主/从动式组合旋翼悬停状态气动特性分析

针对传统直升机构型中主旋翼旋转时产生的扭矩需要尾翼或是反向旋转的共轴旋翼加以抵消,从而造成能量浪费的问题,以将主旋翼旋转时产生的扭矩转化为升力为出发点,提出了一种主旋翼带动下方无动力旋翼旋转的主/从动式组合旋翼气动布局构型。通过动量叶素理论以及CFD数值模拟中的多重参考系法,对主/从动式组合旋翼悬停状态的气动特性进行了初步分析,结果表明,此构型中的下方从动旋翼利用上方主动旋翼的扭矩产生了额外10%的升力,同时下方从动旋翼在上方主动旋翼引流的有利干扰下升力系数提高了35%。     

悬停状态倾转旋翼噪声试验及数值计算

结合消声室试验和数值计算研究了悬停状态倾转旋翼气动噪声特性。消声室试验采用孤立倾转旋翼模型,测试了不同总距角和桨尖马赫数状态的气动噪声数据。数值计算基于CFD(computational fluid dynamic)结合FW-H(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings)声学方程的方法,采用试验数据验证了计算模型的可靠性。分析了倾转旋翼的噪声传播特点以及拉力系数和桨尖马赫数对噪声总声压级的影响,并对比了孤立旋翼和双旋翼状态的气动噪声特性。结果表明:倾转旋翼噪声随着拉力系数和桨尖马赫数的增加均有所增加,维持旋翼拉力不变时降低桨尖马赫数虽然使得拉力系数增加,旋翼噪声水平仍然降低;倾转双旋翼噪声相对纵向平面对称分布,在多个方位角区域存在着局部最大值,这和双旋翼噪声传播时的相互叠加以及双旋翼间气动干扰相关。      

悬停状态共轴双旋翼桨叶扭转气动特性

针对桨叶气动性能的提高,建立了一套基于悬停状态的共轴双旋翼桨叶扭转设计方法.在该方法中,设定单旋翼桨叶扭转几何安装角,通过仿真验证,合理的桨叶扭转,可提高旋翼性能7.0%;根据桨尖涡对桨叶的影响,以及共轴双旋翼气动特性,分别对桨尖几何安装角及上下旋翼几何安装角进行修正,实现悬停状态共轴双旋翼桨叶扭转设计.最后,对所设计的共轴双旋翼进行模拟仿真,结果表明该扭转翼较未经扭转的矩形翼升力提高了10.3%.      

升力偏置对共轴刚性旋翼前飞气动特性的影响

为了分析升力偏置对共轴刚性旋翼前飞气动特性的影响，建立了基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程的计算流体力学方法进行共轴旋翼流场求解，采用嵌套网格方法模拟桨叶运动，采用双时间方法进行时间推进。针对不同升力偏置状态，采用基于"差量法"的共轴旋翼高效配平策略进行操纵量配平。通过对Harrington-1旋翼性能的计算，验证了方法的有效性。对比计算了共轴刚性旋翼在不同前进比和升力偏置量下的气动性能和流场特征，结果表明：双旋翼操纵量在小前进比状态有明显差别，在大前进比状态基本一致；在相同拉力状态，随着升力偏置量的增大，共轴旋翼升阻比先升高后降低，其阻力却不断增大，不同前进比状态的最大升阻比对应的升力偏置量不同；双旋翼相遇时桨叶拉力出现脉冲式波动，由于流场被前行桨叶所主导，因此后行桨叶拉力波动幅值更大，且波动幅值随升力偏置量的增加而增大。     

应用非均布桨叶设计方法的旋翼降噪技术研究

为降低直升机旋翼噪声水平,本文建立了一种通过改变旋翼噪声辐射方式的降噪方法.运用脉冲近似和傅立叶变换法对非均布桨叶产生的气动噪声进行研究,并采用三角调制改变旋翼桨叶的间距角,从而避免声学能量在单一通过频率上集聚,使其重新分布在一系列不同的通过频率上.文中给出了分析桨叶非均布噪声特性的方法,分别对3片、4片、5片及6片桨叶构型产生的相对声压幅值和相对声压级进行了计算和分析,并绘出了相关的频谱图.通过分析,得到一些有意义的结论.     

Experimental research of active vibration and noise control of electrically controlled rotor

Electrically Controlled Rotor (ECR), also called as swashplateless rotor, applies blade pitch inputs via trailing-edge flaps system instead of traditional swashplate mechanism. In addition to primary control, rotor vibration reduction and noise alleviation are also achievable via applying higher harmonic control inputs with the trailing-edge flaps. In this paper, the feasibility of ECR to reduce vibration and noise actively is verified experimentally. Firstly, the test scheme of ECR active vibration and noise control is proposed, and the ECR test platform is modified according to the test scheme. Then, an adaptive control algorithm based on Kalman filter is developed. Lastly, hover and wind tunnel tests is performed to verify the feasibility of ECR active vibration and noise control. The results demonstrate that the ECR are effective for reducing rotor vibration and noise simultaneously. In the hover condition, the ECR can reduce the in-plane hub vibration by 42% and the in-plane noise by 4 dB. In wind tunnel condition, ECR can reduce the hub vibration by 75% and the BVI noise by 3 dB.     

悬停状态旋翼间干扰对四旋翼升力影响分析

四旋翼无人机旋翼间干扰对旋翼升力产生较大影响。建立考虑旋翼直径、弦长、变桨距、转速等因素的适用于四旋翼飞行器的等效盘模型。对该模型添加动量源,在Fluent中计算孤立单旋翼悬停状态下不同转速的旋翼升力,并与实验数据进行对比,验证等效盘模型的有效性。使用上述方法,计算和分析悬停状态时不同旋翼间距下旋翼间的相互干扰对四旋翼升力的影响。结果表明:相同转速下,旋翼间距越小,旋翼间干扰越强烈,升力损失越大。     

周向弯曲方向对弯掠叶片气动-声学性能影响的实验

以具有相同几何参数的常规径向叶片、周向前弯和周向后弯叶片为研究对象,对旋转动叶片周向弯曲后叶轮的气动和声学性能进行了对比试验研究。同时采用五孔探针半对向测量方法研究了周向弯曲后出口气流参数沿叶高的分布规律。结果表明,与原型径向叶轮相比,在保持叶片几何参数不变,仅引入周向弯曲后,无论周向前弯还是后弯,均导致叶轮的效率和压升降低。叶片周向前弯可以有效地降低气动噪声,大幅度地增加风扇的喘振裕度。在相同的周向弯曲角度下,采用周向前弯技术明显优于周向后弯。此外,研究表明弯掠叶片径向力对于气流参数沿叶高的分布具有较大的影响。周向前弯叶轮改善了叶顶附近的流动状况,但中部叶高区域的损失增加。对于周向后弯叶轮,虽然叶片中部损失减小,但两端部损失增加明显。      

直升机主,尾桨自由尾迹相互干扰的数值模拟

本文给出了一种新的旋翼和尾桨干扰的数值计算了方法,通过对常值直升机肇翼和尾桨自由尾迹相互干扰的数值模拟,给出了干扰对旋翼和尾桨非定常气动力以及相应的非定常尾迹几何形状的影响,数值结果表明,悬停时尾桨叶面非定常压力脉动主要是由于在旋翼下洗流的诱导下,尾桨与其自身尾涡于干扰引起的,随着旋翼和尾桨间距的增加,旋翼对尾桨气运特性的影响逐渐减弱。     

新型桨尖旋翼悬停气动性能试验及数值研究

通过旋翼台试验和数值模拟方法对具有China Laboratory of Rotorcraft（CLOR）桨尖旋翼的悬停气动性能进行研究。为进行对比研究,共设计完成3副模型旋翼,分别为参考的矩形桨叶、常后掠桨尖的桨叶以及具有CLOR桨尖气动外形的桨叶。在模型旋翼台上进行这3副模型旋翼在不同转速、不同桨叶安装角条件下的旋翼拉力和扭矩测量;数值计算是采用一个基于Narier-Stokes方程／自由尾迹分析／全位势方程的旋翼流场求解的混合计算流体力学（CFD）方法进行的,计算结果与试验结果显示出较好的一致性。在此基础上,数值模拟了在旋翼试验台上很难开展的高速旋转试验状态。最后,根据试验和数值结果,对比分析具有CLOR新型桨尖旋翼与矩形桨尖以及常后掠桨尖旋翼的悬停气动性能,得出关于非常规气动外形桨尖对旋翼气动特性的影响机理,初步体现了CLOR桨尖旋翼具有良好的悬停性能。     

自适应旋翼性能研究进展

自适应旋翼不同于常规被动旋翼设计,通过主动改变旋翼参数,优化旋翼升阻比,以适应飞行环境和飞行状态的变化,从而降低旋翼需用功率、提升直升机飞行性能。本文归纳了自适应旋翼在提升旋翼性能方面的国内外研究进展,主要包括：变转速旋翼、变直径旋翼、独立桨距控制旋翼、智能扭转旋翼以及桨叶翼型变体等,并对自适应旋翼提升旋翼性能方面的研究进展进行了总结和展望。     

Numerical analysis on noise of rotor with unconventional blade tips based on CFD/Kirchhoff method

A solver is developed aiming at efficiently predicting rotor noise in hover and forward flight. In this solver, the nonlinear near-field solutions are calculated by a hybrid approach which includes the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations based on a moving-embedded grid system and adaptive grid methodology. A combination of the third-order upwind scheme and flux-difference splitting scheme, instead of the second-order center-difference scheme which may cause larger wake dissipation, has been employed in the present computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The sound pressure data in the near field can be calculated directly by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, and the sound propagation can be predicted by the Kirchhoff method. A harmonic expansion approach is presented for rotor far-field noise prediction, which gives an analytical expression for the integral function in the Kirchhoff formula. As a result, the interpolation process is simplified and the efficiency and accuracy of the interpolation are improved. Then, the high-speed impulsive (HIS) noise of a helicopter rotor at different tip Mach numbers and on different observers is calculated and analyzed in hover and forward flight, which shows a highly directional characteristic of the rotor HIS noise with a maximum value in the rotor plane, and the HSI noise weakens rapidly with the increasing of the directivity angle. In order to investigate the effects of the rotor blade-tip shape on its aeroacoustic characteristics, four kinds of blade tips are designed and their noise characteristics have been simulated. At last, a new unconventional CLOR-II blade tip has been designed, and the noise characteristics of the presented CLOR-II model rotor have been simulated and measured compared to the reference rotors with a rectangular or swept-back platform blade tip. The results demonstrate that the unconventional CLOR-II blade tip can significantly reduce the HSI noise of a rotor.     

基于主动后缘小翼控制的旋翼厚度噪声试验

基于声压相消原理,提出了一种基于主动后缘小翼控制的旋翼厚度噪声降噪方法。基于Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings(FW-H)方法给出了后缘小翼主动控制条件下旋翼气动噪声的计算公式;进行了试验总体方案设计,在全消声室开展了噪声主动抑制的开环试验(扫频、扫相和扫幅),并与数值计算结果进行了对比,验证了计算方法及试验的有效性;分析了后缘小翼偏转参数(幅度、频率、初始相位)对旋翼厚度噪声降噪的影响规律;分析了观测距离对厚度噪声降噪的影响。试验结果表明:不同频率的偏转规律均有一个最优的初始控制相位,合适的偏转规律相位能有效降低桨盘平面内观测点的厚度噪声2～3 dB。     

Study on the lift and propulsive force shares to improve the flight performance of a compound helicopter

To investigate the effects of lift and propulsive force shares on flight performance, a compound helicopter model is derived. The model consists of a helicopter model, a wing model and a propeller model. At a low speed of 100 km/h, the Lift-to-Drag ratio(L/D) of the compound helicopter is improved when the wing provides 20.2% of the take-off weight. At high speeds, the L/D can be improved when the propeller provides the total propulsive force. Lowering the main rotor speed increases the wing lif...     

Performance analysis of variable speed tail rotors with Gurney flaps

Gurney Flaps (GFs) are used for improving the performance of variable speed tail rotors. A validated analytical helicopter model able to predict the main and tail rotor power is utilized. The fixed height GF has substantially small influence on the tail rotor power in hover and low to medium speed forward flight, and can obtain significant power reduction in high speed flight. This ability can be enhanced by decreasing the tail rotor speed. With the deployment of GF, the collective pitch of the tail rotor decreases, and the maximum tail rotor thrust increases. The GF can compensate the reduction of the maximum thrust by the decrease in the tail rotor speed. The GF with a height of 5% of the chord length can almost remedy 50% of the thrust reduction introduced by decreasing 10% of the tail rotor speed. With the increase of GF height, the maximum thrust generated by the tail rotor increases. The GF with larger height can cause the increase in the tail rotor power in hover and low to medium speed flight. The retractable GF can obtain more power savings than the fixed height GF. However, the benefit is substantially small even in high speed flight. Considering the side effects introduced by the active GF, the fixed height GF may be more preferable. The mechanism for the retractable GF to generate more tail rotor thrust is to increase the lift in advancing side due to the higher dynamic pressure.     

共轴双旋翼自转气动特性

为了研究共轴双旋翼自转状态下的气动特性,开展了共轴双旋翼自转气动特性理论和试验研究.采用叶素理论计算旋翼力及力矩特性,引入气动干扰模型及动态入流捕捉旋翼流场的变化,对共轴双旋翼自转状态下的气动特性进行了理论分析和计算.风洞吹风试验与理论模型计算对比分析表明:旋翼转速较大时的误差小于5%,验证了理论模型的有效性.获得了上/下旋翼转速及升力随着总距角、后倒角、上/下旋翼间距及风速的变化关系.对比分析了上/下旋翼的相互气动干扰强度,获得了有效的共轴双旋翼自转时旋翼拉力分配的计算方法.      

一种新型组合机翼/旋翼系统

介绍了一种新型组合机翼/旋翼系统—卸载升力偏移旋翼（ULOR）的原理。这种组合旋翼系统能够增大直升机最大飞行速度,提高前飞效率,使直升机具有更大的机动性,同时可以克服升力偏移旋翼的主要障碍,即减小振动。ULOR系统将机翼与升力偏移旋翼结合在一起,有效消除了后行桨叶的失速,并使旋翼效率提高了一倍。这种系统可以显著提高单旋翼带尾桨直升机以及纵列式旋翼直升机的最大速度和航程。最后,提出了一种ULOR与辅助推进系统组合的新构型设想。     

叶轮偏心引起的气流激振力对转子稳定性影响的分析

转子偏心引起的气流激振力在一定条件下可能诱发转子失稳。分析了叶轮偏心引起转子失稳的机理和特点。以Jeffcott转子为例,利用Routh-Hurwitz准则讨论了叶轮偏心转子失稳的影响因素。研究表明支承刚度的不对称和大阻尼比都将提高转子稳定性的门槛值。提出了叶轮偏心转子失稳门槛值的计算方法,建立了优化模型,通过优化转子系统的支承刚度和直径提高了系统的失稳门槛值。计算实例表明了该方法对提高系统的稳定性具有良好的效果。     

基于动叶污垢沉积的数值模拟

采用三维数值方法研究了污垢沉积对压气机动叶性能的影响.对具有一定典型性的真实压气机动叶NASA Rotor 37进行数值研究,通过与文献中实验数据的对比,校核了商业CFD(computational fluid dynamics)计算代码的可靠性,结果表明计算得到的性能曲线与实验数据有较好的一致性,应用于数值模拟手段是可行的.随后通过增加叶片和端壁的表面粗糙度和厚度来模拟不同的污垢沉积程度对压气机动叶性能的影响,结果表明:增加叶片厚度和表面粗糙度都将引起总压比和等熵效率降低;增加表面粗糙度将导致流量下降,稳定工况范围向小流量方向移动;而增加叶片厚度将使得稳定工况范围明显减小,堵点流量下降较显著,这将导致动叶工作特性恶化程度增大.      

直升机旋翼气动噪声的研究新进展

随着直升机的广泛使用,旋翼气动噪声问题逐渐得到重视。概述了旋翼厚度噪声、载荷噪声、高速脉冲(HSI)噪声、桨-涡干扰(BVI)噪声和宽带噪声的国内外研究现状,简述了旋翼气动噪声理论、试验、计算发展历程以及各阶段的研究成果,并对后缘襟翼、高阶谐波控制(HHC)、单片桨叶控制(IBC)、主动扭转桨叶等噪声控制方法和概念进行了介绍。重点叙述了旋翼气动噪声的研究新进展,包括大气、地面和飞行轨迹等对直升机旋翼噪声的影响,机身散射声场以及机动噪声计算方法等方面取得的成就。对直升机旋翼气动噪声的研究进行了总结,并对其发展前景提出了展望。