失重状态下旋转陀螺交互操作的仿真研究

针对在地面难以使用实物进行空间操作任务训练的问题,提出了一种基于人机交互和物理引擎技术的交互操作虚拟仿真方法,并实现了失重状态下旋转陀螺的虚拟操作训练。实现中首先建立航天员和陀螺的三维图形模型和用于碰撞检测的物理模型,并采用虚拟现实设备数据手套和位置跟踪仪实时跟踪获取受训人体的实时运动数据,用于交互控制虚拟航天员的运动,最终通过物理引擎及仿真算法计算失重状态下旋转陀螺的运动状态。结果显示,该方法较好地解决了旋转陀螺定轴特性仿真问题,能够满足虚拟训练的实时性和有效性要求。     

人体下肢行走运动特征及肌肉肌腱参数研究

为了提高舱外航天服运动性能,保证航天员舱外活动的灵活性与舒适性,从生物学出发,以人体行走为例,研究了下肢膝关节运动特征及肌肉肌腱参数。首先从解剖学角度对人体下肢肌骨模型进行分析,其次对人体下肢关节的运动学、肌肉肌腱参数与动力学特征等进行研究,最后分析下肢膝关节力矩、角加速度与关节惯量的关系。结果表明:人体下肢膝关节处于最大屈曲位时,关节角加速度几乎同时达到最大;内外侧腓肠肌与股直肌分别在支撑期与摆动期提供重要力量;行走运动中的人体膝关节力矩与角加速度未呈现较好线性关系,但关节惯量与周期(时间)序列可完成较好线性拟合。该结果可为太空环境下的相关研究及舱外航天服的设计提供一定参考。     

中性浮力和失重环境人体运动仿真比较研究

为了模拟失重状态,航天技术发达的国家都建立了用于航天员出舱活动训练的中性浮力水槽。但与太空失重环境相比,水中存在的水动阻力会导致两种环境下人体运动反馈的差异性。基于ADAMS多体动力学仿真软件,按照“飞天”舱外航天服的质量分布,建立了着舱外服人体动力学模型。利用此模型仿真比较了水下和失重环境中肘关节屈伸、肩内收外展、肩矢状面内运动时人体躯干的动力学反馈,发现水下环境中模型躯干的转动速度峰值和平均值均较大。研究结果已应用于神舟七号载人飞行任务出舱活动航天员训练,建立的航天员人体动力学模型可应用于我国未来空间站任务出舱活动仿真分析。     

航天员舱内活动的分析及仿真

分析了自由态航天员的运动特性,对航天员在失重状态下的转体技术进行了仿真;根据人体力学的生理学基础,建立了航天员的力量分析模型;使用最优控制方法,对航天员在任务操作时的姿态进行了优化。     

基于体态识别的航天员虚拟训练仿真技术研究

以未来空间站任务建设虚拟现实训练器为需求,为了最大限度地降低虚拟现实设备穿戴给航天员带来的额外束缚,提出了一种新的基于体态识别的航天员虚拟训练仿真系统:采用平行双目视觉原理和偏振立体电视实现立体图像的生成与显示;采用人体三层模型实现虚拟航天员表达,采用骨骼动画实现人体典型动作自动演示、Kinect实现人机交互过程中人体跟踪和运动控制,适合于空间站任务航天员训练、工效验证、典型流程演示等人机交互应用。     

虚拟航天员多层次运动仿真模型研究与实现

为解决虚拟现实训练中航天员模型实时交互控制和失重运动仿真等问题,提出了一种多层次运动仿真模型,在运动控制层实现运动跟踪,并构建标准化人体运动模型;物理控制层采用物理引擎建立人体多刚体动力学模型;规则控制层为不同的运动方式制定相应规则,显示层使用骨骼蒙皮技术提升显示效果。通过各层次组合的方式,共同实现了虚拟航天员的交互运动仿真。通过两个应用实例,证明了该层次化组合模型实现的虚拟航天员运动,可同时实现实时交互控制、失重运动仿真、交互操作仿真、太空行走仿真以及较好的显示效果,并适用于多种任务场景的航天员训练。     

太空行走的“保护神”

太空环境是十分恶劣的,人根本无法在这种环境下生存:太空中没有氧气,航天员进入太空15秒内就会丧失意识;太空没有大气压力,体内的血液和体液会像煮开的水一样沸腾起来,人体的皮肤、组织和器官也像吹胀的气球向外鼓胀;太空中90分钟一昼夜的温度差非常大(-100℃～+250℃);同时,还有可怕的宇宙辐射,它可以使航天员患上可怕的放射病,甚至会危及生命。此外,太空垃圾中的碎片和流星体,随时可能像炮     

微重力下离心式锥形两相洗衣机流场的数值模拟研究

针对空间站长期在轨作业时为航天员提供干净衣物的需求,提出了一种适用于微重力环境的离心式锥形两相洗衣机方案。利用FLOW-3D流体力学软件基于VOF方法对微重力环境下该洗衣机方案静态流场分布、洗涤筒/波轮旋转时的动态界面形貌、波轮和洗涤筒对流场力的作用等关键的微重力流体管理问题开展了数值分析,结果表明:洗涤筒的交替转动使流场产生翻转效应,波轮与洗涤筒同向交替运动对流场产生更大的作用力;在气压平衡口安装一种防爬的楔形结构,洗涤过程采用波轮和洗涤筒同向交替转动、脱水过程洗涤筒单向旋转,洗涤效果更好。     

穿舱路径对空间站内航天员定向任务绩效影响的仿真试验研究

航天员在空间站内的不同舱段间穿行时常常会遇到失定向的问题。为了探究不同穿舱路径对航天员完成定向任务的影响,建立了多舱段的空间站虚拟环境,并开展试验,研究了不同穿舱路径中完成定向任务绩效的差异。结果表明:定向任务的绩效在不同种类的穿舱路径间具有显著差异,失重条件下运动方式的变化会造成定向任务绩效的下降。研究结果可以为航天员空间站内定向训练和空间站内导航辅助标识的设计提供参考。     

航天员低重力运动模拟训练方法与研究综述

针对主要应用于航天员模拟失重训练与低重力环境下的人体科学研究的低重力环境模拟方法,介绍了包括抛物线飞行、中性浮力水池、虚拟现实技术、悬吊式重力补偿系统以及新近出现的被动式外骨骼系统等在内的国内外模拟低重力环境主流方法的工作原理与利用这些方法开展的科学研究与工程应用,对这些方法的优缺点与适用条件进行了比较与分析。发现抛物线飞行的低重力模拟效果较好,但持续时间有限;中性浮力水池为低重力模拟训练提供了充足的空间,但液体阻力会影响训练的效果;虚拟现实技术无法提供对低重力的体感;气浮台与悬吊式重力补偿系统虽然能对航天员受到的重力进行补偿,但其结构对航天员的运动构成了一定的限制。提出研发低重力模拟功能完善、低重力模拟范围可调、多运动自由度、人机工效良好以及支持多人与人机协同训练的新一代低重力模拟系统,作为开展航天员低重力环境模拟训练和低重力人体运动生物力学实验研究的平台,以满足未来载人航天任务的需求。     

陀螺动力学系统计算机仿真

推导出了适于计算机仿真的陀螺完整运动方程式并给出了仿真曲线,可看出在外力矩作用下陀螺仪从起动到稳定这一段时间内的转动角速度和转角的变化规律。通过降低陀螺转速并减小外力矩,使无锁紧机构的陀螺仪消除起动时的剧烈抖动而达到平稳起动的目的。     

Postcapture stabilization of space robots considering actuator failures with bounded torques

Space robotics is regarded as one of the most impressing approaches for space debris removal missions. Due to the residual momentum of debris, it is essential to stabilize the base rapidly after capture. This paper presents a novel control strategy for stabilization of a space robot in postcapture considering actuator failures and bounded torques. In the control strategy, the motion of the manipulator is not regarded as a disturbance to the base; in contrast, it is utilized to compensate for the limitation of the control torques by means of an inverse dynamical model of the system. Different scenarios where actuators are external mechanisms or momentum exchange devices have been carried out, and for actuator failures, both single- and two-actuator failures have been considered. Regarding to the performance of actuators, control torques are bounded. In cases that either single or two actuators have failed, the base can be stabilized kinematically when actuators are external mechanisms, but can only be stabilized dynamically when only momentum exchange devices are used. Finally, a space robot with a seven-degree-of-freedom manipulator in postcapture is studied to verify the validity and feasibility of the proposed control scheme. Simulation results show that the whole system can be stabilized rapidly.     

一类非线性系统的混沌控制

 描述航天器、陀螺和气浮台等刚体姿态运动的欧拉动力学方程，是一个具有广泛代表意义的三阶非线性方程。当该方程中的参数取不同值时，可得到著名的Lorenz系统、Rssler系统、Newton-Leipnik系统、Chen系统及Lü系统。在不同的外力矩作用下，该动力学系统会呈现出相当复杂的动力学行为。从该系统中，发现了一大类新的混沌吸引子。本文分析了这一类混沌吸引子具有的共同特征，并采用基于输出反馈的PI型控制器将一种新的混沌运动稳定于指定平衡点。仿真结果表明，该控制器能够有效地抑制混沌，能将系统稳定于任意指定的不稳定平衡点。     

Spacecraft attitude maneuver control using two parallel mounted 3-DOF spherical actuators

A parallel configuration using two 3-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) spherical electromag-netic momentum exchange actuators is investigated for large angle spacecraft attitude maneuvers. First, the full dynamic equations of motion for the spacecraft system are derived by the Newton-Euler method. To facilitate computation, virtual gimbal coordinate frames are established. Second, a nonlinear control law in terms of quaternions is developed via backstepping method. The pro-posed control law compensates the coupling torques arising from the spacecraft rotation, and is robust against the external disturbances. Then, the singularity problem is analyzed. To avoid sin-gularities, a modified weighed Moore-Pseudo inverse velocity steering law based on null motion is proposed. The weighted matrices are carefully designed to switch the actuators and redistribute the control torques. The null motion is used to reorient the rotor away from the tilt angle saturation state. Finally, numerical simulations of rest-to-rest maneuvers are performed to validate the effec-tiveness of the proposed method.     

Attitude stabilization and control of earth satellites

In this paper a survey is made of some aspects of satellite attitude stabilization and control. After a brief discussion of the equations of motion governing the satellite's behaviour, the various disturbing torques acting on a satellite in a space environment are considered. Quantitative values for a hypothetical satellite are discussed. Next, attention is given to several methods of attitude stabilization and control. The analysis is based on the various means to exert torques on the satellite for control purposes. Passive methods, such as spin-stabilization and gravity-gradient stabilization, are discussed in some detail. Not only are the basic principles involved indicated, but also some quantitative values of the variables concerned are mentioned where possible.     

Dynamic Modelling of the Hipparcos Attitude

We present a new method for a high-accuracy reconstruction of the attitude for a slowly spinning satellite. This method, referred to as the fully-dynamic approach, explores the possibility to describe the satellite's attitude as that of a rigid body subject to continuous external torques. The method is tried out on the Hipparcos data and is shown to reduce the noise for the along-scan attitude reconstruction for that mission by about a factor two to three. The dynamic modelling is expected to give a more accurate representation of the satellite's attitude than was obtained with a pure mathematical modelling. As such, it decreases the degrees of freedom in the a posteriori reconstruction. Some of the decrease is obtained through accumulating and subsequently implementing information on high frequency components in the solar radiation torques, which show to be systematic and predictable. This could be expected, as they are primarily linked to the external geometry and optical properties of the satellite. In the context of an astrometric mission, the methods presented here can only be applied as a final iteration step: the star positions that are used to reconstruct the attitude are also part of the scientific objectives of the mission. An estimate for the potential of a re-reduction of the Hipparcos data using the fully-dynamic model for the attitude reconstruction was obtained from test reductions of the first 24 months of mission data. Improvement of the accuracies of the astrometric parameters for all stars brighter than Hp=9.0 appears possible. The noise on the astrometric parameters for these stars was affected significantly by the along-scan attitude noise, which dominated for stars brighter than Hp=4.5. The possible improvement for stars brighter than about Hp=4.5 may, after iterations, be as much as a factor three. The reduced noise levels also allow a more accurate calibration and monitoring of instrument parameters, leading potentially to a better understanding of the instrument and the scientific data obtained with it. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Energy-saving and accurate motion control of a hydraulic actuator with uncertain negative loads

Pump controlled hydraulic actuators are wildly used in the aerospace industry owing to the advantages of energy-saving and integrated configurations. Negative loads may occur to actuators due to external force loads or the inertial force when the actuator decelerates significantly. Uncertain negative load working conditions may cause cavitation, actuator vibration, and even instability to the motion control if the actuator is without sufficient meter-out damping. Various types of hydraulic configuration schemes have been proposed to deal with negative loads of hydraulic actuators. However, few of them can simultaneously achieve energy saving and high control accuracy. This study proposes an energy-saving and accurate motion tracking strategy for a hydraulic actuator with uncertain negative loads. The actuator’s motion is driven by a servomotor pump, which gives full play to the advantage of energy-saving. The meter-out pressure is controlled by proportional valves to provide the optimized meter-out damping. The nonlinear adaptive robust control law is designed, which guarantees the control stability and achieve high tracking accuracy. An integrated direct/indirect adaptation law obtains satisfactory parameter estimations and model compensation for asymptotic motion tracking. Comparative experiments under different working conditions were performed to validate the advantages of the proposed control strategy.     

Robust and optimal attitude stabilization of spacecraft with external disturbances

This paper presents a robust and optimal three-axis attitude control scheme for the rigid body motion with external disturbances, in which a worst-case design that the external disturbance signal maximizes the same performance index that the control input minimizes is assumed. After presenting a robust control law for the three-axis attitude control of the rigid body motion with external disturbances, the optimality property of the robust control law is investigated based on the minimax approach and the inverse optimal approach. A numerical example is given to illustrate the theoretical result presented in this paper.     

复数坐标及互激励分析在直升机“地面共振”分析中的应用

本文采用复数坐标来表示旋翼及机体的运动,提出了多自由度耦合系统动稳定性问题的各自由度间相互激励作用的分析方法。以此分析了直升机旋翼与机体耦合的“地面共振”稳定性问题,对动不稳定性的机理作出了清晰的物理解释,揭示了主要的参数影响。     

倾转旋翼机短舱倾转机构动力学仿真分析

研究倾转旋翼机短舱倾转机构在短舱从固定翼模式运动到直升机模式过程中的动力学特性具有重要的意义.在短舱倾转机构传力分析及运动学分析的基础上,应用LMS Motion建立了短舱倾转机构多体动力学仿真模型,定义短舱倾转机构的各构件及其属性,创建各构件之间的运动副,定义运动机构驱动,创建外力和力矩以模拟真实的工况,得到并分析短舱和丝杠的主要运动参数曲线以及机构主交点的受力变化情况.结果表明:丝杠与短舱连接点处作用力随短舱的仰角增大先减小再增大,短舱与机翼支点处作用力随着短舱的仰角增大而逐渐增大.研究结果可为倾转旋翼机短舱倾转机构的参数确定提供参考.