改进的容错惯性导航系统

 用于余度捷联惯性测量单元(IMU)的故障检测及分离(FDI)方法的性能受到诸如输入轴不准,刻度因子误差以及偏倚这样的传感器误差的限制。本文采用分离偏倚估计方法以获得上述影响奇偶向量的传感器误差的线性组合的估计,然后将这些估计用于构成补偿的奇偶向量,该奇偶向量不包括传感器误差的影响。用经补偿的奇偶向量代替未经补偿的奇偶向量进行故障检测及分离判决以提高FDI的性能。仿真结果表明奇偶向量补偿算法可大大提高FDI的性能,特别是在飞行器做机动飞行时。     

均值检验方法及其在冗余惯性导航系统中的应用

采用了非线性滤波的方法对影响故障检测及分离（FDI）性能的传感器误差进行了补偿,同时提出了故障检测与分离的均值检验方法（MVT）,该方法可以对2个传感器同时出现故障的情况进行检测与隔离。5个陀螺冗余惯性导航系统仿真结果验证了本文算法的有效性。     

Transfer orbit stage gyrocompass alignment algorithm twist and swayenvironment for Mar's Observer mission on commercial Titan

The problems presented by the launch of a booster vehicle with a strapdown system on an expandable launch vehicle are addressed. These include the Earth motion by the wind-induced twist and sway motion at the launch pad, vibration-induced motion, and various sensor errors, as well as the limited memory and processing power of the flight computer. A robust numeric gyrocompass alignment algorithm is presented, and its performance in this environment is examined     

Strapdown inertial measurement units for motion compensation forsynthetic aperture radars

It is shown that synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) motion can be compensated by using an antenna-mounted strapdown inertial measurement unit (IMU) as the motion sensing system, but sensor and system errors affect SAR image quality. A strapdown IMU consists of three accelerator channels and three gyro channels. Strapdown IMU errors include gyro-scale and accelerometer-scale factor and bias errors, velocity error, platform tilt, and errors induced by limited inertial sensor bandwidth. The effects of these errors on the SAR image quality are presented in terms of the SAR impulse response. IMU errors that cause low-frequency phase errors (less than one cycle per array time) are categorized in terms of quadratic and cubic phase errors. IMU errors that cause high-frequency phase errors (greater than one cycle per array time) are categorized in terms of the integrated sidelobe ratio and peak sidelobe ratio. A motion compensation system conceptualization is described wherein a strapdown IMU is attached to an antenna and transfer-aligns to the aircraft's master navigator     

Propagation and System Accuracy Impact of Major Sensor Errors on a Strapdown Aircraft Navigator

A strapdown system is considered as an unaided inertial navigator aboard an aircraft. Presented here are simulation results detailing the propagation of navigation errors (in nautical miles) due to strapdown sensor errors for four trajectories. They indicate the type of performance that can be expected from a strapdown system utilizing good ?off the shelf? gyros and accelerometers, and dramatically illustrate the improvements necessary in these components to obtain navigation performance comparable to that available from a good gimballed inertial system. The total navigation error for each trajectory is broken down to show the contribution from each of the various error sources. This breakdown quickly reveals which are the critical error sources for a given trajectory class, and also points up the relationship that exists between each individual error source, aircraft maneuvers, and the resulting navigation error. Several of the error mechanisms are discussed at length and a set of linearized differential equations which can be used to analyze error propagations is presented. These results should be of particular interest to the system designer who is faced with the problem of specifying the sensor error parameters necessary to meet mission performance requirements. With an analysis similar to the one presented here, but structured around his own expected mission trajectories, the designer should be able to confidently predict system accuracies and intelligently perform tradeoffs on the critical system parameters.     

FDI Performance of Two Redundant Sensor Configurations

A geometrical interpretation of the generalized likelihood test (GLT) approach to sensor failue detection and isolation (FDI) is provided, and analytical expressions are derived to evaluate FDI performance parameters of interest. These results are used to determine the FDI performance which can be achieved when various FDI decision strategies are applied to two redundant sensor configurations: a conical array of five single degree-of-freedom sensors and a dodecahedron array of six single degree-of-freedom sensors.     

Failure Isolation for a Minimally Redundant Inertial Sensor System

The application of two-degree-of-freedom inertial sensors in a minimally redundant strapdown configuration is considered. The potential improvement in reliability which can be achieved by exploiting the failure isolation capability unique to this configuration is evaluated. A unified, statistical approach to the detection and isolation of both hard and soft sensor failures is presented. The effectiveness of this unified approach to FDI in terms of the mean time to detection, the mean time between false alarms, and the accumulated attitude error prior to detection is indicated by simulation results.     

余度传感器系统中传感器配置结构和奇偶向量的最优化

 本文研究了余度传感器系统传感器的配置和奇偶向量的选择问题,从输出和检测性能最优的准则出发,给出了配置结构和奇偶向量的求解途径,并将它同现有的一些方法进行了比较。     

Fiber-optic strapdown inertial system with sensing cluster continuous rotation

This research describes a technique and a performance analysis of a fiber-optic strapdown inertial system with sensing cluster continuous rotation around the vertical body axis of the vehicle. The bias errors of these inertial sensors, gyros and accelerometers with cluster rotation, will have periodically varying corresponding components along the body axes. The modulated sensor errors produce reduced system errors. Simulation results indicate that, compared with the conventional method, the proposed approach attenuates the navigation errors and alignment errors due to the gyros' error and the accelerometers' error.     

具有自修复功能间接自适应飞行控制系统研究

分析了具有自修复功能的推力矢量飞机自适应控制系统的结构功能特点,利用RHO优化控制算法实现在线控制器设计,利用MSLS辨识算法实现在线飞行参数辨识,采用等价空间算法、传感器信息融合技术和概率统计理论实现FDI算法。依据系统各个部分的算法开发了仿真平台,对飞机存在舵面故障情况下的飞行控制系统进行仿真,解决了舵面损伤后气动参数变化问题。仿真表明,该控制系统是一个完整、鲁棒、收敛系统。     

An algorithm for astro-inertial navigation using CCD star sensors

A self-contained suite of astro-inertial navigation system is capable of autonomous mission and is operationally reliable. The typical astronavigation system (ANS) makes use of star-trackers, which are expensive and complex. To make the system cost effective and less complex, the star-tracker is replaced by a charge coupled device (CCD)-based star sensor, rigidly mounted on a strapdown inertial measurement unit (SIMU) of the system. This electro-optical star sensor is compact and easy to use with an ANS that utilizes efficient star identification techniques. This paper designs an algorithm that estimates axes misalignment angles of strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) that makes stars' observations utilizing a CCD star sensor. Mathematical modeling of the suggested scheme was carried out and transformations between different frames were exercised. From the image projection geometry, stars' right ascensions and declinations, relative to the body frame, were estimated. Lastly, from the known stars' position vectors in mathematical platform and reference frames, axes misalignment matrix representing SINS attitude errors can be estimated employing the derived relationship.     

Extension of a Two-Step Calibration Methodology to Include Nonorthogonal Sensor Axes

We present an extension of the nonlinear two-step estimation algorithm originally developed for the calibration of solid-state strapdown magnetometers. We expand the algorithm to include nonorthogonality within a sensor set for both two- and three-axis sensors. Nonorthogonality can result from manufacturing issues, installation geometry, and in the case of magnetometers, from soft iron bias errors. Simulation studies for both two- and three-axis sensors show convergence of the improved algorithm to the true values, even in the presence of realistic measurement noise. Finally the algorithm is experimentally validated on a low-cost solid-state three-axis magnetometer set, which shows definite improvement postcalibration. We note that the algorithm is general and can be applied to any two- or three-axis sensor set (such as accelerometers) with an error model consisting of scale, offset, and nonorthogonality errors.     

Strapdown Gyros in a Back-to-Back Configuration

A back-to-back connection of two gyros per axis is suggested that eliminates some of the errors due to cross coupling between the components of vehicle angular rates and accelerations. In particular, the error due to output axis angular acceleration, the anisoinertia error, and the spin reference axis rectification error theoretically vanish. Use of redundant and identical strapdown systems for the purpose of obtaining higher reliability makes this connection practical.     

非线性椭球集员滤波及其在故障诊断中的应用

 针对带有未知但有界噪声的非线性系统，提出一种椭球集员滤波算法，并将其应用于保证故障检测与隔离。对非线性状态方程和量测方程进行泰勒展开之后，通过区间分析的方法给出线性化余项存在区域的盒子外界描述。假设过程和量测噪声由盒子限界，在算法的时间更新和量测更新过程中，分别计算包含椭球与线段的向量和及椭球与带的交的次最小容积椭球。在椭球集员滤波算法的基础之上，给出传感器故障检测与隔离的方法。由于集员滤波是保证状态估计，因而基于集员滤波算法的故障检测与隔离方法也具有保证性，即如果发出故障警报，则一定有故障发生。一个二维非线性系统的例子说明了该方法的有效性。     

推力矢量飞机自适应控制系统仿真平台研究

研究了具有自修复功能的推力矢量飞机自适应控制系统的结构功能特点,研究了RHO优化控制算法实现在线控制器设计,利用MSLS辨识算法实现在线飞行参数辨识和等价空间算法、传感器信息融合技术和概率统计理论实现FDI算法。并且根据系统各个部分的算法,采用面向对象技术语言VC 6.0和三维图形语言OpenGL开发了仿真平台,利用仿真平台实时演示了飞机存在舵面故障情况下的飞行控制系统运行仿真,解决了飞机飞行过程中存在舵面损伤和气动参数变化的问题,该仿真平台可以根据需求进行飞机故障加载,具备完备的推力矢量飞机自适应控制系统仿真功能。     

The Psi-Angle Error Equation in Strapdown Inertial Navigation Systems

A detailed development is presented of the psi-angle vector differential equation as applied to the error analysis of strapdown inertial navigation systems. The coordinate systems involved and the psi misalignment vector are clearly defined. It is proven that apart from a sign change the psi-angle differential equation in the error analysis of strapdown inertial navigation systems is identical to the one used in conventional gimbaled inertial navigation systems.     

Evaluating Sensor Orientations for Navigation Performance and Failure Detection

A study of the constraints imposed by the choice of particular orientations of redundant inertial sensors upon navigation system performance and the detection and identification of sensor failures in fault-tolerant inertial measurement units is presented. Figures of merit are derived for systematically evaluating alternative sensor orientations. The volume of the ellipsoid associated with the covariance matrix of estimation errors is used to rank sensor orientations in terms of navigation performance. Distance measures commonly used in hypothesis testing are used to rank sensor orientations in terms of the detectability of sensor failures. The application of these results is illustrated for configurations of four 2-degree-of-freedom gyroscopes.     

High-Reliability Strapdown Platforms Using Two-Degree-of-Freedom Gyros

This paper presents a new concept of high-reliability strapdown attitude sensing systems for space vehicles. Each system utilizes a set of redundant two-degree-of-freedom gyros. An optimum system configuration is obtained for maximum system reliability and the best measurement accuracy. Improved accuracy of the final data is obtained by using the least-square data reduction technique. Each system possesses a ?sensor performance management? feature which is capable of failure detection, faulty gyro identification, system reconfiguration, and, possibly, sensor recalibration. Improvement in reliability, as compared to other types of strapdown systems, is demonstrated. Details of the development are described in terms of a system containing four gyros.     

基于DE-RLSSVM算法的航空发动机传感器故障诊断

为了使约简最小二乘支持向量机(RLSSVM)具有更好的稀疏性和泛化能力,利用微分进化(DE)算法选择RLSSVM的支持向量,提出了DE-RLSSVM算法.在benchmark回归数据集上的仿真试验表明该算法具有很好的稀疏性和泛化能力.然后将该算法用于航空发动机传感器故障的诊断,提出了基于DE-RLSSVM算法的航空发动机传感器故障诊断方法.该方法利用DE-RLSSVM算法对传感器故障进行监测,然后进行定位和隔离.数字仿真结果表明该传感器故障诊断系统能够实现对航空发动机传感器硬故障的检测与隔离.      

A Microprocessor-Based Data-Acquisition System for Stall/Spin Research

Accurate data are necessary for the identification of aerodynamic parameters at high angle of attack and in spinning flight. Modern sensors and microelectronic devices are employed in a stall/spin data acquisition system that will be tested in a Schweizer 2-32 sailplane. This instrumentation package will use a quaternion-based ?strapdown IMU? algorithm to derive vehicle attitude from angular rate data, and it will use fault-detection logic to identify inflight sensor failures. Details of the system and flight test program are presented, together with results of preflight digital simulation analysis.