US, Russian suits serve diverse EVA goals

U.S. astronauts and Russian cosmonauts both use space suits when performing extravehicular activity (EVA), but these have been developed independently due to the diverse goals of each country's space program. The current versions of the U.S. and Russian space suits were compared when the author tested both suits on the same day. The similarities and differences are noted, as well as the strengths and limitations of each. Determination of the compatibility of these suits is important as increased cooperation between the U.S. and Russia has occurred (for example, astronauts and cosmonauts are flying together on Shuttle/Mir missions) and as the international space station becomes reality.     

Conversations. With Norman Thagard [interview by Johan Benson

This article is an interview with U.S. astronaut Norman Thagard. He was on the Russian Mir 18 mission. Launched to the space station from Baikonur on March 14, 1995, he returned to Earth on the Shuttle 115 days later. With the completion of that mission, Thagard holds the U.S. record for the most time spent in space. Topics of discussion during the interview include: the cultural isolation faced by an American astronaut on a Russian space facility; the physiological and psychological effects of long-duration space flight; the problems of loss of bone and the radiation environment; readaptation to gravity on Earth; and, recommendations to the designers of the Alpha station.     

Space Station power requirements and issues

This paper provides an overview of the Space Station configuration and summarizes the requirements, architecture, and significant challenges associated with the electrical power system (EPS). The Space Station configuration was baselined during the systems design review (SDR) process in March, 1994. The current configuration includes the addition of Russia as an international partner, resulting in major changes to the assembly sequence, pressurized module complement, and overall power architecture. The Russian contributions to the power system architecture, as well as an-overview and development status of the US provided elements is presented. Finally, a planned flight demonstration of solar dynamic power system on the Mir as part of the first phase of US/Russian cooperation in human space flight is described     

A rendezvous navigation algorithm for orbit determination, based on visual measurements by space vehicle crew members

At present, various radio navigation systems are employed during the automated approach of a transport vehicle to a space station. Experience has shown that emergency situations can occur in which it is necessary to revert to manual override of the automatic approach.Such situations have indeed occurred during flight operations of the space station Mir. The crews of the transport vehicles and the Mir used manual steering more than 30 times for successful docking, and four times for approach to the station.Successful manual steering demands absolute understanding of the relative orbit parameters. The decisive task of the crew is to determine these relative parameters. This is possible using visual observations from either the transport vehicle or the station using simple and reliable instruments. This article explains the algorithm for determining the relative orbits from visual crew observations, based on similarities of relative orbit families.     

Some Aspects of SST Airborne Equipment Application

This paper begins with a review of the advantages of SSTs over subsonic aircraft for long-range travel in Russia. It then describes the navigation and control equipment used in the Russian SST. the TU-144. The reliability of this automatic navigation and control equipment (as well as other equipment) is increased through the use of redundant components. Weight, space, and serviceability requirements and their effect on equipment design are discussed.     

Learning from Mir's mishaps

Problems on Mir during 1997 are reviewed and their impact on continued use of the station and long-term presence of American astronauts is explored. Changes in U.S.-Russian communication are noted.     

Radar nomenclature

Like much of the equipment used by the armed forces, both civil and military radar systems may be allocated an identification resolved from a synonym, mnemonic, project name, number, application notation, or specialised nomenclature and sometimes may even be based upon the whims of an intelligence reporting service. Of these, mnemonics are very popular; whilst of designation systems used by the US armed forces is probably best known, whilst the Russian system is least understood. Other well-known identification systems and schemes are those employed in Sweden, France, and the UK and are amplified in this article.     

民用飞机辅助发电机多功能试验装置的设计与实现

根据民用飞机辅助发电机(APU GEN)试验需求,设计并实现了专用于APU GEN试验的APU GEN多功能试验装置,该装置可远程操控,不仅具有冷却功能和加热保温功能,而且还具有润滑油流量连续可调节功能、联锁控制以及保护功能,能较好地满足APU GEN的试验需求。该装置的成功实现,不仅保障了民用飞机电源系统设计验证工作,而且还积累了我国民用飞机电源系统试验配套设施研制经验,对我国民用飞机电源系统试验具有重要的指导意义。     

Materials samples face rigors of space

The Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE) is described. This project is designed to conduct long duration materials tests on samples attached to the ISS. A batch of 750 material samples were delivered on STS-105 and attached to the ISS airlock. They will be exposed to the space environment for 18 months and are slated to return on STS-114. A second batch of 750 samples is being prepared. The experiment containers were used originally for the Mir Environmental Effects Payload, which tested a variety of substances, including some slated for use on the ISS. Researchers are particularly interested in the effects of atomic oxygen on the samples. Some samples are being tested to determine their use in radiation protection. As part of the MISSE project, ultrathin tether materials are being tested for use on the Propulsive Small Expendable Depoloyer System (ProSEDS), which will use a tether system to change a satellite's orbital altitude.     

俄汉语词汇的民族文化语义

在俄汉语词汇中，由于不同的历史条件，不同的情景而致每个词汇除它的基本词义外都会有独特的语义，带有民族文化特点的语义．本文把俄汉语词汇分为同义型、歧义型、特义型来阐明它们在民族文化语义上的异同．     

计量标准设备期间核查方法探讨

期间核查是保证校准实验室计量标准设备性能可靠的重要手段,对实验室标准设备实施期间核查是实验室管理中重要的组成部分,本文介绍了实验室计量标准设备期间核查常用的几种方法并结合实例加以验证.     

基于BP神经网络的飞机装备维护人员综合素质评估

在分析了影响维护人员素质的因素后提出了基于BP神经网络对维护人员综合素质进行评估的方法.利用BP神经网络建立了维护人员综合素质的评价模型,并通过使用改进算法进行了训练.训练测试的结果表明,该方法具有较高的可行性和有效性,为全面评估维护人员的素质提供了一种方法.     

时统信号数字信道传输误差分析与研究

通过对时统信号的理论分析和实际测试验证,准确地分析出时统信号经数字信道传输产生的误差来源于信道的群时延失真和增益频率特性的影响,同时提出了克服传输误差的三种方法：第一种是改善时统信号特性的发送补偿法,已在现有设备上通过修改编码软件方法实现;第二种是改善信道传输特性的信道拓宽法,已在现有设备的伴音信道上验证;第三种是改善时统设备接收适应能力的接收均衡法。完成了均衡器的设计和制作。并通过了实际测试验证。最后对三种方法进行了对比分析。     

专用测试设备的校准与管理

专用测试设备在武器装备质量控制、性能评定、技术指标验证等方面有着广泛的应用,其测试数据是否准确可靠直接影响到装备的质量。专用测试设备的校准与管理是摆在国防军工计量部门面前的一项重要课题。本文分析专用测试设备的特点、现状,并就开展专用测试设备的校准及管理中应注意的问题进行了深入探讨。     

装备软件可靠性分析与设计方法

软件可靠性是软件质量度量6个特性中的核心特性,已经成为决定装备作战效能的关键因素之一。特别是随着装备软件规模巨、功能强、要求高的发展趋势,采用软件可靠性工程方法提高装备软件的可靠性具有十分重要的意义。在对装备软件的系统和详细级故障模式、影响及危害进行分析的基础上,提出了提高装备软件可靠性的实现途径,并从软件研制过程的四个阶段重点进行了阐述,为相关工作提供参考。     

基于CPCI架构航天器测试设备的故障诊断设计与实现

基于CPCI总线架构的航天器测试设备可以实现模块化、集成化和通用化设计,有利于测试系统的再次开发、直接沿用以及后续维护.某型号的综合电子和控制分系统地面测试设备采用基于CPCI总线的架构,使用VxWorks操作系统作为核心调度,采取模块化FPGA开发接口和特定功能.提出以监听任务、功能模块、板卡运行时间为检测手段,实现了对系统测试设备故障的诊断,尤其是反作用轮转速模块,软件能自主进行故障处理.在分系统及整星测试的使用过程中,此方法有效提高了设备的可靠度,提高了对星上产品的安全保护,保证整星大型试验的连续可靠运行.此方法对于其他地面测试设备的故障诊断具有一定的借鉴作用.     

自动控制故障注入设备的设计与实现

 设计实现了一种自动控制故障注入设备，给出了设备的结构框图和主要模块的功能框图。阐述了该设备在设计上具有的通用性、可扩展性、无破坏性和易操作性等特点，以及对应的设计措施。利用该设备进行了故障注入试验，给出了典型故障注入的信号波形，验证了故障注入设备的可用性和效果。     

机载电子设备屏蔽效能测试与优化

随着航空工业的发展,高强辐射场（HIRF）对机载电子设备的影响越来越大。因此开展对飞机上已经投入使用的机载电子设备屏蔽效能的测试与优化的研究具有重要的意义。基于RTCA/DO-160G和GJB 5185—2003建立HIRF的测试环境,在该电磁环境下对机载电子设备进行屏蔽效能的测试,分析了不同测试位置、不同入射面以及不同极化方式对屏蔽效能的影响。获得了机载通信设备的主要耦合通道,并针对不同耦合通道提出了通用性的优化方法。研究结果可为机载电子设备HIRF的测试以及屏蔽体的优化提供参考意见。