薄翼型阵风响应的数值模拟

 采用有限体积法来数值求解非定常Euler和N-S方程，并在非定常计算中通过引入“网格速度”来计入阵风的影响，实现了对刚性薄翼型阵风响应的有效数值模拟。采用该方法来对薄翼型迎角突然增大的阵风、陡边型阵风这两种典型阵风情况下的翼型气动力响应进行了计算，结果表明：计算结果与现有的一些理论结果都符合较好，与文献中计算结果也吻合。同时通过计算也表明厚翼型的阵风响应需根据工况开展进一步的计算分析。     

基于CFD方法的机翼阵风响应研究

通过引入＂网格速度＂方法模拟阵风条件,求解非定常欧拉方程实现了不同展弦比0012平直机翼阵风响应的数值模拟。首先采用该方法对NACA0006翼型迎角阶跃型阵风的气动力响应进行了计算,计算结果与文献结果、理论值吻合良好。进一步对展弦比分别为5、10的0012平直机翼在迎角阶跃型、One-Minus-Cosine型阵风作用下的气动力响应过程进行了模拟分析。研究结果表明,当展弦比增大时,阵风作用下机翼的升力系数响应会增加,机翼翼根部位气动响应幅值大于翼尖部位响应特性。     

基于直接力控制的阵风响应及阵风减缓研究

考察某无人机模型的阵风气动响应特性和基于直接力操纵的阵风减缓效果.在求解非定常Euler方程时引入“网格速度”方法模拟阵风边界条件,通过动态嵌套网格技术实现舵面运动.首先对NACA0006翼型迎角阶跃型阵风的气动力响应进行了验证计算,计算结果与理论结果、文献计算结果吻合良好.在此基础上对某无人机模型在迎角阶跃型、One-minus-cosine型阵风作用下的气动力响应过程进行了数值模拟,并分析评估了不同舵面运动方式对飞机气动性能的影响.最终研究比较了不同舵面运动方式下阵风气动响应的减缓效果.结果表明:通过合理设计舵面运动,可以有效达到抑制阵风引起的非定常气动干扰的目的.     

基于速度分裂法的翼型阵风响应及减缓数值模拟

国内现阶段飞行器阵风响应CFD模拟通常采用网格速度法（FVM）,而近年提出的更为准确的速度分裂法（SVM）目前主要针对刚性飞行器阵风响应分析。本文将SVM拓展至弹性翼型的One-Minus-Cosine阵风响应计算和减缓研究。基于动态网格系统非定常Navier-Stokes方程,将阵风条件下的速度场分解为阵风速度与背景速度的叠加,理论推导出SVM阵风模拟控制方程,结果表明,FVM是SVM忽略源项后的一种近似方法。进一步建立起弹性翼型阵风响应预测的CFD/CSD时域耦合算法和基于俯仰控制的阵风响应减缓数值模拟方法。算例分析了NACA0012刚性及弹性翼型的One-Minus-Cosine阵风响应,计算结果与文献数据一致,在此基础上分析了阵风尺度、黏性和结构弹性对阵风响应的影响。开展了NACA64A010弹性翼型One-Minus-Cosine阵风减缓模拟,结果表明：单一的沉浮速度控制输入量更有利于减缓阵风载荷峰值,而沉浮速度、俯仰角相结合的控制输入量则能同时减缓翼型的沉浮和俯仰运动。本文工作可为三维飞行器阵风响应和减缓研究提供参考。     

用N－S方程计算翼型非定常粘性大攻角绕流

本文给出了用ＮＳ方程对翼型非定常粘性大攻角绕流的数值模拟。控制方程为二级时均可压缩完全ＮＳ方程；湍流模型采用双层代数涡粘性模型￣［１］。使用近似因式分解ＡＤＩ差分格式离散求解，网格是用保角变换方法生成的相对翼型固定的Ｃ型网格。本文给出两类典型非定常绕流数值模拟结果：翼型过失速常攻角周期流动和大攻角强迫俯仰谐振非定常绕流。并与国外的实验和计算结果进行了比较，表明了本方法准确、高效的特点。     

用N—S方程计算翼型非定常粘性大攻角绕流

本文给出了用ＮＳ方程对翼型非定常粘性大攻角绕流的数值模拟。控制方程为二维时均可压缩完全ＮＳ方程；湍流模型采用双层代数涡粘性模型。使用近似因式分解ＡＤＩ差分格式离散求解，网格是用保角变换方法生成的相对翼型固定的Ｃ型网格。本文给出两类典型非定常绕流数值模拟结果：翼型过失速常攻角周期流动和大攻角强迫俯仰谐振非定常绕流。并与国外的实验和计算结果进行了比较，表明了本方法准确、高效的特点。     

用非结构动网格方法模拟有相对运动的多体绕流

发展了用于模拟有相对运动的多体非定常绕流，并计算由流场决定的外弹道的数值方法。该方法采用非结构动网格，显式NND有限体 格式，求解非定常Euler方程，并耦合了刚体动力学方程，作为例证，计算了俯仰振动的NACA0012翼型绕流，计算结果与实验及文献结果吻合，最后，整个策略用于计算二维机翼－外挂物分离流场，并确定了外挂物下落轨迹。     

旋翼桨叶绕流Euler方程数值模拟

本研究应用格心格式有限体积法求解欧拉方程,模拟绕旋翼浆叶的流动。旋翼尾流的作用通过自由尾流分析来求解局部的诱导下洗速度以修正翼型攻角。选择O—H型式生成弦向和展向网格。通过算例计算为进一步寻求有效的Euler或NS方程数值解积累了经验。     

飞机机翼结冰过程的数值模拟

提出了一种适用于各种结冰气象条件下飞机机翼结冰过程的数值模拟方法。结合欧拉坐标系下空气-过冷水滴两相流动控制方程的计算,对不同气象条件下飞机机翼的结冰过程进行了数值模拟,得到了4°攻角NACA-0012翼型表面霜状冰、混合冰及瘤状冰3种冰形。所得冰形与文献中的试验数据和计算结果吻合良好,表明本文方法有效。另外还计算了不同的冰形对机翼升、阻力的影响,结果表明瘤状冰对机翼气动特性的影响最大。      

大攻角机翼的气动弹性计算方法

 本文利用大攻角带分离流机翼的完全非定常非线性气动力计算方法,通过与机翼运动方程的同时求解,在时间域内实现了大攻角机翼非线性气动弹性的数值模拟,根据弹性机翼各种状态下的运动过程,可以得到大攻角机翼的颤振速度等重要参数以及亚临界、超临界等飞行状态的运动规律。算例结果表明,大攻角下机翼的气动弹性问题需引起足够的重视。     

阵风响应及减缓的非定常数值模拟

基于网格速度和动网格方法,通过求解非定常N-S方程计算翼型副翼偏转时的阵风减缓响应,研究开环控制律参数和副翼缝隙对阵风减缓效果的影响。对于单个1-cos阵风,随着偏转角度的增大,减缓效果变大;由于粘性的影响,CFD计算得到的升力峰值减小量明显呈非线性的趋势,减缓效果低于准定常线性理论。对于连续sin阵风,通过调整副翼偏转的频率和最大偏转角,升力能达到很好的减缓效果,此时,副翼偏转频率应接近阵风频率,最大偏转角存在一个最优值。在阵风环境下,副翼间隙对升力系数影响不大,而力矩系数增大一倍,间隙会降低副翼偏转对升力的减缓效果。     

Application of Active Flow Control Technique for Gust Load Alleviation

A new gust load alleviation technique is presented in this paper based on active flow control. Numerical studies are conducted to investigate the beneficial effects on the aerodynamic characteristics of the quasi "Global Hawk" airfoil using arrays of jets during the gust process. Based on unsteady Navier-Stokes equations, the grid-velocity method is introduced to simulate the gust influence, and dynamic response in vertical gust flow perturbation is investigated for the airfoil as well. An unsteady surface transpiration boundary condition is enforced over a user specified portion of the airfoil’s surface to emulate the time dependent velocity boundary conditions. Firstly, after applying this method to simulate typical NACA0006 airfoil gust response to a step change in the angle of attack, it shows that the indicial responses of the airfoil make good agreement with the exact theoretical values and the calculated values in references. Furthermore, gust response characteristic for the quasi "Global Hawk" airfoil is analyzed. Five kinds of flow control techniques are introduced as steady blowing, steady suction, unsteady blowing, unsteady suction and synthetic jets. The physical analysis of the influence on the effects of gust load alleviation is proposed to provide some guidelines for practice. Numerical results have indicated that active flow control technique,as a new technology of gust load alleviation, can affect and suppress the fluid disturbances caused by gust so as to achieve the purpose of gust load alleviation.     

Theoretical and Experimental Study of Gust Response Alleviation Using Neuro-fuzzy Control Law for a Flexible Wing Model

Two kinds of neuro-fuzzy gust response alleviation control laws are designed for a flexible large-aspect-ratio wing model. Simulations and comparisons of random gust alleviation using the two control laws are performed. Based on the better neuro-fuzzy control law, experiments and simulations of sinusoidal gust alleviation using one-control-surface control system and two-control-surface control system are developed. The investigations show that the two kinds of neuro-fuzzy gust response alleviation control laws can alleviate random gust responses effectively. The neuro-fuzzy gust response alleviation control law including a modifying factor is better than the other one without it. Further, the better one has good effects on the sinusoidal gust alleviation at different frequencies and flow velocities. The two-control-surface control system has better effects on gust response alleviation than the one-control-surface control system when the gust is strong. The simulation results agree well with the experimental results. These results can be usefully referenced to the design of actual gust alleviation control systems.     

Aeroelastic dynamic response of elastic aircraft with consideration of two-dimensional discrete gust excitation

Design loads generally require a one-dimensional discrete gust profile without consideration of the spanwise effect, and this profile cannot represent the true gust field exactly. For a high aspect ratio aircraft, two-dimensional gusts may cause critical load conditions, and approaches for calculating dynamic responses under two-dimensional discrete gust excitation are rarely presented. In this paper, a spanwise non-uniform vertical discrete gust field is established based on a one-dimensional ‘1-cos’ gust profile in reference to a DARPA proposal, while frequency and hybrid approaches to the dynamic response analysis of flexible aircraft under this two-dimensional gust excitation are presented. Solution techniques have been applied to a high aspect ratio aircraft to assess the different response characteristics with a comparison between one-dimensional and two-dimensional discrete gust field conditions. The results show that the two-dimensional discrete gust model produces a higher bending moment than that of the one-dimensional condition. Therefore, the critical load conditions that are derived from the two-dimensional discrete gust for high aspect ratio aircraft should be seriously considered. According to the analysis, an active control scheme to alleviate the bending loads caused by the two-dimensional gust is designed, and alleviation effects in different gust conditions are compared.     

阵风与叶栅干涉噪声的数值模拟

采用计算气动声学方法求解二维线化欧拉方程对阵风与叶栅的干涉噪声进行了数值模拟。为减少频散和耗散误差,采用七点四阶频散相关保持有限差分格式进行空间离散;时间推进采用优化的4/6低频散低耗散龙格库塔法;在各边界处均选择或建立了适当的边界条件。首先通过模拟阵风在自由空间中的传播验证了无反射边界条件的可靠性;然后对阵风与平板叶栅的干涉问题进行了模拟,数值结果与精确解符合得很好;最后给出了阵风与NACA-0012翼型叶栅干涉的数值模拟结果,显示了数值求解方法的可行性。      

大型水陆两栖飞机突风响应特性的程序化设计

现代飞机设计过程中,要考虑飞机遭遇突风时不同部位的动态突风载荷特性.根据大型水陆两栖飞机的设计要求,制订离散突风和连续紊流的分析流程,研究离散突风和连续紊流响应特性的程序化设计方法,并计算飞机各部位的单值载荷包线和组合载荷包线.程序化设计结果表明,大型水陆两栖飞机遭遇突风或紊流时,机体动态载荷量级与静载荷相当,且设计效率大大提高.研究结果为大型水陆两栖飞机的突风载荷设计提供了依据.     

Extension of analytical indicial aerodynamics to generic trapezoidal wings in subsonic flow

Analytical indicial aerodynamic functions are calculated for several trapezoidal wings in subsonic flow, with a Mach number 0.3 Ma 0.7. The formulation herein proposed extends wellknown aerodynamic theories, which are limited to thin aerofoils in incompressible flow, to generic trapezoidal wing planforms. Firstly, a thorough study is executed to assess the accuracy and limitation of analytical predictions, using unsteady results from two state-of-the-art computational fluid dynamics solvers as cross-validated benchmarks. Indicial functions are calculated for a step change in the angle of attack and for a sharp-edge gust, each for four wing configurations and three Mach numbers. Then, analytical and computational indicial responses are used to predict dynamic derivatives and the maximum lift coefficient following an encounter with a one-minus-cosine gust. It is found that the analytical results are in excellent agreement with the computational results for all test cases. In particular, the deviation of the analytical results from the computational results is within the scatter or uncertainty in the data arising from using two computational fluid dynamics solvers. This indicates the usefulness of the developed analytical theories.