基于星间激光测距的三星时差定位系统标校方法

利用精确的星间激光测距信息,提出了基于星间测距的三星时差定位系统标校方法。该方法消除了副星相对位置系统误差对定位精度的影响,同时提出了副星相对位置系统误差的解析解法,建立了模型误差和对副星相对位置系统误差进行估算的误差的定量关系,并证实了基于星间激光测距的标校方法可以在较大范围内提高定位精度。     

Basic performance of BeiDou-2 navigation satellite system used in LEO satellites precise orbit determination

The visibility for low earth orbit（LEO） satellites provided by the BeiDou-2 system is analyzed and compared with the global positioning system（GPS）. In addition, the spaceborne receivers＇ observations are simulated by the BeiDou satellites broadcast ephemeris and LEO satellites orbits. The precise orbit determination（POD） results show that the along-track component accuracy is much better over the service area than the non-service area, while the accuracy of the other two directions keeps at the same level over different areas. However, the 3-dimensional（3D） accuracy over the two areas shows almost no difference. Only taking into consideration the observation noise and navigation satellite ephemeris errors, the 3D accuracy of the POD is about30 cm. As for the precise relative orbit determination（PROD）, the 3D accuracy is much better over the eastern hemisphere than that of the western hemisphere. The baseline length accuracy is 3.4 mm over the service area, and it is still better than 1 cm over the non-service area. This paper demonstrates that the BeiDou regional constellation could provide global service to LEO satellites for the POD and the PROD. Finally, the benefit of geostationary earth orbit（GEO） satellites is illustrated for POD.     

低成本GNSS接收机芯片载波相位测量技术

当前具备载波相位测量的GNSS接收机能够实现高精度定位,但其成本高、体积大,难以广泛应用于大批量的手机、平板电脑等消费电子产品。针对ST公司的STA8090接收机芯片并改进其软件和晶振以获得载波相位信息,采用双差和三差方程测试评估载波相位测量的精度,与测绘型接收机进行对比。基于改进的STA8090接收机芯片构建双天线定姿系统原型样机,静态测试评估了相对定位和定向精度。研究结果表明,千米级静态相对定位精度优于0.01m,在1.23m基线条件下定向精度优于0.1°。因此,采用低成本GNSS接收机芯片实现高精度载波相位测量的技术方案是可行的,具备广阔的市场应用前景。     

Quick position determination using 1 or 2 LEO satellites

We describe an approach for a medium accuracy position determination of a user terminal (UT) on the Earth surface, using one or two low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. The positioning approach is intended to meet the requirements of a worldwide personal communications system using LEO satellites. The basic two requirements are: (1) immediate positioning, and (2) horizontal position accuracy of the order of 10 km. Those requirements stem from the need of the system to know the user's approximate location before it connects his call. The approach makes use of the two-way communication with the UT, which can receive, transmit, and make its own measurements. Delay and Doppler measurements are used in order to enable instantaneous positioning with one satellite, and in order to achieve unambiguous positioning with two satellites. A simplified Globalstar satellite constellation and the expected Globalstar delay and frequency measurement accuracy are used to demonstrate the concept and to evaluate its performances     

星载全空间可见GPS接收系统定位精度分析及验证

针对低轨空间科学卫星在轨任意姿态无固定对天面造成的无法连续GPS(Global Positioning System,全球定位系统)定位的问题,在HXMT(Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope,硬X射线调制望远镜)卫星中提出了星载全空间可见的GPS接收系统,并指出了双天线多径干扰对定位精度的影响。建立模型,对双天线下主瓣直达信号和后瓣镜像干扰信号叠加合成的信号进行定位精度分析,结果表明,空间中83.3%以上的GPS卫星信号对该系统带来的定位误差影响不大于单天线的定位误差影响。通过半物理动态仿真验证以及外场试验进行验证,实际工程测试数据结果表明采用剔星策略后定位精度提高约13.4%。从而证明了星载全空间可见的GPS接收系统方案的正确性,并可广泛应用于工程实际。     

Differential positioning experiment using two geostationarysatellites

A ranging and positioning system for a ship or an aircraft using two geostationary satellites is described. This system has a ranging and positioning accuracy of 100 m and 1 km. Experiments to estimate this system were performed using a ship in the Pacific Ocean in a normal and a differential modes. This system leads to the development of fundamental ranging and positioning techniques for the cooperated independent surveillance     

QZSS亚米级增强服务和MSAS增强定位性能评估

日本QZSS亚米级增强服务(SLAS)和多功能卫星增强系统(MSAS)均用于增强单点定位性能，但其服务范围和服务原理不尽相同。为了对这两种增强服务进行增强性能评估，以伪距单点定位结果为基础，比较在日本境内和中国及周边地区使用这两种增强服务增强后的定位结果，分析和评估不同地区两种增强服务的增强性能和适用性。结果表明：在日本境内，SLAS和MSAS均能显著实现定位增强效果，SLAS在水平和高程方向定位精度分别为0.55m和0.9m，提升约51.8%和73.8%；相应地，MSAS定位精度分别为0.69m和0.97m，提升约39.8%和71.8%；表明前者增强效果更好。在中国及周边地区，MSAS增强定位效果更好，但要求离中心服务区越近越好；SLAS也能增强定位效果，但提升效果较小，且当测站离中心服务区超过一定距离时，会出现定位精度负提升的情况。     

双星定位系统及其备份星在近地卫星联合定轨建模中的应用

建立了基于双星定位系统距离和观测数据的近地卫星联合定轨模型,设计了相应的数值融合联合定轨算法;为进一步提高近地卫星定轨精度,考虑融合双星及备份星距离和观测数据,建立了基于双星和备份星的近地卫星联合定轨模型及实现算法,并针对不同仿真条件进行了联合定轨仿真实验。仿真计算结果表明,联合定轨方式较传统近地卫星精密定轨方式可以更好地抑制双星星历误差对近地卫星定轨精度的影响,近地卫星和双星的定轨精度均得到了一定程度的提高;同时,融合备份星观测数据的近地卫星联合定轨精度得到进一步改善,达到5.17m。     

Geostationary Satellite Navigation Systems

The concept of position determination using geostationary satellites as an alternative to the global positioning system (GPS) is studied. The advantage of a geostationary system is that only three, or at most four, satellites are required to cover the continental United States. A total of twelve satellites are sufficient for global coverage (excluding polar regions), or eight if only longitude and latitude, but not altitude, are measured. The system involves the determination of the range to either four geostationary satellites or, if the altitude is not measured, three geostationary satellites. The accuracy of the proposed systems are evaluated to obtain the rms error associated with position determination, and the concept for the implementation of measurements required by the systems is presented. The accuracy of the systems are adequate for civilian use in the continental United States; however, there is a degradation in accuracy as the location of the user approaches the equator.     

A demonstration of sub meter GPS orbit determination and highprecision user positioning

High-accuracy orbits have been determined for satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS), with submeter orbit accuracy demonstrated for two well-tracked satellites. Baselines of up to 2000 km in North America determined with the GPS orbits shows daily repeatability of 0.3-2 parts in 10⁸ and agree with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) solutions at the level of 1.5 parts in 10 ⁸. Tests used to assess orbit accuracy include orbit repeatability from independent data sets, orbit prediction, ground baseline determination, and formal errors. One satellite tracked for eight hours each day shows RMS errors below 1 m even when predicted more than three days outside of a 1-week data arc. These results demonstrate the powerful relative positioning capability available from differential GPS tracking. Baselines have also been estimated between Florida and sites in the Caribbean region over 1000 km away, with daily repeatability of 1-4 parts in 10⁸. The best orbit estimation strategies included data arcs of 1-2 weeks, process noise models for tropospheric fluctuations, combined processing of GPS carrier phase and pseudorange data, and estimation of GPS solar pressure coefficients     

基于北斗导航定位系统改进技术的定位误差仿真和分析研究

对北斗导航定位系统、使用三星定位技术及伪卫星技术的定位误差进行了仿真分析.通过仿真和分析表明,三星定位技术虽然解决了原有系统的缺陷,但存在定位精度的问题;而伪卫星技术不仅解决了原有系统的缺陷,同时提高了定位精度.     

基于改进的磁场检验和主方向算法的行人航向估计

针对以惯导为核心的行人定位算法存在航向角失真的问题，提出了一种融合惯性测量单元(IMU)和磁力计的行人导航算法，利用步幅航向的变化量将行人的运动分为直线行走和曲线行走两部分，当检测到行人直线行走时，提出一种实时建立主方向的自适应航向角漂移修正算法，对航行角误差进行补偿；当行人曲线行走时，辅助地磁场信息，使用磁场强度、地磁倾角、惯性导航系统(inertial navigation system，INS)与磁力计解算的航向角之差这三个特征值构建广义似然比检验量，对磁场进行判断获得稳定状态磁场信息，通过卡尔曼滤波对航向角误差进行补偿。将传感器置于足部进行实验，实验结果表明,两种算法可以实现优势互补，有效地抑制地磁信息的干扰，提高导航精度，算法结果相对于无航向角修正的零速修正算法、零角速度更新算法和单独使用磁力计进行融合的算法，定位误差分别降低了91.02%、82.93%和61.39%，室外和室内终点定位误差分别为4.545 4 m和0.543 6 m，占总路程的0.69%和0.17%。     

Performance evaluation of GPS augmentation using Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

The current global positioning system (GPS) provides limited availability and capability for a country like Japan where mountainous terrain and urban canyons do not allow a clear skyline to the horizon. At present, the Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is under investigation through a cooperative effort between the government and the private sector. QZSS is considered a multi-function satellite system, as it is able to provide communication, broadcasting, and positioning services for mobile users in a specified region with a high elevation angle. The additional GPS compatible signals from QZSS can remarkably improve the availability, accuracy, and capability of GPS positioning. This work focuses on the performance of GPS augmentation using the proposed QZSS. The QZSS satellite constellation and signal structure are briefly reviewed. Positioning with pseudo-range and carrier phase are discussed. The performance of GPS augmentation using QZSS in the Asian-Pacific and Australian area is studied using software simulations. The results are presented using the number of visible satellites as a measure of availability, GDOP as a measure of accuracy, and ambiguity success rate as a measure of capability of carrier-phase-based positioning with spatial and temporal variations. The results show that the QZSS will improve not only the availability and accuracy of GPS positioning, but will also enhance the capability of the GPS carrier-phase-based positioning in Japan and neighboring regions.     

GNSS卫星钟差估计与结果分析

探讨了GNSS卫星钟差估计的基本原理、处理方法及数据处理中的一些关键技术,利用全球56个IGS跟踪站的观测数据进行钟差估计,比较分析了钟差产品的精度与定位性能。以GPS系统解算结果为例,其钟差产品与IGS最终精密卫星钟差符合较好,精度优于0.04ns(约0.012m),多系统钟差解算结果互差优于亚纳秒级。基于钟差产品进行精密单点定位解算试验,试验结果表明,在定位收敛之后,静态PPP在东、北、天3个方向上精度为0.0582m、0.0466m、0.1188m;动态PPP在东、北、天3个方向上精度为0.0671m、0.0640m、0.3200m。定位结果与IGS最终精密钟差解算结果符合较好,表明两者之间差异较小,进一步验证了解算得到的卫星钟差产品的定位性能。     

Spacecraft orbit determination using GPS navigation solutions

The orbit determination using the GPS navigation solutions for the KOMPSAT-1 spacecraft has been studied. The Cowell method of special perturbation theories was employed to develop a precision orbit propagation, and the perturbations due to geopotential, the gravity of the Sun and the Moon, solid Earth tides, ocean tides, the Earth's dynamic polar motion, solar radiation pressure, and atmospheric drag were modeled. Specifically, the satellite box-wing macro model was applied to minimize the drag errors at low altitude. The estimation scheme consisted of an extended Kalman filter and Bayesian least square method. To investigate the applicability of the method to the KOMPSAT-1 spacecraft, the orbit determination was accomplished using the GPS navigation solutions for the TOPEX/POSEIDON and TAOS satellites. The orbit determination results were compared with NASA POE generated by global laser tracking. The position and velocity accuracy was estimated about 16∼7 m and 0.0157∼0.0074 m·s⁻¹ RMS, respectively, for the two satellites in the presence of SA. These results verify that an orbit determination scheme using GPS navigation solutions can provide the static orbit information and reduce conspicuously the position and velocity errors of navigation solutions. It can be suggested that the sequential and batch orbit determination using the GPS navigation solutions be the most appropriate method in the KOMPSAT-1 type mission.     

GNSS广域差分改正数估计方法研究

随着我国北斗三号基本系统的正式运行，基于地面监测站的广域差分增强系统成为进一步提升卫星导航定位精度的手段之一。在码噪声多径误差修正（CNMC）的基础上，使用等效钟差方法实现GNSS卫星轨道与钟差误差的解耦，并依据卫星轨道运动的动力学特性，引入希尔差分方程描述卫星轨道误差变化，实现对轨道误差的实时卡尔曼滤波估计。基于GPS实测数据，对改正前后的用户等效测距误差（UERE）和定位精度进行了对比研究。实验结果表明，采用该方法，UERE标准差由改正前的0.456 m减小至0.227 m，降幅达到50.22%；整体水平定位误差（95%置信区间）由0.981 m减小至0.782 m，垂直定位误差（95%置信区间）由1.991 m减小至1.131 m，分别提升了20.29%和43.19%，差分改正效果明显。     

基于惯性/激光测距/视觉里程计组合的高空场景尺度误差估计方法

惯性/视觉感知信息融合导航定位技术是目前实现无人机不依赖卫星自主导航的最有效手段。但对于面向高空场景的大型无人机，惯性器件误差与视觉里程计尺度误差耦合且特征平面化导致可观测性下降。针对这一问题，提出了利用惯性/激光测距/视觉里程计组合实现尺度误差估计的方法。通过开展误差模型建立、激光测量点与图像中位置匹配、无人机平飞机动下系统可观测性分析等关键技术研究，实现了高空场景下尺度误差的精确估计。经过300m高度机载试验数据验证，算法精度优于1.5%D，对卫星拒止条件下高空无人机自主导航具有重要意义。     

Orbit Determination Accuracies Using Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking

The results are reported of the ATS-6/GEOS-3 and the ATS-6 NIMBUS-6 satellite-to-satellite orbit determination experiments. NASA intends to use the tracking data relay satellite system for operational orbit determination of NASA satellites. Hence, in the near future, satellite-to-satellite tracking data will be routinely processed to obtain orbits. The satellite-to-satellite tracking system used in the ATS-6/NIMBUS-6 and ATS-6/GEOS-3 experiments performed with a resolution of 1 to 2 m in range and less than 1 mm/s in range rate for a 10-s averaging. A Bayesian least squares estimation technique utilizing independent ranging to the synchronous relay satellite was determined to be the most effective procedure for estimating orbits from satellite-to-satellite tracking data. The use of this technique yields estimates of user satellite orbits which are comparable in accuracy to what is usually obtained from ground based systems.     

平经度与偏心率联合偏置双星共位技术

针对在偏心率隔离情况下,由于共位双星半长轴并不完全相同,导致双星平经度差不断增加的情况,讨论了平经度与偏心率联合偏置情况下的双星共位控制策略.该策略通过计算得到双星允许的最大平经度差,控制双星漂移过程中的平经度差保持在允许的范围,确保在偏心率偏置条件下实现双星的安全隔离.理论和算例表明,双星共位的控制周期与卫星的测控精度有关,随着测控精度的提高,双星共位的控制周期可以等于每颗星的东西位置保持周期.     

双线程滑动窗口多系统GNSS超快精密定轨实现及评估

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）超快精密定轨为GNSS实时应用提供了高精度空间基准。基于天地协同定位、导航与授时（PNT）网络服务中心实现了四系统GNSS卫星超快精密定轨,并对定轨结果进行精度评价。介绍了天地协同PNT网络的概念内涵以及网络服务中心部署的超快精密定轨软件架构和详细功能,并针对实时应用需求提出了一种双线程滑动窗口超快精密定轨策略。最后利用重叠弧段比较、与外部轨道产品比较以及卫星激光测距（SLR）检核3种方式对定轨结果进行了精度评价。结果表明,与武汉大学分析中心的最终事后精密轨道产品相比,四系统GNSS MEO卫星预报6 h弧段的径向均方根（RMS）误差整体在2~5 cm水平,BDS2 IGSO卫星最小一维RMS误差在10~15 cm水平;GPS和Galileo卫星的SLR检核残差均值在1~3 cm水平,标准差在3~6 cm水平,能够满足后续厘米级实时应用对空间基准的精度需求。