非合作目标动态RCS仿真方法

针对非合作目标难以开展动态测量的问题,根据空气动力学原理提出了一种非合作目标动态雷达散射截面（RCS）仿真方法。该方法首先建立测量背景下典型飞行航路模型,然后计算雷达视线在机体坐标系上的时变姿态角。根据姿态角开展电磁计算,获得F-117A隐身攻击机在侧站平飞、背站拉起、对站俯冲、侧站盘旋4种航路下的动态RCS数据。着重分析了动、静态RCS特性在起伏目标检测性能评估上的差异。结果表明：静态RCS特性难以反映目标运动时真实的雷达特性,利用静态数据描述目标特性可能导致错误结论,而文中方法获取的动态RCS数据可以提高结论的完整性和可信度。     

复杂目标高频区 RCS 的实时计算

提出一种在安装图形加速卡的高性能微机上实时计算复杂目标高频区雷达散射截面（RCS）的方法。该方法利用了“图形电磁计算（GRECO）”的新技术。目标用G2Catmul-om（C-R）几何样条模拟,由图形加速卡硬件完成遮挡、消隐运算,运用Phong光照模型着色渲染目标可见表面,应用物理光学（PO）、等效电流法（MEC）、物理绕射理论（PTD）及阻抗边界条件（IBC）等方法计算目标高频区雷达散射截面（RCS）.     

有源对消隐身系统设计研究

针对有源对消隐身要求的系统延时短、反应速度快、信号参数测量和对消波幅相控制精度高的特点,设计了一个基于相控阵技术、数字射频存储器(DRFM)和现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的有源对消系统。为了解决目标雷达散射截面计算量太大、不能有流水线延迟和难以实现实时计算等问题,采用离线计算的方法,预先建立目标的全向雷达散射截面(RCS)数据库、杂波数据库和噪声数据库,由FPGA根据测得的雷达信号参数在数据库中查找到相应的目标回波数据,实时调整对消波的幅度和相位,使对方的雷达接收机始终处于合成方向图的零点。最后通过仿真计算验证了该设计方案的有效性。     

Radar Cross Section of Ships

A laboratory method to determine the magnitude and position of radar reflection sources on complex targets is described. In addition the method provides a way to measure the modification of the radar cross section (RCS) due to multipath. The method has application in modeling RCS for radar and electronic countermeasure (ECM) system performance analysis and in the study of the extent to which the signature of the target could be altered. The equipment described, termed MACROSCOPE, was developed for RCS studies by the U.S. Army and is described in limited distribution bution literature. The application to marine targets is new with this paper, as is the technique of measuring the RCS of parts of the target and analytically combining them to represent the whole. An illustration of the need for this type of laboratory equipment was illustrated by the extensive search for full scale data which could be compared to scale model data to validate the technique.     

基于部件分解法的运载火箭RCS仿真计算方法

为估算运载火箭的RCS（Radar Cross Section,雷达散射截面积）,采用部件分解法对运载火箭进行电磁散射几何建模,根据飞行过程中运载火箭和雷达的几何关系建立雷达照射目标视线角的计算模型,并运用高频散射理论提出运载火箭RCS的仿真计算方法;最后,对运载火箭的静态RCS和动态RCS进行仿真计算与分析.结果表明：对运载火箭电磁散射几何建模合理可行,提出的火箭RCS计算方法可以满足工程应用需要.采用该方法仅修改几何建模中的模型结构和部分尺寸参数即可方便计算不同型号运载火箭的RCS特性,可以为航天测控雷达系统设计和布站优化提供依据.     

靶机挂载可变 RCS龙勃透镜时的 RCS起伏特性

训练用靶机尺寸远小于实战中的飞机,其 RCS数值大小和起伏特性与飞机存在较大的差别。为了以低廉的价格为部队训练提供高逼真度的模拟靶机,在靶机机头、翼下等位置放置一定样式的可变 RCS龙勃透镜,可以得到类似实战中飞机的 RCS特性。通过控制龙勃透镜的反射面位置可以改变其 RCS数值,实现模拟靶机 RCS的数值变化。采用靶机挂载可变 RCS龙勃透镜对 MQ-1无人机前向 RCS起伏特性进行了模拟,取得了较好的效果,可为采用靶机挂载可变 RCS龙勃透镜模拟作战飞机的全向 RCS特性提供借鉴。     

针对雷达LPI波形验证的目标RCS估算

根据某型雷达低截获概率波形设计的需要,分析了雷达探测目标的高频散射机理,并运用物理光学法、等效电磁流法计算了约定目标在不同姿态下和不同电磁波频率照射下的RCS值,从而为验证雷达波形在能探测到目标情况下的LPI性能提供了支撑。实验结果表明,基于电磁场理论的目标RCS估算方法是研究雷达LPI波形的一种有效工具,方法也适合于其他领域RCS估算的需要。     

Comparison of Two Target Classification Techniques

It has been shown that radar returns in the resonance region carry information regarding the overall dimensions and shape of targets. Two radar target classification techniques developed to utilize such returns are discussed. Both of these techniques utilize resonance region backscatter measurements of the radar cross section (RCS) and the intrinsic target backscattered phase. A target catalog used for testing the techniques was generated from measurements of the RCS of scale models of modern aircraft and naval ships using a radar range at The Ohio State University. To test the classification technique, targets had their RCS and phase taken from the data base and corrupted by errors to simulate full-scale propagation path and processing distortion. Several classification methods were then used to determine how well the corrupted measurements fit the measurement target signatures in the catalog. The first technique uses nearest neighbor (NN) algorithms on the RCS magnitude and (range corrected) phase at a number (e.g., 2, 4, or 8) of operating frequencies. The second technique uses an inverse Fourier transformation of the complex multifrequency radar returns to the time domain followed by cross correlation. Comparisons are made of the performance of the two techniques as a function of signal-to-error noise power ratio for various processing options.     

介质涂覆位置对球面收敛喷管电磁散射特性影响

外形设计和隐身材料使用是缩减目标雷达散射截面积(RCS)的两种常用方法。为了研究雷达吸波材料(RAM)对于球面收敛矢量喷管(SCFN)的RCS减缩效果,采用引入阻抗边界条件后的迭代物理光学(IPO)法,研究了球面收敛二元喷管及8种吸波材料涂覆方案的电磁散射特性,并获得了X波段下9种模型的后向RCS随探测角度的变化规律。研究结果表明:吸波材料涂覆可以有效地缩减球面收敛喷管的RCS;合理的涂覆方案可以在保证RCS缩减效果的基础上,降低吸波材料的使用量;相比全涂覆方案,仅在喷管出口和球面段进行涂覆,可以在吸波材料减少30%使用量的情况下,达到全涂覆方案80%的缩减效果。     

关于低RCS目标外形优化中目标函数的确定

在分析了低RCS目标外形优化中现有的两种目标函数的局限性的基础上,根据雷达检测概率与目标RCS分布之间的关系,提出了一种新的目标函数,即目标在威胁区域内其RCS大于规定的临界RCS的概率。算例表明本文所提出的目标函数比现有的目标函数更为有效,适用范围更广。为低RCS目标外形优化设计以及气动与隐身一体化设计提供了一个合理而有效的目标函数。     

航迹规划中雷达探测空间的生成

从飞机突防习行任务规划出发，综合考虑地球曲率、陆地（或海洋）的反射和杂波干扰、大气折射和吸收损耗等因素的影响，采用临界散射截面法生成了对空警戒雷达在不同地貌、发现概率下，对不同雷达散射截面的目标的探测空间。计算并分析了飞行高度、目标雷达散射截面、发现概率和地貌等因素对雷达探测空间的影响，以便选择低探测概率的飞行走廓，这对制定和实施安全突防飞行策略有实际意义。     

A New Method for Analyzing Integrated Stealth Ability of Penetration Aircraft

Taking into account the limitations of existing stealth performance analysis methods, a method termed as the integrated stealth performance analysis method is proposed for evaluating the stealth ability of the penetration aircraft. Based on various target radar cross section (RCS) scattering characters, this article integrates the relevant parameters needed for building up target circumferential RCS scattering model and proposes the RCS scattering controlling parameters to control the changing trends of the relevant model RCS scattering characters. According to the radar dynamic detecting characters during the whole penetration course, a dynamic stealth performance evaluating model is proposed accompanied by a series of stealth ability estimation rules. This new analysis method can enhance the integrality and dependability of the stealth analysis conclusions and summarize the relationship between the target RCS scattering characters and their effects on stealth performance. The rules indicated by this relationship can be used as the reference for designing new type of stealth aircraft and setting up specific penetration tactics.     

飞行器RCS近场测试技术研究进展与工程应用

雷达散射截面(RCS)测试是隐身技术和目标特性研究的基础。无论是研究物体的电磁散射特性还是研制具有突防能力的隐身武器系统,RCS测试都具有非常重要的意义。通过RCS测试可以验证电磁散射计算的理论和方法,更重要的是,对部分飞行器目标进行电磁散射理论计算非常困难,而通过测试可以直观地获得目标的电磁散射特性数据,从而避开复杂的电磁仿真计算。与外场、紧缩场RCS测试方法相比,近年来得到广泛应用与发展的RCS近场测试方法在飞行器目标的散射特性测试方面具有效率高、成本低的优势。介绍了飞行器RCS测试评估方法,综述了国内外RCS近场测试技术研究的最新进展与工程应用实例,分析展望了飞行器RCS近场测试技术面临的机遇与挑战。     

Geometric Optimization Design System Incorporating Hybrid GRECO-WM Scheme and Genetic Algorithm

This article seeks to outline an integrated and practical geometric optimization design system (GODS) incorporating hybrid graphical electromagnetic computing-wedge modeling (GRECO-WM) scheme and the genetic algorithm (GA) for calculating the radar cross section (RCS) and optimizing the geometric parameters of a large and complex target respectively. A new wedge modeling (WM) scheme is presented for calculating the high-frequency RCS of wedge with only one visible facet based on the method of equivalent currents (MEC). The applications of GODS to 2D cross-section and 3D surface are respectively implemented by choosing an average of monostatic RCS values corresponding to a series of incident angles over a frequency band as the optimum objective function. And the results demonstrate that the RCS can be effectively and conveniently reduced by the GODS presented in this article.     

A Statistical Glint/Radar Cross Section Target Model

We review the details of the glint (angular scintillation) problem in electromagnetic scattering. These results are employed to develop a statistical glint and radar cross section (RCS) target model featuring the correct glint probability density function, the correct time correlations of RCS and glint, and the correct cross correlation between RCS and glint. This model is suitable for simulation applications, and an implementation scheme for a glint/RCS signal generator is included.     

A Real-Time Statistical Radar Target Model

Radar glint arises from the spatial phase perturbations of the radar signal echoed from a complex target. The glint phenomenon is closely related to the target radar cross section (RCS). This relationship plays a significant part in modern missile seeker signal processing. We present a statistical glint/RCS target model for realtime simulation of target signatures. Particular emphasis is placed upon the modeling and simulation of the appropriate glint/RCS statistical dependency. The fundamental approximation of locating uniformly distributed scatterers around the instantaneous radar centroid employed in the Delano-Gubonin [1, 2, 3] model is removed. A key result which follows from this representation is that the mean glint estimator is unbiased. This enables the estimation of model parameters from the first-order glint and RCS statistics which can easily be computed from measured data. A method of estimating model parameters is presented, and the results are applied to data from a typical combat aircraft target. It is shown that the Delano-Gubonin results are a special case of the results presented here. The 14.6 percent probability of glint falling beyond the target extent as derived by Delano [1] is not true in general. It is further shown that glint and RCS are uncorrelated but are statistically dependent. A Monte-Carlo simulation is performed to verify the assumptions made and to demonstrate the feasibility of the working models.     

雷达俯视角对轴对称喷管测试RCS影响研究

为了研究雷达位置以及雷达波段对于轴对称排气系统电磁散射特性的影响，采用步进频率测试系统在暗室中测试了轴对称排气系统的后向雷达散射截面积(RCS)；分析了俯视角对轴对称排气系统后向电磁散射特性的影响。试验结果表明:随着俯视角的增大，轴对称喷管的后向RCS会随之减小，在15°俯视角下排气系统的RCS是0°角下的30%；在不同频段下轴对称喷管的电磁散射特性基本相似。     

Dynamic imaging and RCS measurements of aircraft

Results on radar cross section (RCS) measurements and inverse synthetic aperture radar images of a Mooney 231 aircraft using a ground-to-air measurement system (GTAMS) and a KC-135 airplane using an airborne radar are presented. The Mooney 231 flew in a controlled path in both clockwise and counterclockwise orbits, and successively with the gear down, flaps in the take-off position and with the speed brakes up. The data indicates that RCS pattern measurements from both ground-based and airborne radar of flying aircraft are useful and that the inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images obtained are valuable for signature diagnostics     

Impact of target RCS fluctuations on radar measurement accuracy

The impact of target radar cross section (RCS) fluctuations on the thermal noise limited accuracy of radar measurements of range, range rate, and angle is evaluated for Swerling fluctuation models. The impact is expressed as a modification of the large-signal approximation to the standard deviation σ of measurement error     

GRECO中棱边绕射场计算的改进

图形电磁计算 (GRECO)方法是计算复杂目标高频区雷达散射截面 (RCS)的有效方法之一。分析了原始GRECO方法在判定目标图象棱边象素的不足之处 ,给出了相应的改进措施。改进后的软件能够更准确、充分地判定目标的棱边象素及获得棱边参数。在边缘绕射场的计算方面 ,指出了相关文献中存在的错误 ,给出了基于等效电磁流法 (MEC)和物理绕射理论 (PTD)的边缘绕射场计算式 ,及与物理光学 (PO)场叠加求取RCS的完整表达式。计算实例表明 ,新的方法具有更高的准确度 ,与实验测量值吻合