K-36дM-Ⅱ弹射座椅的特点

俄罗斯K-36ДМ-Ⅱ弹射座椅是K-36ДМ的改型,其主要特点是使用了座椅固紧系统、导流板装置和稳定系统。 座椅固定系统 该系统将乘员紧固在座椅上,弹射时强制固定,拉紧乘员的肩部、腰部和腿部,并限制手臂被吹开。 导流板装置 在飞行速度超过800～900公里/小时下弹射,导流装置的气流辅助防护系统工作以保证乘员头部、胸部免受速压作用。 稳定系统 该系统可保持座椅从座舱内弹出后的稳定性。座椅离开座舱后,座椅背上的两根套管连杆中的两个稳定伞张开,以保证座椅稳定。这样,在直到5000～6000米的飞行高     

安全带对航空座椅及乘员冲击响应的影响

以典型三联旅客座椅为研究对象，建立了经试验验证的航空座椅有限元模型，研究了安全带固定点位置、安全带刚度和安全带形式等参数的变化对座椅系统动态响应的影响。在水平冲击下，安全带固定点位置对乘员运动轨迹和椅腿受载的影响显著，后左椅腿和前左椅腿Z向受载均随着安全带角度的增加而减小。安全带固定点位置对安全带载荷的影响较小。安全带刚度对乘员运动轨迹、安全带载荷和椅腿载荷的影响均显著。随安全带刚度增大，其自身承受的载荷增加，乘员前移距离和椅腿受载均减小；此外，与两点式安全带相比，Y型安全带对乘员的约束效果更好，可减小头部X向峰值位移63 mm,头排座椅中可以考虑安装Y型安全带以减少座椅与隔板的安装距离。     

16g座椅垫的维修更换

航空座椅垫是民航飞机座椅的一个重要组成部分,它既是为乘员提供舒适的乘坐工具,又是保障乘员安全的部件。本文根据航空座椅垫的适航要求,从满足腰椎载荷的动态特性出发,进行了大量的动态试验,以研究替换国外16g座椅垫的可行性,从而为广泛替换16g座椅垫找出一种可行的试验验证方法。     

典型航空座椅/乘员系统水平冲击特性实验

为研究典型航空座椅/乘员系统的水平冲击特性和载荷传递规律，基于结构水平冲击实验台系统，综合考量脉冲波形、假人响应和座椅响应，模拟座椅/乘员系统水平动态冲击过程，测试和分析假人运动过程和运动轨迹、假人内部加速度和载荷响应、座椅结构典型部位加速度和典型部位应变等，并基于实验结果研究座椅/乘员系统动态冲击响应的变化规律。结果表明：假人头部运动显著，假人内部响应变化趋势与加速度脉冲波形相近，且假人骨盆加速度和腰椎载荷最大，受损概率最大；座椅和假人均具有两条载荷传递路径，载荷主要经过座椅后椅腿和假人腰椎部位；座椅结构整体处于弹性变形阶段，典型加速度的变化趋势与加速度脉冲波形相近，后椅腿及其与后椅管和扶手架连接处受载显著应变最大；座椅内部加速度和应变与对应标记点的Z向距离密切相关。     

直升机座椅抗坠毁试验技术研究

抗坠毁座椅是提高直升机坠落时舱内乘员安全性的重要措施之一。本文以某直升机座椅抗坠毁试验调试分析为例,着重阐述了直升机座椅抗坠毁试验技术,并对试验调试过程中的一些关键技术问题及解决途径进行了研究和探讨。     

水平冲击下头排乘员损伤及保护姿势研究

为研究水平冲击下不同参数对于头排乘员损伤的影响及不同保护姿势的保护效果。首先进行水平16g动态冲击试验，建立相应的数值模型，验证模型有效性；其次通过正交试验设计进行参数研究，揭示头排座椅间距、安全带刚度、隔板刚度、安全带固定点位置对于乘员损伤的影响；最后研究直立式、抱脚式、手顶式3种姿势对于头排乘员的保护效果。结果表明头排座椅间距以及隔板刚度对乘员头部损伤影响显著；头排乘员头部、颈部、股骨、胫骨损伤对安全带材料特性及安全带固定点位置不敏感；抱脚式、手顶式保护姿势均对头排乘员头部有较好的保护效果。在水平冲击下采用头部前倾的抱脚式保护姿势可使头排乘员头部、颈部、股骨及胫骨损伤均小于限定值。     

坠撞环境下乘员伤害分析及飞机适坠性评估

为了分析坠撞环境下的机身框段和客舱乘员的动态响应以及乘员伤害情况,开展了大型飞机典型机身框段（含2套三联座椅及4名乘员假人）在6.02 m/s速度下的垂向坠撞试验,获得了机身框段结构坠撞及乘员坠撞响应数据,进行了机身框段结构坠撞破坏及乘员伤害分析,并通过可生存空间、系留强度、乘员损伤、应急撤离4个方面对飞机适坠性进行评估。坠撞试验结果表明,客舱地板下部结构发生较大变形与破坏,在货舱地板下部结构中间支撑件区域和两侧客舱地板支撑立柱与机身框连接处产生3处塑性铰;客舱区域基本保持完整,可生存空间得到保持;座椅与客舱地板导轨的连接保持完好,且乘员安全带保持在原位;乘员假人头部伤害判据最大值为31.47,腰椎压缩载荷最大峰值为3 997.2 N;乘员假人向过道倾斜,过道仍保持通畅。通过飞机适坠性评估,在6.02 m/s的垂向坠撞速度下,乘员伤害风险较小。     

轰炸机多乘员救生技术探讨

分析了轰炸机多乘员救生技术，重点介绍了B-1A轰炸机乘员逃生舱的构成、工作原理以及在设计初期阶段和设计阶段所做的一些更改，介绍了B-1B多乘员弹射的指令顺序、座舱乘员布置、座椅调节方法等，对比分析了两种救生方案的优缺点。最后指出了多乘员弹射救生仍需研究的关键技术及具体做法。     

新型飞机弹射座椅稳定和延时降落伞系统

弹射座椅已广泛用于高性能军用飞机,保持座椅及其乘员在弹射离机后、主伞张满前的稳定性十分重要。现有的方法是通过展开稳定伞达到稳定作用,主伞须在座椅速度减到相当低的速度时才张开。而在稳定伞脱离和主伞张开之间有段时间,在此期间座椅也常常出现翻滚现象,并导致主伞开伞时呈不利姿态。 美国一设计师设计出一种新型飞机弹射座椅稳定和延时降落伞系统(见附图)旨在减短稳定伞脱离和主伞伞绳拉直及主伞张开之间的不稳定时间,保证主伞在5秒钟内张开。此外,该系统还保证延时打开主伞,直到空速和高度降低到适合主伞张开的范围。系统工作程序为:牵引式火箭射出后通过绳索牵引固定在座椅背后的     

鸟瞰民用旋翼机座椅的结构试验

美国联邦航理局对民用旋翼机座椅的结构试验提出了新的要求,要求提高静态试验强度、增加两个动态试验。本文就修改试验要求的原因、静态试验与动态试验的区别、试验程序和设备等方面予以扼要综述。试验概念通常“静态”是指作用于物体的力是平衡的,物体处于静止状态。“动态”是指作用力使物体产生运动状态的改变,是考虑物体的运动的。显然,撞击使飞机、座椅和乘员皆承受到动态载荷,所以需要进行动态试验,以检验在撞击情况下座椅能为乘员提供的防护能力。     

Full-scale crash test and FEM simulation of a crashworthy helicopter seat

Crashworthy seat structure with considerable energy absorption capacity is a key component for aircraft to improve its crashworthiness and occupant survivability in emergencies.According to Federal Aviation Administration(FAA) regulations,seat performance must be certified by dynamic crash test which is quite expensive and time-consuming.For this reason,numerical simulation is a more efficient and economical approach to provide the possibility to assess seat performances and predict occupant responses.A numerical simulation of the crashworthy seat structure was presented and the results were also compared with the full-scale crash test data.In the numerical simulation,a full-scale three-dimensional finite element model of the seat/occupant structure was developed using a nonlinear and explicit dynamic finite element code LS-DYNA3D.Emphasis of the numerical simulation was on predicting the dynamic response of seat/occupant system,including the occupant motion which may lead to injuries,the occupant acceleration-time histories,and the energy absorbing behavior of the energy absorbers.The agreement between the simulation and the physical test suggestes that the developed numerical simulation can be a feasible substitute for the dynamic crash test.      

带稳定板装置弹射座椅偏航稳定性能研究

针对国内弹射救生领域现状,设计了一种适合于国内某型座椅的弹射救生系统稳定板。运用计算流体力学(CFD)数值计算方法,对改装稳定板前后的人椅系统进行了高速流场下的静态和动态特性分析,并与风洞试验结果进行对比,两者吻合较好。改装稳定板前后的数值计算对比表明:在不对俯仰和滚转性能产生不利影响的情况下,稳定板的改装对人椅系统的偏航性能有比较明显的改善。六自由度动态计算比较真实地模拟了弹射出舱的过程,也进一步验证了稳定板对改善偏航稳定性能所起到的作用。数值计算完全可以应用于弹射座椅的气动研究,同时稳定板的设计对工程上的应用具有一定的参考价值。     

人椅系统绕流流场的数值模拟

以某种成熟型号的弹射座椅为研究对象,对其进行合理简化、改进,获得了接近实体的人椅系统几何模型.借助CFD软件FLUENT,采用控制容积法,对N-S方程、壁面函数、标准湍流方程进行了求解.在验证计算数据与实验数据相吻合的基础上,考察了马赫数为0.2,0.6,1.2,攻角为0°60°,偏转角为0°30°条件下可压缩人椅系统绕流流场情况,得到了人椅系统绕流流场的流速、压力、马赫数、表面压力及气动力参数分布情况和变化规律.结果表明:高马赫数、零攻角、大偏转角对人体造成的损害程度最大.      

A new landing impact attenuation seat in manned spacecraft biologically-inspired by felids

When manned spacecraft comes back to the earth, it relies on the impact attenuation seat to protect astronauts from injuries during landing phase. Hence, the seat needs to transfer impact load, as small as possible, to the crew. However, there is little room left for traditional seat to improve further. Herein, a new seat system biologically-inspired by felids’ landing is proposed.Firstly, a series of experiments was carried out on cats and tigers, in which they were trained to jump down voluntarily from different heights. Based on the ground reaction forces combined with kinematics, the experiment indicated that felids’ landing after self-initial jump was a multi-step impact attenuation process and the new seat was inspired by this. Then the construction and work process of new seat were redesigned to realize the multi-step impact attenuation. The dynamic response of traditional and new seat is analyzed under the identical conditions and the results show that the new concept seat can significantly weaken the occupant overload in two directions compared with that of traditional seat. As a consequence, the risk of injury evaluated for spinal and head is also lowered, meaning a higher level of protection which is especially beneficial to the debilitated astronaut.     

战斗机飞行姿态对最低安全救生高度影响的仿真研究

战斗机飞行员在飞机出现危险情况时采用火箭弹射座椅作为救生装备的主要形式,在低空不利姿态下弹射时,往往需要一定的最低安全高度来保证弹射救生的成功率,在座椅性能确定的情况下,最低安全救生高度取决于弹射时飞机的飞行姿态。为此,根据火箭弹射座椅的工作原理,针对弹射过程的不同阶段,建立相应的数学模型,用仿真计算的手段来研究不同飞行姿态对最低安全救生高度的影响,以期为飞行员如何选择正确的弹射时机提供一定的理论支撑。     

运输类飞机旅客座椅动态冲击仿真方法研究

介绍了使用瞬态有限元软件与经SAE 1999-01-1609修正的Hybrid III ATD(Anthropomorphic Test Dummy)模型的组合进行运输类飞机旅客座椅动态冲击仿真分析的方法,重点描述仿真模型的评估原则和仿真分析过程中的关键要素和审定判据,运用计算机模型来精确预测物理试验的结果,将目前最佳的实践方法展现给工程分析人员以达到节省研发与取证成本的目的。     

先进的变载吸能器

传统的定载吸能器以50百分位男性乘员满足95％生存率为条件设计，它不能为全体乘员提供保护，变载吸能器能够根据乘员重量而调节动作载荷，为全体乘员提供最合理的保护，同时可以大大降低吸能器的冲击行程。     

Crashworthiness analysis of aircraft fuselage with sine-wave beam structure

An integrated design concept for crashworthy fuselage using sine-wave beam and strut is proposed and investigated. The finite element model of aircraft fuselage is built first. The structures above cabin floor, occupant and seat are simplified as two rigid blocks. The fuselage frame is redesigned, and the sine-wave beam is arranged under the frame. The impact dynamic performance of the aircraft with bottom sine-wave beam structure is studied and compared with that of conventional type. To obtain better crashworthiness performance, different rigidity of strut is combined with the sine-wave beam bottom structure. Numerical simulation result shows that the proposed sine-wave beam bottom structure could not only dissipate more proportion of impact kinetic energy but also reduce the initial peak acceleration. The structure and rigidity of strut have great influence on the crashworthiness performance. To give a better fuselage structure, both of the strut and bottom structure should be properly integrated and designed.     

Physical Body Impact After High Altitude Bail-out

In most of the emergency circumstances,the aircrew leaves the aircraft under unsatisfied conditions,such as too high relative velocity to the ambient air or low partial oxygen pressure.The aircrew must pass through this area as quickly as possible before opening the parachute safely,viz.,free-fall.Numerical simulations are conducted in this paper to explore the major characteris-tics of the aircrew free-fall process by using a commercial computational fluid dynamic(CFD) software,FLUENT.Coupled with the classical pressure-altitude and temperature-altitude relations,Navier-Stokes(N-S) equations for compressible flow are solved by using finite volume method.The body velocity and the attitude are predicted with six-degree of freedom(6DOF) module.The evolution of velocities,including horizontal,vertical components and angular velocity,is obtained.It is also analyzed further according to the particle kinetic theories.It is validated that the theories can predict the process qualitatively well with a modi-fied drag effect,which mainly stems from the velocity pressure.An empirical modification factor is proposed according to the fitting results.