Whole-process design and experimental validation of landing gear lower drag stay with global/local linked driven optimization strategy

Landing gear lower drag stay is a key component which connects fuselage and landing gear and directly effects the safety and performance of aircraft takeoff and landing. To effectively design the lower drag stay and reduce the weight of landing gear, Global/local Linked Driven Optimization Strategy (GLDOS) was developed to conduct the overall process design of lower drag stay in respect of optimization thought. The whole-process optimization involves two stages of structural conceptual design and detailed design. In the structural conceptual design, the landing gear lower drag stay was globally topologically optimized by adopting multiple starting points algorithm. In the detailed design, the local size and shape of landing gear lower drag stay were globally optimized by the gradient optimization strategy. The GLDOS method adopts different optimization strategies for different optimization stages to acquire the optimum design effect. Through the experimental validation, the weight of the optimized lower dray stay with the developed GLDOS is reduced by 16.79% while keeping enough strength and stiffness, which satisfies the requirements of engineering design under the typical loading conditions. The proposed GLDOS is validated to be accurate and efficient in optimization scheme and design cycles. The efforts of this paper provide a whole-process optimization approach regarding different optimization technologies in different design phases, which is significant in reducing structural weight and enhance design precision for complex structures in aircrafts.     

A hierarchical updating method for finite element model of airbag buffer system under landing impact

In this paper, we propose an impact finite element(FE) model for an airbag landing buffer system. First, an impact FE model has been formulated for a typical airbag landing buffer system. We use the independence of the structure FE model from the full impact FE model to develop a hierarchical updating scheme for the recovery module FE model and the airbag system FE model.Second, we define impact responses at key points to compare the computational and experimental results to resolve the inconsistency between the experimental data sampling frequency and experimental triggering. To determine the typical characteristics of the impact dynamics response of the airbag landing buffer system, we present the impact response confidence factors(IRCFs) to evaluate how consistent the computational and experiment results are. An error function is defined between the experimental and computational results at key points of the impact response(KPIR)to serve as a modified objective function. A radial basis function(RBF) is introduced to construct updating variables for a surrogate model for updating the objective function, thereby converting the FE model updating problem to a soluble optimization problem. Finally, the developed method has been validated using an experimental and computational study on the impact dynamics of a classic airbag landing buffer system.     

Modeling and experimental validation of vertical landing reusable launch vehicle under symmetric landing conditions

This paper illustrates the dynamic modeling, experimental validation of Reusable Launch Vehicle under symmetric landing mode. Firstly, a new quasi-3D dynamic landing model of vehicle under 2-2 and 1-2-1 symmetric landing mode is established, which can predict the plane motion of the main body and the spatial motion of landing struts and footpads. The strut force, footpad-ground contact force and the liquid spring damper are also included in the model. Secondly, the landing impact experiments are performed for 2-2 and 1-2-1 symmetric landing mode. The main and auxiliary strut force are obtained, along with the force-stroke diagram of damper. By comparing with experimental data, the accuracy of simulation model is verified. It is found that the simulation model possesses good match with tested responses in damping stroke and main strut force. The simulation and experiment also indicate the same trend in auxiliary strut force and main body acceleration. The main discrepancies attribute to the simplified structural flexibility and nonlinear contact.     

优化驱动的起落架结构设计方法

起落架结构是飞机上最复杂最重要的结构之一,传统的设计方法依靠人工经验反复迭代,没有充分利用结构优化技术,具有设计周期长且不能最大限度得到最优设计的缺点。根据结构优化技术的发展,提出了优化驱动的起落架结构设计方法,实现了优化驱动的设计方法在起落架领域的完整工程应用。结构优化技术作为整个设计流程的驱动者,在其中发挥贯穿全程的主体作用,根据不同设计阶段的需求,先后运用拓扑优化、尺寸优化和形状优化技术。以某型飞机前起落架外筒的设计为例可以发现,相比传统设计方法,新方法在相同的设计约束条件下,能更快得到设计方案,结构质量减少了24.1%,实现了起落架结构的快速设计和轻量化设计。     

飞机起落架动力学建模及着陆随机响应分析

针对飞机起落架弹性结构特征的动力学建模及其离散结构简化响应分析问题,利用哈密顿变分原理,提出并建立了弹性结构的起落架动力学模型。根据此动力学模型,可自由选择起落架的结构离散数量进行动力学方程的求解和响应分析。以某型飞机着陆过程为研究实例,使用随机模拟方法,通过模拟飞机着陆下沉速度、初始位移和路面不平度,分析了飞机着陆过程起落架的随机响应特征,确定了起落架的实际动力学性能和应力应变特性,为后续起落架的结构参数优化及其疲劳性能分析提供了基础参考依据。     

某型无人机起落架放下阶段缓冲器气液流动特性研究

在设计飞机油气混合型式的可收放起落架时,应充分考虑其内腔之间的介质流动特性。以某型无人机起落架缓冲器阻尼孔径、充油量为研究对象,采用单因素实验法对各因素引起的缓冲器内部气液流动变化进行分析,通过Fluent软件对放下阶段不同阻尼孔径、充油量下的缓冲器气液特性进行仿真计算。结果表明：起落架放下过程缓冲器阻尼孔油液流量只与孔径大小有关,不受缓冲器充油量影响;在该型号无人机要求的637 mL充油量下,缓冲器阻尼孔孔径应大于6 mm;对于其他型号起落架缓冲器,当确定了充油量后,应将满足放下阶段缓冲器气液充填作为缓冲器阻尼孔设计标准之一。     

垂直着陆中直升机旋翼动力学行为研究

提出了直升机垂直着陆撞击激起旋翼扰动的动力学模型,为预估粗暴着陆时起落架载荷和旋翼液压阻尼器轴向速度幅值给出了一种数值模拟方法。以弹性轴承旋翼直升机为例,对垂直着陆时直升机机体、起落架、旋翼桨叶及阻尼器的动力响应进行了数值模拟,分析了着陆撞击引起机体和旋翼扰动的力学机理,可知在起落架触地后的第1个振荡周期中,各片桨叶将经历其不同的摆振幅值,并激起旋翼摆振后退型响应。着陆撞击引起桨叶的大扰动,将冲开阻尼器的定压安全活门,严重降低其等效阻尼。随机着陆时,起落架触地速度及过载系数、旋翼挥舞及摆振幅度和阻尼器速度峰值等动态参数由于着陆时机体的姿态角及角速度不同呈现很大的分散性,其分散性与着陆高度有关。     

Control of approach and landing phase for reentry vehicle using fuzzy logic

The reentry vehicle is affected by various disturbances such as a wind gust, atmospheric condition or aerodynamic problems in the approach and landing phase. Therefore it is necessary to design a robust control scheme. This paper presents a control scheme using Mamdani fuzzy PD controller. In this paper, the reference trajectories are generated using geometric parameters for disturbed circumstances with 4 cases: nominal, headwind and tailwind, drag increased case. Then, a Mamdani fuzzy PD controller was designed in this study. Twenty-five rules were applied in the knowledge-based system. The max–min method for a fuzzy inference system and the center-of-mass method in defuzzification were used. Finally, guidance and control simulations are performed for verification of proposed controller using generated reference trajectories. In addition, the Monte Carlo simulation is performed considering various disturbances. The results show that proposed Mamdani fuzzy PD controller has reliability and robustness for control of reentry vehicle with wind disturbance in the approach and landing phases.     

混合动力复合翼应急迫降在线航迹规划与制导

针对混合动力复合翼飞行器巡航模式下空中停车后无动力应急迫降（VTOL）问题，提出在线航迹规划与制导方法。根据复合翼空中停车时初始位置/航向不确定散布，发展一套满足动力学约束、终端约束的三维航迹在线规划方法：利用几何规划方法快速生成扩展Dubins二维航迹，再根据下滑性能约束进行三维扩展。针对低速无动力下滑航迹跟踪更易受风干扰以及三维航线分段连接处曲率不连续的特性，发展一种基于非线性模型预测控制的三维制导算法。将纵横解耦的制导律嵌入到预测模型框架内，跟踪误差、外界风扰动、航迹曲率不连续等非线性因素则通过系统输出建立目标约束，其后利用滚动优化实时求解制导指令。最后对航迹在线规划方法与三维制导律的适用性进行仿真分析与验证，结果表明所提出的航迹规划方法适用于不确定初始位置/航向散布的应急迫降在线规划，所提的制导算法具备抵抗风扰、提高三维制导精度的能力。     

基于Matlab的飞机起落架着陆动态仿真研究分析

机械系统动态仿真技术是机械产品设计开发的重要辅助手段之一,通过对机械模型进行各种动态性能分析,然后改进机械产品的设计方案.本文对某机型支柱式起落架建立了基于Matlab软件的动态仿真模型,并进行了仿真分析和参数优化设计.结果表明,仿真结果与实验结果吻合,参数优化设计合理.所以,基于Matlab软件的动态仿真是可行的.同时所建立的动态仿真模型也为进一步研究起落架的样机试验奠定了基础.     

船身式水陆两栖飞机起降飞行仿真研究

水陆两栖飞机地面和水面起降特性需要满足适航规章的要求,有必要在飞机方案的优化设计过程中建立准确的计算分析方法来开展评估,以保证飞机方案的适航符合性、降低设计更改风险。基于滑行艇水面滑行水动力分析方法、地面起落架多体动力学建模方法及 Matlab / Simulink 仿真环境,分别建立某船身式水陆两栖飞机水面、地面起降的飞行仿真模型,数学模型中包含飞机本体飞行力学模型、水动力模型或起落架模型,通过对算例飞机水面和地面起飞过程开展飞行仿真,得到飞机各运动状态变量、起落架参数、水动力等的时间历程,并与飞行试验、水池试验数据进行对比分析。结果表明:所建立的船身式水陆两栖飞机地面、水面飞行仿真方法达到了型号设计的精度要求,仿真结果与试验试飞结果吻合得较好。     

Modeling of landing of a helicopter with skid undercarriage with regard for the second landing impact

A technique is suggested for calculating the helicopter spatial motion and the stress-strain state of a skid landing gear in the course of landing with regard for the second landing impact; geometric, material and design nonlinearity of undercarriage springs deformation is taken into account. The comparison between the analysis results and experimental data is presented.     

基于能量法的起落架落震试验评定准则

为通过理论分析建立一套用于起落架落震试验评定的基本准则,提出了一种使用起落架缓冲系统设计要求或其等效形式进行落震试验评定的方法,并从能量分析的角度给出了适用于陆基飞机起落架落震试验评定的统一设计要求。对于在落震试验中无法直接验证的耗能设计要求,通过能量等效的方法,研究了不同落震试验方法中的等效形式。对于仿升法落震试验,提出了利用反行程阻尼系数进行耗能评定,并建立了反行程阻尼系数与缓冲系统消耗能量之间的函数关系。在此基础之上,结合正反行程时间的限制条件,给出了耗能极值问题的计算方法。对于减缩质量法落震试验,建立了缓冲系统耗能系数和机轮不跳离地面之间的联系,研究了随过载增大实现机轮不跳离地面的可行性。最后,研究了两种落震试验方法的能力范围,并给出减缩质量法和仿升法等效的条件。     

轮胎刚度特性对大型民机前起落架摆振影响研究

轮胎刚度作为轮胎动力学模型的重要参数之一,研究其对大型民机前起落架摆振的影响规律,可以从前起落架防摆设计的角度为轮胎刚度设计提供参考依据。基于前起落架摆振非线性数学模型,使用Matlab/Matcont 软件计算不同轮胎扭转刚度、轮胎侧弯刚度下的摆振区域图;研究轮胎扭转刚度、轮胎侧弯刚度对前起落架摆振的影响规律,并对比二者对前起落架摆振影响的敏感度。结果表明：对前起落架摆振影响的敏感性,轮胎扭转刚度大于轮胎侧弯刚度;轮胎回正力矩系数每减小1%,扭转摆振最大临界阻尼减小0.88%,侧向摆振中速区最小临界减摆阻尼增大33.87%;减小轮胎扭转刚度,增大轮胎侧弯刚度有利于抑制大型民机前起落架摆振。     

垂直起降运载火箭返回轨迹不确定性优化

针对垂直起降运载火箭一子级在返回着陆的过程中存在的参数不确定性,提出了一种基于非侵入式多项式混沌展开的序列优化和可靠度评估的返回轨迹不确定性优化方法。首先,建立了返回多飞行段轨迹在确定性条件下的优化模型。然后,为同时兼顾轨迹的鲁棒性和可靠性,建立了由鲁棒最优目标函数、基于可靠度的路径约束和鲁棒等式约束组成的不确定性返回轨迹优化模型。最后,基于非侵入式多项式混沌展开方法对鲁棒目标函数和等式约束进行量化处理,将原随机鲁棒优化问题转化为高维状态空间中的等价确定性优化问题;为提高路径约束的可靠度评估效率,基于非侵入式多项式混沌展开方法对最可能点法进行改进,进一步发展了序列优化和可靠度评估策略。数值仿真结果表明,所提出的不确定性优化方法具有较好的鲁棒性,可以满足工程可靠性指标要求,同时还具有较高的精度和计算效率。     

平／钝头外形俯仰动态特性对落点姿态的影响分析

采用自由振荡法数值模拟了平头、钝头外形的超声速俯仰振荡时间历程,并应用奇异分解线性最小二乘法辨识稳定性导数,得到动导数随马赫数和攻角非线性变化的规律.平头外形在较高马赫数和中小攻角范围内存在动不稳定现象,随着再入时马赫数的降低,动不稳定的攻角范围不断缩小,直至演化为动稳定的;小钝头外形则没有动不稳定现象.蒙特卡洛弹道仿真表明,平头外形初始时刻俯仰角的扰动会经历一个先增长然后衰减的过程,最终落地时俯仰角小于1°,满足设计要求,但其落地速度有所降低,可能影响该外形对靶标的侵彻效果.     

Space vehicle landing dynamics at failure of landing gear

In this paper, we consider the dynamics of the space vehicle motion at interaction with soil surface in the case of landing gear failure. The time dependences are obtained for the landing parameters such as overloads, linear velocity of the center of mass, angular velocity of the vehicle, and clearance. The criticality degree in the case of failure is evaluated.     

基于分岔理论的起落架撑杆式锁机构设计

提出了运用分岔理论研究锁机构性能问题的分析方法，以前起落架上下位一体式锁机构为对象，基于分岔理论，通过数值延拓，研究了收放作动筒和解锁作动筒对该机构稳定性能的影响，阐释了锁机构运动分岔图中分岔点与上锁、解锁行为的对应关系，并分别针对上、下位解锁过程按照不同解锁力共划分了5种锁机构解锁状态。论述了延拓解锁、上锁分岔点得到的轨迹曲线，并根据曲线临界尖点定义了临界解锁力和临界解锁角度2个状态变量，随后分析了弹簧刚度、原长和安装点位置对以上变量的影响趋势。基于影响分析结果，在锁机构上锁能力一定的前提下，改变参数，优化了下位临界解锁力。研究表明，分岔分析能够快速全面地把握锁机构动力学特性随不同参数的变化趋势，在分析锁机构性能、指导参数初步设计方面有一定优势。     

Prediction of pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure

This paper presents a method to predict the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure. The landing procedure is simulated numerically via applying nonlinear optimal control method in the form of performance index, path constraints and boundary conditions based on an augmented six-degree-of-freedom rigid-body flight dynamics model, solved by collocation and numerical optimization method. UH-60A helicopter is taken as the sample for the demonstration of landing after one engine failure. The numerical simulation was conducted to find the trajectory of helicopter and the controls from pilot for landing after one engine failure with different performance index considering the factor of pilot workload. The reasonable performance index and corresponding landing trajectory and controls are obtained by making a comparison with those from the flight test data. Furthermore, the pilot workload is evaluated based on wavelet transform analysis of the pilot control activities. The workloads of pilot control activities for collective control, longitudinal and lateral cyclic controls and pedal control during the helicopter landing after one engine failure are examined and compared with those of flight test. The results show that when the performance index considers the factor of pilot workload properly, the characteristics of amplitudes and constituent frequencies of pilot control inputs in the optimal solution are consistent with those of the pilot control inputs in the flight test. Therefore, the proposed method provides a tool of predicting the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure.     

旋翼翼型多目标多约束气动优化设计

为了克服传统旋翼翼型优化设计方法的不足,发展了一种基于Kriging模型与遗传算法的旋翼翼型多目标多约束气动优化设计方法。采用基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程的数值模拟获得样本翼型气动性能,并建立目标函数和状态函数的Kriging模型,采用遗传算法搜索Kriging模型最小值和相应的EI(Expected Improvement)函数最大值,更新Kriging 模型直至找到满足约束的最优翼型。运用加权目标函数法进行了旋翼翼型的多设计点优化设计。优化结果表明,优化后旋翼翼型在满足约束的同时,与基准旋翼翼型OA209相比:在悬停状态下,阻力系数下降了2.1%;在机动状态下,最大升力系数提高了4.2%;在前飞状态下,阻力系数在不同马赫数下均有所减小。