A Real-Time Statistical Radar Target Model

Radar glint arises from the spatial phase perturbations of the radar signal echoed from a complex target. The glint phenomenon is closely related to the target radar cross section (RCS). This relationship plays a significant part in modern missile seeker signal processing. We present a statistical glint/RCS target model for realtime simulation of target signatures. Particular emphasis is placed upon the modeling and simulation of the appropriate glint/RCS statistical dependency. The fundamental approximation of locating uniformly distributed scatterers around the instantaneous radar centroid employed in the Delano-Gubonin [1, 2, 3] model is removed. A key result which follows from this representation is that the mean glint estimator is unbiased. This enables the estimation of model parameters from the first-order glint and RCS statistics which can easily be computed from measured data. A method of estimating model parameters is presented, and the results are applied to data from a typical combat aircraft target. It is shown that the Delano-Gubonin results are a special case of the results presented here. The 14.6 percent probability of glint falling beyond the target extent as derived by Delano [1] is not true in general. It is further shown that glint and RCS are uncorrelated but are statistically dependent. A Monte-Carlo simulation is performed to verify the assumptions made and to demonstrate the feasibility of the working models.     

Calculation of Radar Reflecting Properties of Jet Engine Intakes Using a Waveguide Model

In the RCS analysis of jet aircraft, the engine intake and exhaust ducts present special problems which have not been widely discussed in the literature. In this paper an idealized example of a subsonic type of intake duct is chosen as an example for analysis. The idealization of the intake consists of a terminated circular waveguide, the termination being designed to represent the first stages of the jet engine. Examples of theoretical RCS and glint pztterns predicted with this model are given, showing the phenomenon of compressor modulation and the effects obtained with changes in wavelength and receiver-transmitter geometry.     

鸭翼电磁散射特性分析与RCS减缩方法研究

利用多层快速多极子方法计算鸭翼模型雷达散射截面(RCS),分析了鸭翼前缘后掠角和展长对鸭翼RCS值的影响,并根据计算结果拟合了随前缘后掠角和展长变化的鸭翼RCS曲线。建立飞机模型,计算了鸭翼不同偏转角时飞机的RCS值,研究鸭翼偏转对飞机头向RCS的影响。计算结果表明,鸭翼偏转会显著增大飞机头向RCS,影响飞机隐身性能。根据计算结果分析推导出鸭翼纵向操纵力矩、飞机头向RCS和鸭翼几何参数之间的函数关系,为鸭翼的隐身和气动优化设计提供了技术基础。对鸭翼上使用吸波材料的情况进行计算,结果验证了在鸭翼上涂敷吸波材料能够大幅降低飞机头向RCS。     

Modeling the Augmentation System of a Radar Target

The objective of the high-altitude supersonic target (HAST) radar augmentation system is to simulate the radar cross section (RCS) of a real target. The system is, therefore, of the active transponder type with various radiating antennas simulating the dominant scattering centers on the real target. We develop a system model, which when combined with the measured RCS of the HAST vehicle, simulates the RCS of the real target. Comparisons with measurements illustrating the success of the simulation program are given.     

A New Method for Analyzing Integrated Stealth Ability of Penetration Aircraft

Taking into account the limitations of existing stealth performance analysis methods, a method termed as the integrated stealth performance analysis method is proposed for evaluating the stealth ability of the penetration aircraft. Based on various target radar cross section (RCS) scattering characters, this article integrates the relevant parameters needed for building up target circumferential RCS scattering model and proposes the RCS scattering controlling parameters to control the changing trends of the relevant model RCS scattering characters. According to the radar dynamic detecting characters during the whole penetration course, a dynamic stealth performance evaluating model is proposed accompanied by a series of stealth ability estimation rules. This new analysis method can enhance the integrality and dependability of the stealth analysis conclusions and summarize the relationship between the target RCS scattering characters and their effects on stealth performance. The rules indicated by this relationship can be used as the reference for designing new type of stealth aircraft and setting up specific penetration tactics.     

基于代理模型的机载吊舱气动与隐身一体化设计方法

考虑雷达隐身要求的机载吊舱初步设计时,存在载机-吊舱组合体RCS计算复杂度高的问题。为此,本文构造了用于计算RCS的代理模型,并基于此代理模型以吊舱横截面积、吊舱对载机的气动特性影响量和飞机与吊舱组合的RCS为优化目标,用评价函数法构造吊舱外形设计的多目标优化模型,并用复合形法求解该模型的设计参数。按该参数设计的吊舱外形能使载机在挂载吊舱后气动阻力系数与RCS增量均保持较低的水平,同时可保持吊舱较大的装载截面。研究结果表明,本方法在吊舱的初步设计阶段对设计参数的选取具有较好的指导意义。     

极化滤波反射面隐身天线研究

介绍了一种极化滤波反射面天线,将天线工程中的周期结构反射面技术应用于解决飞行器天线的RCS问题,采用由金属丝栅网构成的周期结构作为天线主反射面,使其对正交极化的来波具有良好的透射性,从而降低了天线的RCS。给出了此天线辐射方向图和雷达散射截面(RCS)的实测结果,并与普通金属反射面天线的结果进行了比较。     

Distributions of Radar Angels

A foremost characteristic of large dot radar angels is the wide variation of basic parameter values which they exhibit. This variation is traceable to the nature of the underlying phenomena, i.e., birds and flocks of birds. In this paper, statistical distribution models for the mean radar cross section (RCS) and density of radar angels are obtained, based on a combination of radar and direct ornithological data. The radar cross-section distribution model has been derived from a dimensionless RCS versus wavelength model for individual birds, obtained from measured RCS data which have been scaled to a dimensionless form. This model is applied to ornithological data on populations of birds. The density distribution model is based on statistical reduction of migratory bird data obtained by Lowery's moon watching experiment, and observed seasonal and diurnal variations of radar angel activity. Both resulting distribution models are closely appproximated by the log-normal distribution. The model parameters for these distributions are given.     

翼面隐身结构电磁散射特性稳健优化设计研究

隐身结构是指由蒙皮和多种内部材料组成的、能满足承载要求、并具有明显降低雷达散射截面(RCS)的结构.阐述了一种典型的翼面隐身结构方案.为了进一步挖掘该隐身结构减缩RCS的潜力和考虑到实际情况中作为设计变量的吸波材料、玻璃钢电磁参数以及内部几何形状会有一定偏差,应用基于代理模型的优化策略,对其进行电磁散射特性稳健优化设计.研究结果表明,经过优化设计后,能显著降低翼面隐身结构RCS及其对设计变量的敏感性.     

平面埋入式进气道的电磁散射特性

 对一种平面埋入式进气道在Ku波段选择入射频率15 GHz情况下进行了电磁散射特性的实验和仿真研究,取得了平面埋入式进气道雷达散射截面（RCS）随方位角、迎角和终端的变化规律。研究结果表明: (1)平面埋入式进气道布局的导弹模型在水平极化终端为风扇时±60°RCS均值为-27.42 dBsm,垂直极化为-28.50 dBsm是一种隐身方案;(2)迎角变化对埋入式进气道RCS的影响不大,在-5°~10°的迎角范围内RCS均值的变化不大于4 dB;(3)运用时域有限差分法(FDTD)计算所得的RCS随方位角变化曲线与实验曲线趋势基本一致,±60°均值误差在1 dB左右。     

湍流等离子体尾迹雷达散射截面的计算及其影响因素分析

针对一阶畸变波Born近似模型,深入分析了湍流内外尺度和电子数密度脉动值对雷达散射截面的影响,并且给出了关于湍流外尺度的一个经验的,能被工程上较好使用的公式.在以上分析的基础上,计算了几种高程条件下再入小钝头锥体等离子尾迹的雷达散射截面,与已有实验结果进行了对比分析.分析和计算结果表明,湍流的外尺度和局部电子数密度值对雷达散射截面值影响较大;湍流内尺度变化的影响不大.     

Radar Cross Section of Ships

A laboratory method to determine the magnitude and position of radar reflection sources on complex targets is described. In addition the method provides a way to measure the modification of the radar cross section (RCS) due to multipath. The method has application in modeling RCS for radar and electronic countermeasure (ECM) system performance analysis and in the study of the extent to which the signature of the target could be altered. The equipment described, termed MACROSCOPE, was developed for RCS studies by the U.S. Army and is described in limited distribution bution literature. The application to marine targets is new with this paper, as is the technique of measuring the RCS of parts of the target and analytically combining them to represent the whole. An illustration of the need for this type of laboratory equipment was illustrated by the extensive search for full scale data which could be compared to scale model data to validate the technique.     

有限姿控能力的低RCS微小卫星姿态实时规划

 为提高在轨微小卫星使用效能及生存能力,提出一种受姿控能源消耗及驱动能力约束的低雷达散射截面（RCS）微小卫星姿态实时规划算法。算法应用曲面像素法、时域有限差分法及假设检验,在三维空间内对微小卫星的RCS及雷达探测水平进行建模,并结合雷达分布模型构建了相应的威胁评估函数及规划代价评估函数。同时,为提高算法的实时性能,采用了粒子群优化(PSO)算法以降低计算复杂度。仿真结果表明,在有限计算量的基础上,算法能够以较小规划代价有效降低卫星威胁方向的RCS及雷达探测概率,满足对微小卫星飞行姿态实时规划的需要。     

雷达俯视角对轴对称喷管测试RCS影响研究

为了研究雷达位置以及雷达波段对于轴对称排气系统电磁散射特性的影响，采用步进频率测试系统在暗室中测试了轴对称排气系统的后向雷达散射截面积(RCS)；分析了俯视角对轴对称排气系统后向电磁散射特性的影响。试验结果表明:随着俯视角的增大，轴对称喷管的后向RCS会随之减小，在15°俯视角下排气系统的RCS是0°角下的30%；在不同频段下轴对称喷管的电磁散射特性基本相似。     

机翼涂敷吸波材料减缩雷达散射截面的研究

推导出了光滑凸体金属表面涂敷吸波材料时的后向雷达散射截面 ( RCS)公式。对一系列涂敷吸波材料的金属平板进行了 RCS测试和理论计算。为提高计算精度,给出计算 RCS的工程修正方法。在此基础上,对机翼前后缘局部涂敷吸波材料。研究结果表明,机翼前后缘涂敷吸波材料可以有效地控制 RCS     

反舰导弹标准靶标RCS仿真

在有限的硬件条件下,作为电大尺寸目标的标准靶标RCS仿真计算是一个难点问题.在建立标准靶标几何模型并对其进行前置处理的基础上,以物理光学(PO)和一致性绕射理论(UTD)等为基础,综合多种算法的优点并将其混合使用,再加入边缘修正、尖劈修正,计入爬行波影响等,解决了电大尺寸目标的RCS计算问题.通过将仿真计算结果与典型算...     

Influence of aircraft surface distribution on electromagnetic scattering characteristics

In this paper, two typical stealth aircraft concepts (wing fuselage blended and flying-wing) were designed. Then three gradually changed surface distribution models with the same plan-form for each concept were created. Based on the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA), the vertical polarization transmitting/vertical polarization receiving (VV) and horizontal polariza-tion transmitting/horizontal polarization receiving (HH) radar cross section (RCS) characteristics were simulated with five frequencies between 0.1 and 1.0 GHz. The influences and mechanisms of aircraft surface distribution on electromagnetic scattering characteristics were investigated. The results show that for the wing fuselage blended concept, the VV RCS of this frequency range is higher than the HH RCS in most cases, while it is just the opposite for the flying-wing concept. As for the two aircraft concepts, the RCS levels of HH and VV both decrease with the frequency increasing, but the HH RCS has a faster downward trend. The surface distribution has little influ-ence on HH RCS characteristics. On the contrary, it has a significant impact on VV RCS charac-teristics, and the amplitude of the VV RCS increases with the surface thickness.     

非合作目标动态RCS仿真方法

针对非合作目标难以开展动态测量的问题,根据空气动力学原理提出了一种非合作目标动态雷达散射截面（RCS）仿真方法。该方法首先建立测量背景下典型飞行航路模型,然后计算雷达视线在机体坐标系上的时变姿态角。根据姿态角开展电磁计算,获得F-117A隐身攻击机在侧站平飞、背站拉起、对站俯冲、侧站盘旋4种航路下的动态RCS数据。着重分析了动、静态RCS特性在起伏目标检测性能评估上的差异。结果表明：静态RCS特性难以反映目标运动时真实的雷达特性,利用静态数据描述目标特性可能导致错误结论,而文中方法获取的动态RCS数据可以提高结论的完整性和可信度。     

关于低RCS目标外形优化中目标函数的确定

在分析了低RCS目标外形优化中现有的两种目标函数的局限性的基础上,根据雷达检测概率与目标RCS分布之间的关系,提出了一种新的目标函数,即目标在威胁区域内其RCS大于规定的临界RCS的概率。算例表明本文所提出的目标函数比现有的目标函数更为有效,适用范围更广。为低RCS目标外形优化设计以及气动与隐身一体化设计提供了一个合理而有效的目标函数。     

电大尺寸散射体的RCS计算方法研究

为了更加有效的求解电大目标散射计算问题,在避免谐振区效应情况下获得复杂目标的隐身雷达散射截面(RCS)特性,引用混合场积分方程(CFIE),在快速算法的求解迭代过程中采用共轭梯度算法(CG)的收敛技术,能够稳定的求解电大尺寸的RCS。计算和分析了金属球双站RCS和金属立方体双站RCS,并和精确计算、相关参考文献进行了比较,证明了方法的正确性,计算结果稳定,在工程实际上有较大的应用价值。