阵风载荷减缓系统故障分析

阵风引起的额外载荷会引起飞机结构疲劳,降低结构使用寿命。采用非定常气动力有理函数拟合方法建立时域状态空间下的动力学系统,设计了阵风载荷减缓系统。研究了阵风载荷减缓系统3种典型故障模式(副翼偏转饱和、舵机卡死、副翼偏转延时)的力学建模方法,并对机翼在阵风减缓系统故障模式下的阵风响应进行分析。仿真结果表明,3种故障模式均不利于阵风载荷减缓系统对阵风载荷的减缓,对于一些特定情况,故障模式下的阵风载荷减缓系统不仅不能减缓阵风载荷,还会带来由副翼偏转不当引起的额外负载。     

弹性机翼阵风减缓控制策略风洞试验

介绍了2种用于弹性机翼阵风减缓的控制策略。第1种控制策略是模态阻尼增强的阵风减缓（MDEGA）,通过反馈翼尖振动速度驱动副翼做卸载偏转,从而减缓机翼的动载荷及振动。第2种控制策略是基于阵风感知的阵风抑制（GSBGS）,由阵风探测器感知阵风速度并前馈给副翼做出偏转,利用副翼操纵力抵消阵风载荷。为验证2种控制策略的实施效果,以某弹性飞机缩比模型的大展弦比机翼为研究对象,进行了阵风载荷减缓原理风洞试验。试验结果表明2种控制器对机翼一弯模态的阵风响应减缓效果显著,翼根弯矩和翼尖过载峰值的减缓量均超过50%。与MDEGA相比GSBGS对峰值外频率点阵风响应的减缓更加有效。2种控制策略各具特点,可为工程设计提供参考：MDEGA等效于增加结构阻尼,不需要精确测量阵风,但受气动伺服弹性稳定性约束;GSBGS是开环控制,不改变飞机动态特性,但严重依赖于阵风探测的精度。     

阵风减缓直接升力控制方案的仿真研究

阵内减缓技术可有效地抑制飞机飞行过程中受到阵风和湍充影响所产生的附加过载。研究阵风载荷减缓的基本原理及各种控制方案,结合我国的实际情况,提出了以副翼作为直接升力操纵面的阵风减缓控制方案,建立了直接升力控制的阵风减缓系统的数学模型,并就阵风减缓系统进行了计算机辅助设计与仿真,验证了方案的可行性。     

多舵面大型民机阵风减缓系统设计

提出用多块对称偏转的扰流片和副翼构成飞机的多舵面操作模型,采用开闭环控制相结合的控制方案,并用LQG方法实现控制律的设计和仿真,设计了一种切实可行的民机阵风减缓控制系统.仿真结果表明,所设计的阵风载荷减缓控制器能有效减缓阵风引起的飞机法向过载,实现阵风减缓.     

基于CFD方法的机翼阵风响应研究

通过引入＂网格速度＂方法模拟阵风条件,求解非定常欧拉方程实现了不同展弦比0012平直机翼阵风响应的数值模拟。首先采用该方法对NACA0006翼型迎角阶跃型阵风的气动力响应进行了计算,计算结果与文献结果、理论值吻合良好。进一步对展弦比分别为5、10的0012平直机翼在迎角阶跃型、One-Minus-Cosine型阵风作用下的气动力响应过程进行了模拟分析。研究结果表明,当展弦比增大时,阵风作用下机翼的升力系数响应会增加,机翼翼根部位气动响应幅值大于翼尖部位响应特性。     

基于直接力控制的阵风响应及阵风减缓研究

考察某无人机模型的阵风气动响应特性和基于直接力操纵的阵风减缓效果.在求解非定常Euler方程时引入“网格速度”方法模拟阵风边界条件,通过动态嵌套网格技术实现舵面运动.首先对NACA0006翼型迎角阶跃型阵风的气动力响应进行了验证计算,计算结果与理论结果、文献计算结果吻合良好.在此基础上对某无人机模型在迎角阶跃型、One-minus-cosine型阵风作用下的气动力响应过程进行了数值模拟,并分析评估了不同舵面运动方式对飞机气动性能的影响.最终研究比较了不同舵面运动方式下阵风气动响应的减缓效果.结果表明:通过合理设计舵面运动,可以有效达到抑制阵风引起的非定常气动干扰的目的.     

控制增稳系统对运输机阵风响应特性影响研究

对运输机控制增稳系统接通与断开状态下的阵风响应特性进行了仿真,研究了增稳控制律结构参数变化对飞机阵风响应特性的影响;在增稳控制的基础上,对引入副翼对称偏转进行阵风减缓的可行性进行了仿真与分析。结果表明,副翼对称偏转能够降低翼根弯矩,达到阵风减缓的目的。此方法可为运输类飞机的阵风减缓系统设计提供参考。     

风切变作用下的民用飞机阵风减缓控制研究

风切变会对飞机起飞和进场着陆阶段的飞行造成较大影响.在分析现有阵风减缓控制方案的基础上,设计了符合某型民用飞机的风切变阵风减缓控制方案.通过在机翼两端和飞机重心处安装的加速度计,采用主动控制技术,使用对称副翼、扰流板和升降舵来实现阵风减缓控制.建立了阵风-飞机综合线性数学模型,并以法向过载为性能指标,针对风切变采用LQR方法设计了最优状态调节器使性能指标达到最小.仿真结果表明,所设计的控制律具有良好的控制效果.     

操纵面作动对无尾布局无人机纵向气动特性的影响

通过风洞测力实验,研究了不同操纵面作动对某无尾布局无人机纵向气动特性的影响。实验结果表明：升降副翼以及襟副翼正向偏转都会使全机升力系数、阻力系数以及低头力矩增加。升降副翼作动引起的增量要高于襟副翼,并且舵偏角度越大增量越大。全动翼尖作动对全机纵向气动特性基本没有影响。在线性段,鸭翼作动对升力系数和阻力系数影响不大;线性段之外,鸭翼作动使得升力系数和阻力系数减小。迎角α〈16°以及α〉38°时,鸭翼正向作动使得低头力矩减小,负向作动使得低头力矩增加。操纵面作动对低头力矩的控制效率由高到低依次为：升降副翼、襟副翼、鸭翼和全动翼尖。进一步分析表明不同操纵面的控制效率与舵容量系数具有较大关系。     

翼型和机翼阵风响应的数值模拟

采用有限体积法来数值求解非定常Euler和NS方程,并在非定常计算中通过引入"网格速度"来计入阵风的影响,实现了对刚性翼型和机翼阵风响应的有效数值模拟。首先采用该方法来对翼型攻角突然增大的阵风、陡边型阵风这两种典型阵风情况下的翼型气动力响应进行了计算,结果表明:计算结果与现有的一些理论结果都符合较好,与文献中计算结果也吻合,NS方程的计算结果与Euler方程计算结果在变化趋势上是一致的,但具体的数值有差别。最后针对攻角突然增大的阵风,对不同马赫数下不同展弦比平直机翼的阵风响应进行了数值模拟,得出的计算结果与文献中的计算结果一致。     

薄翼型阵风响应的数值模拟

 采用有限体积法来数值求解非定常Euler和N-S方程，并在非定常计算中通过引入“网格速度”来计入阵风的影响，实现了对刚性薄翼型阵风响应的有效数值模拟。采用该方法来对薄翼型迎角突然增大的阵风、陡边型阵风这两种典型阵风情况下的翼型气动力响应进行了计算，结果表明：计算结果与现有的一些理论结果都符合较好，与文献中计算结果也吻合。同时通过计算也表明厚翼型的阵风响应需根据工况开展进一步的计算分析。     

Application of Active Flow Control Technique for Gust Load Alleviation

A new gust load alleviation technique is presented in this paper based on active flow control. Numerical studies are conducted to investigate the beneficial effects on the aerodynamic characteristics of the quasi "Global Hawk" airfoil using arrays of jets during the gust process. Based on unsteady Navier-Stokes equations, the grid-velocity method is introduced to simulate the gust influence, and dynamic response in vertical gust flow perturbation is investigated for the airfoil as well. An unsteady surface transpiration boundary condition is enforced over a user specified portion of the airfoil’s surface to emulate the time dependent velocity boundary conditions. Firstly, after applying this method to simulate typical NACA0006 airfoil gust response to a step change in the angle of attack, it shows that the indicial responses of the airfoil make good agreement with the exact theoretical values and the calculated values in references. Furthermore, gust response characteristic for the quasi "Global Hawk" airfoil is analyzed. Five kinds of flow control techniques are introduced as steady blowing, steady suction, unsteady blowing, unsteady suction and synthetic jets. The physical analysis of the influence on the effects of gust load alleviation is proposed to provide some guidelines for practice. Numerical results have indicated that active flow control technique,as a new technology of gust load alleviation, can affect and suppress the fluid disturbances caused by gust so as to achieve the purpose of gust load alleviation.     

Theoretical and Experimental Study of Gust Response Alleviation Using Neuro-fuzzy Control Law for a Flexible Wing Model

Two kinds of neuro-fuzzy gust response alleviation control laws are designed for a flexible large-aspect-ratio wing model. Simulations and comparisons of random gust alleviation using the two control laws are performed. Based on the better neuro-fuzzy control law, experiments and simulations of sinusoidal gust alleviation using one-control-surface control system and two-control-surface control system are developed. The investigations show that the two kinds of neuro-fuzzy gust response alleviation control laws can alleviate random gust responses effectively. The neuro-fuzzy gust response alleviation control law including a modifying factor is better than the other one without it. Further, the better one has good effects on the sinusoidal gust alleviation at different frequencies and flow velocities. The two-control-surface control system has better effects on gust response alleviation than the one-control-surface control system when the gust is strong. The simulation results agree well with the experimental results. These results can be usefully referenced to the design of actual gust alleviation control systems.     

多控制面机翼阵风减缓主动控制与风洞试验验证

针对某大展弦比多控制面弹性机翼风洞模型,分别从频域和时域进行阵风响应分析和阵风响应减缓控制律设计.采用经典控制理论设计控制律,通过操纵位于0.6和0.8翼展处的内外侧控制面减小由正弦阵风引起的翼尖加速度(WTA).低频段的阵风减缓的数值分析与风洞试验结果均表明:多控制面的阵风减缓效果优于单控制面.当来流速度为14 m/s时,针对频率为2～5 Hz的阵风,采用多控制面得到的WTA减小10%～24%;当来流速度在8～16 m/s时,针对频率为2 Hz的正弦阵风,闭环状态下的翼尖加速度减小10%～40%;结构有限元模型与真实模型存在工程允许的误差导致理论与试验结果存在一定的误差.本文的工作对工程实际中采用阵风减缓技术具有参考价值.     

Aeroelastic dynamic response of elastic aircraft with consideration of two-dimensional discrete gust excitation

Design loads generally require a one-dimensional discrete gust profile without consideration of the spanwise effect, and this profile cannot represent the true gust field exactly. For a high aspect ratio aircraft, two-dimensional gusts may cause critical load conditions, and approaches for calculating dynamic responses under two-dimensional discrete gust excitation are rarely presented. In this paper, a spanwise non-uniform vertical discrete gust field is established based on a one-dimensional ‘1-cos’ gust profile in reference to a DARPA proposal, while frequency and hybrid approaches to the dynamic response analysis of flexible aircraft under this two-dimensional gust excitation are presented. Solution techniques have been applied to a high aspect ratio aircraft to assess the different response characteristics with a comparison between one-dimensional and two-dimensional discrete gust field conditions. The results show that the two-dimensional discrete gust model produces a higher bending moment than that of the one-dimensional condition. Therefore, the critical load conditions that are derived from the two-dimensional discrete gust for high aspect ratio aircraft should be seriously considered. According to the analysis, an active control scheme to alleviate the bending loads caused by the two-dimensional gust is designed, and alleviation effects in different gust conditions are compared.