高速无轴承永磁电机设计与分析

高速电机具有高功率密度、能够减小设备体积与重量,可以直接驱动负载、提高传动效率,在航空航天、新能源、精密制造等领域具有广阔的应用前景。将无轴承永磁电机应用于高速驱动系统,在推导无轴承永磁电机数学模型基础上,提出了高速无轴承永磁电机设计方法。通过对一台额定功率2 300 W、额定转速8 000 r/min、调速范围0~60 000 r/min的高速无轴承永磁电机进行电磁和机械一体化设计,并采用有限元法对样机的电磁性能和动力学性能进行优化。仿真试验结果验证了所采用的设计方法的正确性。     

直驱式电动台钻用开关磁阻电机高效控制

直驱式电动台钻用效率较高的开关磁阻电机(SRM)替换单相感应电机,将钻头直接固定到电机转子的输出端,省去传统台钻的皮带、塔轮等机械传动装置,实现直接驱动。为了实现直驱式电动台钻全转速范围内的无极调速功能,提出起动阶段采用电流斩波控制(CCC)提供大扭矩；低速阶段采用基于正余弦电流分配的方法抑制低速转矩脉动；中高速阶段采用电压斩波控制(CVC)+角度控制(APC)的变角度电压斩波组合控制方式对转速进行调节。从而实现了不同控制模式间的平滑切换的控制策略。试验结果表明:所提出的全转速范围的控制策略效率高、调速性能好,可有效提高电动台钻的性能。     

Implementation of nondeterministic pulsewidth modulation forinverter drives

A single-phase power factor preregulator to improve the power quality in the input side of an ac/dc/ac converter and a random pulsewidth modulation (PWM) to reduce the emitted noise energy and the mechanical vibration for an induction motor drive is proposed. The hysteresis current control (HCC) technique for a voltage source switching mode rectifier (SMR) is adopted. A control scheme is presented such that the line current is driven to follow the reference current which is derived from the dc bus voltage regulator and the output power estimator. A random pulse position technique for a three-phase voltage source inverter system to reduce the noise energy and resonant vibration from ac machine drive is described. By randomly varying the instantaneous pulse position in each switching frequency, the frequency distribution of harmonics is spread in a wide frequency range which results in reduction of torque pulsations in the ac motor drive systems. To investigate the proposed control scheme, experimental tests based on a laboratory prototype were implemented to show the nearly unity power factor at the SMR and reduce the noise energy concentrated at the specific tones     

High-performance EHA controls using an interior permanent magnetmotor

A controller for a high-performance electrohydrostatic actuator (EHA) using an interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous motor to produce servo motion is described. The buried-magnet design of the IPM motor yields desired characteristics such as high efficiency, robust rotor construction, and wide operating speed range. Power converter size is minimized by using insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power switches combined with high-voltage integrated circuit (HVIC) gate drivers in phase-leg power modules. Experimental results for the demonstrator motor-controller hardware rated at 12 hp (continuous) are presented confirming the IPM motor drive's performance     

Improved field-weakening control for IFO induction motor

Generally, good transient response and high conversion efficiency of a field-weakened indirect field-oriented (IFO), induction motor drive are difficult to obtain simultaneously owing to their contradictory behaviors. Moreover, its operating performance is quite sensitive to the flux level, detuned effect, and parameter variations. An improved field-weakening control approach for an IFO induction motor drive is developed here. In the proposed method, the saturated magnetizing inductance is represented by a fitted quadratic polynomial of flux current. And the normal d-axis flux current command is composed of a no-load, a load-compensating, and a transient compensating component. The first one is represented by a third-order polynomial of rotor speed, which is estimated at no-load to consider the effects of nonlinear magnetizing inductance and the limitation of motor rated voltage. As for the latter two compensating current command components, they are utilized to further weaken the field such that current tracking performances during loaded cases and transient period can be improved. And hence the torque-generating capability is also enhanced accordingly. During steady-state operation, the slip angular speed command or the flux current command is tuned using the proposed approach to let the motor quickly reach a stable operating condition with better efficiency. Experimental results show that good dynamic responses and better energy conversion efficiencies can be simultaneously obtained by the proposed field-weakening control method.     

Tapped-inductor filter assisted soft-switching PWM DC-DC power converter

A novel high-frequency transformer linked full-bridge type soft-switching phase-shift pulsewidth modulated (PWM) controlled dc-dc power converter is presented, which can be used as a power conditioner for small-scale photovoltaic and fuel cell power generation systems as well as isolated boost dc-dc power converter for automotive ac power supply. In these applications with low-voltage large-current sources, the full-bridge circuit is the most attractive topology due to the possibility of using low-voltage high-performance metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) and achieving high efficiency of the dc-dc power converter. A tapped-inductor filter including the freewheeling diode is newly implemented in the output stage of the full-bridge phase-shift PWM dc-dc converter to achieve soft-switching operation for the wide load variation range. Moreover, in the proposed converter circuit, the circulating current is effectively minimized without using additional resonant circuit and auxiliary power switching devices. The practical effectiveness of the proposed soft-switching dc-dc power converter was verified in laboratory level experiment with 1 kW 100 kHz breadboard setup using power MOSFETs. Actual efficiency of 94-97% was obtained for the wide duty cycle and load variation ranges.     

High power factor AC/DC/AC converter with random PWM

A three-phase AC/DC/AC converter is presented with a power factor preregulator to improve the power quality in the input side and a pseudorandom noise generator to reduce the emitted acoustic noise and the mechanical vibration for an induction motor drive. The space vector modulation with hysteresis current control for a voltage source rectifier is adopted to simplify the hardware circuit. A control scheme is presented to drive the supply current following the reference current. The amplitude of reference current for the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) rectifier is derived from the DC bus voltage regulator and the estimated output power. Random switching frequency technique for a three-phase PWM inverter system to reduce the annoying tonal noise and resonant vibration from an induction motor is described. By randomly varying the instantaneous PWM switching frequency from one cycle to the next, the frequency distribution of harmonics is spread in a wide frequency range. The major advantage for using such a strategy is the nonrepetitive output spectral characteristic that results in reduction of torque pulsations in motor drive systems. The nearly unity power factor at the three-phase rectifier and the absence of acoustic noise concentrated at the specific tones which is usually present with conventional sinusoidal modulation are verified by the experimental tests     

Comparison of AC drives for electric vehicles-a report on experts'opinion survey

It is recognized that wide applications of electric vehicles (EVs) will bring tremendous social, economical and ecological benefits. With the growing interests in electric vehicles, much effort is demanded for the development of efficient, reliable and economical AC drives' for EV propulsion purpose. Both induction motor (IM) drives and permanent magnet brushless DC motor (IM) drives have been applied to EVs. Switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives have been proposed as an alternative for EV propulsion. In order to assess the suitability of IM, BDCM and SRM drives for EV applications and to provide a technical support for the development and selection of future EV propulsion systems, the existing EV AC propulsion drives were compared, and a survey of experts' opinions was conducted. Comparison of the three AC drives was made on a relative and a quantitative basis using the survey questionnaires. According to the majority of the experts, induction motor drives are best suited for EV propulsion purpose, due to their low cost, high reliability, high speed, established converter and manufacturing technology, low torque ripple/noise and absence of position sensors. BDCM drives feature compactness, low weight and high efficiency and therefore provide an alternative for EV propulsion. The experts regard insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) as the most suited power semiconductor devices for AC drive converters at the present stage     

电动汽车轮毂电机技术的发展现状与发展趋势

轮毂电机具有结构紧凑、传动效率高、控制和转向灵活等优点。由轮毂电机驱动的电动汽车是新能源汽车重要的发展方向。通过各种电机的对比,认为永磁同步电机效率高、功率密度高、可靠性好,是轮毂驱动电机一个较好的选择。总结了电动汽车轮毂电机国内外的应用概况,介绍了轮毂电机电磁设计优化、控制策略及散热方式和结构方面进行的研究和工作,最后探讨了我国电动汽车轮毂电机研究中存在的问题,展望了轮毂电机未来的发展方向。     

永磁直线同步电机无传感驱动系统全速范围位置估计新方法

为了适应直线电机速度变化范围大的特点,针对永磁直线同步电机(PMLSM)无传感驱动系统中难以在全速范围内精确提取动子位置信息这一问题,提出了一种基于扩展卡尔曼滤波法(EKF)和位置闭环观测器的复合新型位置估计算法。在电机起动与低速时采用EKF,在中高速时采用位置闭环观测器,在速度承接区域采用EKF和闭环观测器算法的加权复合,以实现PMLSM从起动到高速全速范围内高精度的位置估计。仿真试验结果表明,提出的方法在全速范围内能较准确地估计出电机的位置信息。     

Impact Potential of New Power Electronic Technologies

New technological advances in the area of power electronics are having an increasing impact on the design of aerospace control systems. These next generation power components promise improved system performance through increased electronic efficiencies. Applying state-of-the-art packaging concepts as an integral part of the system design will allow these devices to be utilized in a space efficient and reliable manner. The first portion of this paper looks at two such next generation components. The first is a High Voltage Integrated Circuit (HVIC) that provides a bridge between the low voltage controller logic and the high voltage motor winding invertor. This device achieves size reduction and an increase in reliability through integration of low and high voltage logic networks on a single integrated circuit. The second is the Insulated Gate Transistor (IGT). This device provides a high voltage switch with MOS-like drive characteristics. The present and future expectations of these power devices are discussed. This paper then looks at new packaging techniques for power devices. The impact of parasitic circuit effects have significant impact on power circuit performance. Finally, this paper looks at an example control application. The design is that of a permanent magnet motor driven actuator. The drive motor uses 270 vdc for supply voltage. Within the intelligent system controller, is the capability to control the current demands of the motor. The new power electronics devices are making the design feasible in both thermal and volume efficiency. This topic includes projected controller sizing into the 1990s.     

永磁式双凸极电机系统稳态运行模型研究

以一台12/8极永磁式双凸极电机为研究对象,以有限元法对电机内电磁场分析结果为基础,对双凸极电机系统在不同控制方式下的稳态运行过程进行分析,得到与之相应的一阶非线性常微分方程。在Matlab编程环境下对各微分方程进行求解并结合电机的数学模型,建立永磁式双凸极电机系统稳态运行仿真模型,并将仿真得到的电流波形和机械特性曲线与实测得到的相关波形对照,二者间有很好的一致性。表明提出的双凸极电机系统研究方法具有一定的实用价值。     

Motor drive technologies for the power-by-wire (PBW) program:options, trends and tradeoffs. I. Motors and controllers

The Power-By-Wire (PEW) program involves the replacement of hydraulic and pneumatic systems currently used in aircraft with an all-electric secondary power system. One of the largest loads of the all-electric secondary power system will be the motor loads which include pumps, compressors and Electrical Actuators (EAs). Issues of improved reliability, reduced maintenance and efficiency, among other advantages, are the motivation for replacing the existing aircraft actuators with electrical actuators. The EA system contains the motor, the power electronic converters, the actuator and the control system, including the sensors. This paper and a companion paper give a comparative literature review in motor drive technologies, with a focus on the trends and tradeoffs involved in the selection of a particular motor drive technology. The reported research comprises the induction motor (IM), the brushless dc motor (BLDCM) and the switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive technologies. Each of the three drives has the potential for application in the PEW program. Many issues remain to be investigated and compared between the three motor drives, using actual mechanical loads expected in the PBW program     

Thermionic/AMTEC cascade converter concept for high-efficiencyspace power

This paper presents trade studies that address the use of the thermionic/AMTEC cell-a cascaded, high efficiency, static power conversion concept that appears well-suited to space power applications. Both the thermionic and AMTEC power conversion approaches have been shown to be promising candidates for space power. Thermionics offers system compactness via modest efficiency at high heat rejection temperatures, and AMTEC offers high efficiency at modest heat rejection temperature. From a thermal viewpoint, the two are ideally suited for cascaded power conversion: thermionic heat rejection and AMTEC heat source temperatures are essentially the same. In addition to realizing conversion efficiencies potentially as high as 35-40% such a cascade offers the following perceived benefits: Survivability-capable of operation in the Van Allen belts; Simplicity-static conversion, no moving parts; Long lifetime-no inherent life-limiting mechanisms identified; Technology readiness-Large thermionic database; AMTEC efficiencies of 18% currently being demonstrated, with more growth potential available; and Technology growth-applicable to both solar thermal and reactor-based nuclear space power systems. Mechanical approaches and thermal/electric matching criteria for integrating thermionics and AMTEC into a single conversion device are described. Focusing primarily on solar thermal space power applications, parametric trends are presented to show the performance and cost potential that should be achievable with present-day technology in cascaded thermionic/AMTEC systems     

Nonlinear controller design for switched reluctance drive systems

A nonlinear speed-loop controller for a switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive system is proposed. The details of the controller design and analysis are discussed. In addition, to extend the controllable speed range, the commutating angle of the drive system is suitably adjusted as the motor speed goes beyond base-speed. By using a 32-bit microprocessor, a fully digital drive system including a digital speed-loop controller and a digital current-loop controller is implemented here. The hardware circuit of the drive system is very simple. The system has satisfactory performance in both the pulsewidth modulated (PWM) region and the single pulse region. The adjustable speed range of the system is from 10 r/min to 3000 r/min. In addition, the proposed drive system performs well in tracking ability, load disturbance rejection capability, and robustness. Several experimental results are presented to validate the theoretic analysis.     

Highlights of a Brushless Direct-Drive Solar Array Control System Design

This paper summarizes a drive system design for controlling the position and rate of solar power arrays on orbiting spacecraft. There are no gears or sliding contact elements used anywhere in the system and only low-speed bearings are needed. Such mechanization is particularly well suited to solid lubrication techniques, and wear rates are very low, so that the drive system can operate directly in the space environment for long periods of time. Three major components were developed for implementation of this design concept. They are: 1) a brushless dc torque motor; 2) a rotary power transformer; and 3) an offset-tooth shaft position and rate sensor. These components are combined in a hybrid system configuration in which the signal processing and logic functions are performed by digital and linear integrated circuits. A root contour and describing function analysis, confirmed by experimentation, shows that several modes of limit cycle generation can occur in the vicinity of null. Compensation circuits are given that inhibit or suppress limit cycling and provide controlled electronic damping of the system. The system offers relatively high stiffness and can be operated at indefinitely low angular rates with minimum power consumption.     

Recent developments of electric vehicles and their propulsionsystems

Major recent electric vehicle (EV) programs in North America, Europe, and Japan are reviewed. The developments discussed include electric vehicles for fleet operation and electric passenger cars for urban transit. All major auto makers have had their own concept electric vehicle programs, targeted at commercial production in the late 1990s. It Is noted that, with different objectives for various electric vehicles, considerations such as cost, reliability, efficiency, maintenance, durability, weight, size, and noise level should be compromised for the propulsion system design. Consequently, DC motor drives, induction motor drives, and permanent magnet brushless DC motor drives will continually be used for EV propulsion systems in the future, with DC drives being gradually replaced by AC drives. The rapid advances in power semiconductor devices and microprocessors have made it possible to build reliable and cost-effective AC drive systems     

Dynamic neighborhood genetic learning particle swarm optimization for high-power-density electric propulsion motor

To maximize the power density of the electric propulsion motor in aerospace application, this paper proposes a novel Dynamic Neighborhood Genetic Learning Particle Swarm Optimization (DNGL-PSO) for the motor design, which can deal with the insufficient population diversity and non-global optimal solution issues. The DNGL-PSO framework is composed of the dynamic neighborhood module and the particle update module. To improve the population diversity, the dynamic neighborhood strategy is first proposed, which combines the local neighborhood exemplar generation mechanism and the shuffling mechanism. The local neighborhood exemplar generation mechanism enlarges the search range of the algorithm in the solution space, thus obtaining high-quality exemplars. Meanwhile, when the global optimal solution cannot update its fitness value, the shuffling mechanism module is triggered to dynamically change the local neighborhood members. The roulette wheel selection operator is introduced into the shuffling mechanism to ensure that particles with larger fitness value are selected with a higher probability and remain in the local neighborhood. Then, the global learning based particle update approach is proposed, which can achieve a good balance between the expansion of the search range in the early stage and the acceleration of local convergence in the later stage. Finally, the optimization design of the electric propulsion motor is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed DNGL-PSO. The simulation results show that the proposed DNGL-PSO has excellent adaptability, optimization efficiency and global optimization capability, while the optimized electric propulsion motor has a high power density of 5.207 kW/kg with the efficiency of 96.12%.     

电磁式双凸极电机电磁特性的理论分析

 对电磁式双凸极电机(DSEM) 的电磁特性进行理论分析。首先给出了定转子齿重叠角与转子位置角的关系式,从理论上验证了DSEM 所有极下定转子齿重叠角之和为常数。然后推导出电感和转矩的表达式,重点分析了DSEM 的电感和转矩特性,最后给出了仿真实例。理论分析与仿真结果均表明:DSEM 的电磁特性在许多方面不同于DSPM。本文将为DSEM 的进一步研究打下理论基础。     

差速电机驱动控制系统的研制

本文提出了一种适用于差速电机的驱动控制系统设计方案,该系统由直流转换电路、电机驱动电路和转速监测电路组成。通过样机生产及试验验证,结果表明该系统具有体积小、重量轻、效率高、调速范围宽等优点,满足设计指标和用户使用要求。