Comparison of AC drives for electric vehicles-a report on experts'opinion survey

It is recognized that wide applications of electric vehicles (EVs) will bring tremendous social, economical and ecological benefits. With the growing interests in electric vehicles, much effort is demanded for the development of efficient, reliable and economical AC drives' for EV propulsion purpose. Both induction motor (IM) drives and permanent magnet brushless DC motor (IM) drives have been applied to EVs. Switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives have been proposed as an alternative for EV propulsion. In order to assess the suitability of IM, BDCM and SRM drives for EV applications and to provide a technical support for the development and selection of future EV propulsion systems, the existing EV AC propulsion drives were compared, and a survey of experts' opinions was conducted. Comparison of the three AC drives was made on a relative and a quantitative basis using the survey questionnaires. According to the majority of the experts, induction motor drives are best suited for EV propulsion purpose, due to their low cost, high reliability, high speed, established converter and manufacturing technology, low torque ripple/noise and absence of position sensors. BDCM drives feature compactness, low weight and high efficiency and therefore provide an alternative for EV propulsion. The experts regard insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) as the most suited power semiconductor devices for AC drive converters at the present stage     

Market mature 1998 hybrid electric vehicles

Beginning in 1990, the major automotive passenger vehicle manufacturers once again re-evaluated the potential of the battery powered electric vehicle (EV). This intensive effort to reduce the battery EV to commercial practice focused attention on the key issue of limited vehicle range, resulting from the low energy density and high mass characteristics of batteries, in comparison to the high energy density of liquid hydrocarbon (HC) fuels. Consequently, by 1995, vehicle manufacturers turned their attention to hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). This redirection of EV effort was highlighted finally in 1997, at the 57th Frankfurt Motor Show, the Audi Duo parallel type hybrid was released for the domestic market as a 1998 model vehicle. Also at the 1997 32nd Tokyo Motor Show, Toyota Hybrid System (THS) Prius was released for the domestic market as a production 1998 model vehicle. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the key features of these two 1998 model year production hybrid systems. Among the conclusions, two issues are evident: one, the major manufacturers have turned to the hybrid concept in their search for solutions to the key EV issues of limited range; and, heating/air conditioning; and two, the focus is now on introducing hybrid EV for test marketing domestically     

分布式电推进飞机动力系统评估优化方法

以电推进飞机的动力系统作为研究对象,开展了以下研究工作：采用电力系统潮流计算方法,分析了采用高压直流供电体制的分布式电推进飞机电气系统,模拟了其在稳定运行状态与断路故障状态下的能量流动关系,同时分析了直流电压等级对电气系统的影响。搭建了完整的分布式电推进飞机动力系统仿真模型,依据基于时间和基于高度的飞行剖面,对比分析了纯电推进与涡轮电推进架构在推进功率、推进效率与航程3个评价指标上的优劣。建立了动力系统典型部件的参数化模型,并使用符号规划算法对建立的参数化模型进行了优化计算,比较了传统涡轮推进与涡轮电推进架构下动力系统质量与燃油消耗率间的优化权衡关系。研究结果为分布式电推进飞机混合动力系统的设计提供了有价值的正向设计方法。     

非车载充电机仿真建模

在阐述电动汽车非车载充电机的基本结构的基础上,根据非车载充电机的基本原理,针对不可控整流型非车载充电机,分析高频隔离式DC/DC变换器和充电机的控制电路,在Matlab-Simulink的平台上进行建模,对相关参数进行仿真,并对其注入电网和输出充电的电能进行评估。     

电动无人机动力系统建模与实验

基于叶素修正理论和三维机翼气动系数计算公式,提出了一种分析双叶定距螺旋桨的新方法.并根据外转子无刷电动机工作原理及其特性,建立起电动无人机动力系统性能特性计算的数学模型.使用该模型分析了17组不同螺旋桨和电动机的零空速实验数据,结果表明:该模型原理正确,精度较高,且具有良好的工程操作性,能够有效提高电动无人机动力参数设计的可信度和精度.      

基于dSPACE的电动汽车电机调速控制策略研究

为了解决电动汽车无刷直流轮毂电机控制中普遍存在的调速不精确、转速响应慢和自适应性较差等问题,通过分析轮毂电机调速系统特性,研究其对电动汽车整车性能的影响。依据无刷直流电机(BLDCM)简化数学模型,从速度调节角度分析讨论了控制策略,并以电机转速响应迅速且稳定为控制目标,搭建了基于dSPACE的BLDCM快速控制原型试验平台,深入讨论了转速模糊PI控制策略对整车性能的影响。试验结果表明,模糊PI闭环控制策略能有效改善电机的调速性能,提高无刷直流轮毂电机电动汽车行驶的稳定性。     

Heating and cooling battery electric vehicles-the final barrier

Battery electric vehicles (EVs) present a particular challenge to the development of more efficient and effective heating and cooling systems for automotive applications. Because heating-ventilating-air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are electrically powered, vehicle range is reduced when the HVAC system is operating. The alternative solutions to HVAC battery electric vehicles are identified and evaluated. These include a basis for determining HVAC boundary design assumptions and showing mathematical methods for estimating the HVAC load and energy requirements, and evaluation of the new European and Japanese approaches to wintertime heating, such as NaS battery, motor and component waste heat recovery, electric seat warmer, radiant foot warmer, electric windshield and backlight defrost, molten salt latent heat storage, metal hydride hydrogen storage and catalytic heater, and liquid fueled heater     

扑翼飞行器动力系统建模方法

为快速评估扑翼飞行器的航时,便于针对不同扑动翼进行动力系统设计与优化,逐步减少实物验证与试飞,加快扑翼飞行器的研制,基于实验数据参数辨识的方法建立了包含直流无刷电机、电调（ESC）、锂电池和扑动机构等扑翼飞行器动力系统组件的动态模型,其中电机模型相对误差小于10%,锂电池动态模型相对误差小于6%;提出了一种基于风洞试验气动数据和功率数据的扑动轴瞬时气动载荷半经验高精度建模方法,解决了气动载荷测量较为困难的问题,模型确定系数大于0.89;集成以上模型后的扑翼飞行器仿真系统还包含扑动翼周期平均气动模型、平尾气动模型和纵向控制模型,确保仿真在动态配平状态下进行,可进行全任务剖面航时仿真,航时仿真与实际试飞结果相比误差小于3%。集成的扑翼飞行器仿真系统采用模块化建模思想,各模型参数独立可调,能进一步应用于扑翼飞行器多学科优化等研究。     

Performance enhancement using power beaming for electric propulsionEarth orbital transporters

Power requirements for an electric propulsion Earth orbital transport vehicle (EOTV), which can effectively deliver large payloads using much less propellant than chemical transfer methods, are addressed. The power beaming concept is described. Arcjets, magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thrusters, and ion engines are covered. Power supply characteristics are discussed for nuclear, solar and power-beaming systems. Operational characteristics are given for each, as are the effects of the power supply alternative on the overall craft performance. Because of its modular nature, the power beaming can meet the power requirements of all three electric propulsion types. Commonality of approach allows different electric propulsion approaches to be powered by means of a single power supply approach. Power beaming exhibits better flexibility and performance than onboard nuclear or solar power systems     

Impact of mission requirements and constraints on conceptual launch vehicle design

The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of mission requirements and constraints on both the optimum vehicle design and the effects on flight path selection for two types of reusable two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicles. The first vehicle type considered provides horizontal take-off and landing capabilities and is intended to be propelled by an airbreathing propulsion system during stage 1 flight. The second vehicle type assumes a vertical launch and is accelerated by a rocket propulsion system during the booster stage ascent flight. The analysis employs a design tool for simultaneous system and mission optimization. It consists of a CAD-based preliminary vehicle design tool, aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic calculation software, flight simulation programs, and a two-level decomposition optimization algorithm enabling simultaneous system and flight optimization. The results to be presented show that the cruise flight requirement for an European launched mission of the airbreathing vehicle results in a loss of 60 % payload mass as compared to a mere accelerated ascent for a near equatorial mission into the same target orbit assuming constant take-off mass. The strong dependencies of mission requirements on both the optimal vehicle design and the ascent performance are determined for the rocket-powered vehicle type by varying the inclination and altitude of the target orbit.     

船舶电力推进永磁容错电机模糊自适应PI控制

永磁容错电机(FTPMM)综合了永磁同步电机和开关磁阻电机的优点,可作为电推船的推进电机。在研究船用FTPMM结构及数学模型的基础上,对电机采用模糊自适应PI控制。误差大时,增加误差控制作用的权重,提高系统响应速度；误差小时,增加误差变化量控制作用的权重,使系统尽快进入稳态。通过仿真对比分析了模糊自适应PI控制策略相较于普通PI控制的优越性,并验证了其在船舶电力推进系统中应用的可行性。     

运载火箭动力冗余技术

概述了前苏联N-1火箭,美国土星系列,航天飞机以及法尔肯9运载火箭动力冗余应用情况,重点介绍了N-1火箭四次发射失利以及最终的事故原因,从现役运载火箭可靠性评估结果、运载火箭飞行故障统计结果和运载火箭动力冗余和非冗余可靠性的关系三个方面论证了动力冗余的必要性;提出了变推力方式和发动机贮备方式两种动力冗余方式,并分析了它们对运载火箭整体性能以及各系统的影响,最后梳理出实现动力冗余需要重点解决的关键技术。     

Present needs,capabilities, and future prospects in rocket technology for space research

The paper is a review of the past, present, and future of rocket technology, relating these to the propulsion requirements for exploration of the solar system. It reviews the U.S.A. approach to planning its launch-vehicle programs for space exploration, covers the present capabilities of the U.S.A. family of launch vehicles, and discusses some technology possibilities for future propulsion systems.     

Review of hybrid electric powered aircraft,its conceptual design and energy management methodologies

The paper overviews the state-of-art of aircraft powered by hybrid electric propulsion systems. The research status of the design and energy management of hybrid aircraft and hybrid propulsion systems are further reviewed. The first contribution of the review is to demonstrate that, in the context of relatively underdeveloped electrical storage technologies, the study of mid-scale hybrid aircraft can contribute the most to both theoretical and practical knowledge. Meanwhile, the profits and potential drawbacks of applying hybrid propulsion to mid-scale hybrid airplanes have not been thoroughly illustrated. Secondly, as summed in the overview of design methodologies, the multi-objective optimization transcends the single-objective one. The potential of the hybrid propulsion system can be thoroughly evaluated in only one optimization run, if several objectives optimized simultaneously. Yet there are few researches covering the conceptual design of hybrid aircraft using multi-objective optimization. The review of the most popular energy management strategies discloses the third research gap—current methodologies favoured in hybrid ground vehicles do not consider the aircraft safety. Additionally, both non-causal and causal energy management are needed for performing a complicated flight mission with several sub-tasks.     

推力耦合的高超声速飞行器气动伺服弹性研究

对于采用吸气式超燃冲压发动机的高超声速飞行器,其发动机推力可能与机身弹性发生耦合影响,从而引起所谓的推力耦合气动伺服弹性(ASE)问题。为对其耦合原理及影响进行研究,以简化的飞行器纵向模型为对象,考虑结构弹性、非定常气动力、冲压发动机以及控制系统之间的相互耦合作用,建立了推力耦合的高超声速飞行器气动伺服弹性问题的一般建模框架和分析流程。采用牛顿冲击理论计算高超声速非定常气动力,基于准一维流动假设分析发动机性能。算例结果表明,考虑发动机推力的耦合影响后,飞行器的短周期特性和气动伺服弹性特性均有明显改变,气动伺服弹性稳定裕度下降可达16%,应当引起飞行控制系统设计部门的重视。     

Prospects for electric vehicles

The state-of-the-art of electric vehicles (EVs) is discussed with examples of prototype vehicles-Electric G-Van, Chrysler TEVan, Eaton DSEP, and Ford/GE ETX-II. The acceleration, top speed, and range of these electric vehicles are delineated to demonstrate their performance capabilities, which are comparable with conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The prospects for the commercialization of the Electric G-van and the TEVan and the improvements expected from the AC drive systems of the DSEP and ETX-II vehicles are discussed. The impacts of progress made in the development of a fuel cell/battery hybrid bus and advanced EVs on the competitiveness of EVs with ICE vehicles, and their potential for reduction of air pollution and utility load management are postulated     

基于模糊神经网络的纯电动车永磁同步电机矢量控制

纯电动车控制系统对电机控制性能要求较高。提供了一种基于模糊神经网络的永磁同步电机矢量控制方案。以模糊神经网络控制器作为电流调节器,并在速度环引入模糊控制器,将其输出作为电流环的限幅,达到限速的目的。仿真和试验结果表明:对于电动车运行的复杂情况,该方法具有良好的转矩跟踪和电机限速性能。     

基于电动汽车驱动用无刷直流电机控制仿真

通过研究电动汽车中无刷直流电机(BLDCM)负载运行时电机的性能与负载之间的密切关系,针对BLDCM调速应用,提出了一种改进广义预测控制的算法。通过对仿真模型中的BLDCM的数学模型分析,建立BLDCM的控制系统并进行仿真研究。仿真结果表明:当采用改进广义预测算法,与以往的PID控制算法相比,BLDCM的负载稳态精度以及最大转速波动都得到明显的改善,具有响应快、控制精度高,电机负载抗干扰能力强等特点,BLDCM可满足电动汽车行驶中BLDCM运行的要求。     

高超声速飞行器机体/推进一体化设计的启示

机体/推进一体化设计是吸气式高超声速飞行器的关键技术。飞行器的前体和后体既是主要的气动型面,又是发动机进气道的外压缩型面和尾喷管的膨胀型面,一体化设计直接影响飞行器的气动与发动机性能。本文阐述了吸气式高超声速飞行器的主要特点,梳理了飞行器的推阻匹配、升阻比特性、操稳匹配等主要气动设计问题。通过对国外典型高超声速飞行器机体/推进一体化设计技术的综合分析,总结了前体/进气道、后体/尾喷管、边界层强制转捩装置等关键部件的气动设计方法,获得了有意义的启示,可为后续吸气式高超声速技术研究提供重要参考。     

临近空间飞行器推进系统预冷器关键技术

临近空间由于其在现代战争中的重要战略意义已成为各国航空航天领域的研究重点,高超声速飞行器更是国家临近空间军事实力的一个重要标志。由于吸气式高超声速飞行器具有较高的飞行高度与马赫数,预冷技术已成为高超声速飞行器推进系统中的一项关键技术,而高性能预冷器设计是预冷技术的一个重要研究方向,预冷器的可靠性与流动传热特性是预冷系统的重要影响参数,对于紧凑、高效、高可靠性先进预冷器的研究具有十分重要的意义。基于目前公开的临近空间高超声速飞行器的主要动力形式及其对预冷技术的刚性需求,对预冷器设计中的关键技术与发展方向做了详细的阐述。