网格方法计算旋翼跨声速无粘流场

发展了一种加快悬停旋翼无粘流场计算收敛速度的多重网格方法。由于悬停旋翼流场中存在不可压区域，同时旋翼尾涡系统的发展需要较长的时间，使得旋翼流场的收敛速度远低于固定翼流场，因此研究旋翼流场的多重网格算法具有重要意义。空间离散格式采用了中心有限体积方法，时间推进应用了五步龙格-库塔法。采用3层网格的V循环，对一跨声速悬停旋翼无粘流场进行了数值计算。计算结果表明：尽管多重网格方法对旋翼流场的加速收敛作用不如对固定翼流场的加速收敛效果，但是多重网格方法仍然可以显著地加快旋翼流场收敛。     

悬停旋翼的约束尾迹分析

本文把约束尾迹分析的设想实施于悬停情形而发展出悬停旋翼的约束尾迹分析法(CWAHR),其中引用了升力线理论,“自守尾迹”假设及加速畸变格式,并从预定尾迹方程中导出尾迹边界的双段指数律为几何约束条件。CWAHR收敛性好,简便易行,既节省工作量又能达到较高精度,进一步完善后可成为直升机旋翼悬停载荷、流场及性能分析计算的通用方法。     

直升机旋翼悬停流场的欧拉方程计算

描述了三维Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程数值模拟旋翼悬停流场的过程,欧拉方程的求解采用了风格中心有限体积法、五步Ｒｕｎｇｅ－Ｋｕｔｔａ时间推进格式。     

基于数值优化方法的跨声速压气机掠动叶设计

开发了求解雷诺平均N-S方程的三维流场模拟程序和数值优化程序，对流场求解程序进行了实验验证，并对跨声速压气机动叶弦向掠进行了优化设计。优化所得前掠叶片可以有效地改善端壁附近流动状况，削弱激波强度，减少尾迹损失，提高整体效率，但叶展中部流动恶化。优化后的叶片改善了压气机变工况性能。结果表明，该优化设计方法是可行的。     

基于PIV技术的纵列式双旋翼尾迹特性实验研究

将现有单旋翼实验台进行改装,以适合于纵列式双旋翼的实验研究。基于PIV技术,针对悬停和前飞状态下的纵列式双旋翼时的桨尖涡特性进行了测量。通过改变前后旋翼的水平和轴向间距,调整两旋翼之间的重叠区域,研究了不同气动布局纵列式双旋翼干扰状态下的尾迹结构,并与单旋翼进行了对比。结果表明:悬停状态,随两旋翼纵向间距的增加,桨尖涡的轴向位移也逐渐增大,但桨尖涡径向位移并不是随纵向间距的改变而规律变化,在纵向间距为1.8R附近时最小;而双旋翼轴向间距的变化对桨尖涡的径向和轴向位移均有影响,但变化都不是很大。     

基于重叠网格技术和多重网格算法的悬停旋翼粘性绕流数值模拟

发展了一种基于重叠网格的多重网格算法,并应用于悬停旋翼粘性绕流的Navier-Stokes方程数值模拟.多重网格算法在重叠网格上实施主要面临如下两个问题:粗网格间几何关系的建立,即洞单元、边界单元的确定;洞边界存在的情况下如何进行粗细网格间流场信息的传递.本文针对以上问题给出了相应的解决方案.采用两层网格的V循环,应用有限体积法对一跨声速悬停旋翼粘性流场进行了数值计算.计算结果表明该多重网格方法可以显著加快悬停旋翼粘性流场数值解收敛速度,加速比约为3.     

悬停状态共轴双旋翼桨叶扭转气动特性

针对桨叶气动性能的提高,建立了一套基于悬停状态的共轴双旋翼桨叶扭转设计方法.在该方法中,设定单旋翼桨叶扭转几何安装角,通过仿真验证,合理的桨叶扭转,可提高旋翼性能7.0%;根据桨尖涡对桨叶的影响,以及共轴双旋翼气动特性,分别对桨尖几何安装角及上下旋翼几何安装角进行修正,实现悬停状态共轴双旋翼桨叶扭转设计.最后,对所设计的共轴双旋翼进行模拟仿真,结果表明该扭转翼较未经扭转的矩形翼升力提高了10.3%.      

新型桨尖旋翼悬停气动性能试验及数值研究

通过旋翼台试验和数值模拟方法对具有China Laboratory of Rotorcraft（CLOR）桨尖旋翼的悬停气动性能进行研究。为进行对比研究,共设计完成3副模型旋翼,分别为参考的矩形桨叶、常后掠桨尖的桨叶以及具有CLOR桨尖气动外形的桨叶。在模型旋翼台上进行这3副模型旋翼在不同转速、不同桨叶安装角条件下的旋翼拉力和扭矩测量;数值计算是采用一个基于Narier-Stokes方程／自由尾迹分析／全位势方程的旋翼流场求解的混合计算流体力学（CFD）方法进行的,计算结果与试验结果显示出较好的一致性。在此基础上,数值模拟了在旋翼试验台上很难开展的高速旋转试验状态。最后,根据试验和数值结果,对比分析具有CLOR新型桨尖旋翼与矩形桨尖以及常后掠桨尖旋翼的悬停气动性能,得出关于非常规气动外形桨尖对旋翼气动特性的影响机理,初步体现了CLOR桨尖旋翼具有良好的悬停性能。     

悬停状态旋翼间干扰对四旋翼升力影响分析

四旋翼无人机旋翼间干扰对旋翼升力产生较大影响。建立考虑旋翼直径、弦长、变桨距、转速等因素的适用于四旋翼飞行器的等效盘模型。对该模型添加动量源,在Fluent中计算孤立单旋翼悬停状态下不同转速的旋翼升力,并与实验数据进行对比,验证等效盘模型的有效性。使用上述方法,计算和分析悬停状态时不同旋翼间距下旋翼间的相互干扰对四旋翼升力的影响。结果表明:相同转速下,旋翼间距越小,旋翼间干扰越强烈,升力损失越大。     

用强耦合RANS方法模拟旋翼悬停流场

在旋转坐标系下,将Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)一方程湍流模型和Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes(RANS)方程耦合成一个新的RANS方程,并发展了基于多块重叠网格的强耦合RANS求解方法,用于直升机旋翼悬停流场的数值模拟.为了提高计算效率,针对多重网格方法在多块重叠网格上实施的困难,提出了一种基于重叠网格的多重网格实施方法.通过对Caradonna-Tung(C-T)和ONERA 7A旋翼悬停算例验证了发展的强耦合RANS方法和基于重叠网格的多重网格实施方法的有效性.研究结果表明:发展的基于重叠网格的多重网格方法有较高的计算效率,3层网格的加速比约为7.7;强耦合RANS法的计算精度明显高于传统的松耦合RANS方法,特别是在与阻力相关性能参数的预测中,强耦合RANS方法的预测结果更加精确.     

悬停状态直升机桨叶扭转分布的优化数值计算

建立了一套基于高精度计算流体力学(CFD)技术和代理模型优化算法的旋翼气动外形设计方法。在该方法中,旋翼流场气动性能的计算采用了基于Navier-Stokes/Euler方程的CFD方法,并根据流场特点、精度和效率的要求采用Baldwin-Lomax(B-L)湍流模型,通量计算采用Roe-MUSCL格式进行。为提高网格生成质量和便于流场控制方程的求解,将流场分成两个区域,即围绕旋翼的黏性区和无黏的背景网格区。其中,桨叶网格使用了基于二维翼型网格的参数化方法生成,数值计算结果表明该方法有效地提高了网格生成质量及效率。在参考旋翼流场及桨叶细节流动分析的基础上给出设计变量及范围,有效减小了优化问题的规模;为满足优化和机理分析的需要,将基于置换遗传算法优化的拉丁超立方(PermGA LHS)方法和径向基函数(RBF)的代理模型优化方法引入到桨叶外形的优化设计中。首先以Helishape 7A旋翼为算例,检验了数值模拟方法的准确性。然后,应用所建立的优化方法针对旋翼负扭转分布进行了优化计算,结果表明优化后的旋翼悬停气动性能比优化前有了明显提高。