天基光学平台下弹头与气球诱饵中段观测运动差异分析

为了解决弹道导弹在中段释放气球诱饵伴飞,以干扰天基光学防御系统对导弹目标进行精确跟踪识别的问题,基于弹头和气球诱饵质阻比的差异,利用美国NRLMSISE-00(Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter radar Exosphere,海军研究实验室质谱仪和非相干散射雷达大气经验性模型)对气球诱饵进行相应动力学分析,得出气球诱饵在弹道中段的大气阻力模型.然后给出了J2摄动下,气球诱饵经过阻力修正后较精确的中段运动模型,并将结论引入到天基光学平台中,进行观测仿真实验.结果表明,在200 km以上的高空,大气阻力对于弹头和气球诱饵的影响微弱,可忽略不计,在观测像平面中表现为一块难以区分的亮斑;而在100～200 km高度范围内,气球诱饵受大气阻力影响剧烈,在观测像平面内的运动与弹头存在较大差别,具有较强的可区分性.     

白天天空背景亮度仿真研究

天空背景辐射严重影响光电系统对空间目标的探测跟踪能力，克服背景辐射干扰是解决白天目标探测跟踪的重要工作。本文描述了通过求解大气辐射传输方程，仿真计算白天天空背景亮度的方法，分析了不同太阳天项角、观测方向以及不同大气光学厚度条件下天空背景亮度。     

高斯非平稳机动目标波达角模型及跟踪

在实际的跟踪情况中,由于环境条件、目标反射截面等因素的变化,回波信号的功率会随时间变化,即不满足通常阵列信号处理中对高斯信号作平稳性的假设。针对复杂运动条件下高斯非平稳目标的跟踪问题,提出了一种新的机动目标波达角(DOA)模型。该模型全面地刻画了高斯非平稳机动目标的动态,并将目标的DOA和信号功率作为状态变量进行了联合考虑,同时运用虚拟阵列的表示方法构建了相应的观测方程。对于建立的新模型,最后采用无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)的框架完成了整个跟踪算法。分析和仿真结果表明,当高斯非平稳机动目标之间存在长时间相互接近的情况时,新方法仍然可以获得较好的跟踪性能。     

不完全量测下一类非线性光电跟踪系统滤波器设计

 随着不完全量测条件下探测概率的下降,传统光电跟踪系统的跟踪性能显著降低。为此,本文考虑将俯仰和偏航两个方向的角速度量测引入传统光电跟踪系统,并设计了不完全量测下基于置信度融合的目标跟踪滤波器。首先针对这类新型的光电跟踪系统建立了系统的量测模型,利用嵌套条件方法推导了转换量测误差前两阶矩的一致性估计;然后针对位置探测通道与角速度探测通道的4种数据探测情形设计了4个子滤波器,并根据探测通道的探测情况计算出各子滤波器的置信度,进而对各子滤波器的输出按置信度进行加权融合,得到了跟踪滤波器的全局输出;最后给出了非线性跟踪系统统计意义下的Cramer-Rao下界(CRLB)。Monte-Carlo仿真表明：在不完全量测下,相比传统光电跟踪系统,附加角速度量测的光电跟踪系统的跟踪性能有了显著提高,并且滤波器估计误差均方差(RMSE)已逼近非线性跟踪系统统计意义下的CRLB。     

用于GPS转发跟踪的双模卡尔曼滤波器

自1984年以来,用转发GPS方案对高动态飞行器进行高精度、高效费比跟踪,为导弹飞行近实时提供良好的位置、速度和加速度估计。在东靶场,正用第一代设备对三叉戟导弹飞行进行靶场安全跟踪。第二代设备被称为转发处理系统(TPS),已经部署在马歇尔群岛的USAKA站(夸加林再入场区),目前正用来跟踪各种飞行目标。现正在规划研制第三代新系统。本文主要讨论安装于TPS中的卡尔曼滤波器的设计和调试。这种滤波器的独特之处在于它有两种工作模式,一种用来跟踪动态飞行器,另一种特殊模式用来跟踪弹道飞行器。当滤波器确认飞行器的加速度接近弹道加速度时,模式切换逻辑电路就选择弹道方式。而当探测到非弹道加速度时,滤波器就返回到动态方式。本文综述了近期任务所获得的跟踪数据,证明用双模滤波器所获得的跟踪精度是卓越非凡的。     

GPS在弹道导弹跟踪中的应用

在弹道导弹的试验和鉴定过程中,需要精确测定时空信息(TSPI)。出于靶场安全考虑,试验时要对弹道导弹进行跟踪,炸毁失灵的导弹;为鉴定导弹的制导系统,要精确地确定导弹的弹道。过去,用测量雷达跟踪的TSPI精度不够,对弹道的确定更是如此。如果导弹从远海发射,或是同时要跟踪多个目标,那么,雷达用于靶场安全也会力不从心。对于外测跟踪或精密弹道确定,GPS转发跟踪系统可以记录全程飞行情况,供事后分析,而且还可以根据需要多次重放,以使跟踪滤波器最佳化。     

基于实时预测轨迹修正的共轴跟踪观测方法

针对光电设备跟踪观测轨迹可预测目标，提出并实现了基于实时预测轨迹修正的新型跟踪算法。从电视观测信息中实时解算出轨迹偏差的位置分量与速度分量并修正预测轨迹，引导仪器运动。应用该方法，在被观测目标电视探测不理想时有效提高了跟踪可靠性，降低了光电跟踪设备对电视探测能力的苛刻要求。即使电视探测短时出现困难，也能保证一定精度。本文给出了实时轨迹修正跟踪方法的构成原理与试验结果，并与一般电视跟踪方法进行了对比。     

HEW-784预警雷达

HEW-784是意大利海军EH101直升机预警型的直升机机载预警雷达。这种雷达系统能全天候监视入侵的飞机和进行海上监视和巡逻。 HEW-784雷达的主要任务是探测和跟踪多个高空与低空目标,探测掠水飞行导弹。次要任务是探测和跟踪多个海面目标,地形测绘。它有空对空和空对地两种工作方式。在空对空工作方式时,能进行下视监视(动目标指示),在地面杂波中用多普勒滤波能探测和跟踪高径向速度目标(达128个),晴天平视监视和对导弹告警。在空对地方式时,能探测和跟踪海面目标(达64个),在短、中、长距离上进行地形测绘。它的工作频率为X波段、8～12.5千兆赫,北约     

目标指示精度对跟踪雷达截获概率的影响

在分析压制干扰对目标指示精度影响的基础上,研究了目标指示精度对跟踪雷达截获目标概率的影响,将跟踪雷达截获目标的过程分为落入目标探测区域及发现目标两个过程,建立了相应的评价指标与模型,对模型进行了在不同的干扰及抗干扰条件下进行了仿真验证。     

考虑冲压发动机工作边界的导弹大过载机动反演控制

针对冲压发动机导弹大过载机动控制问题,设计了基于干扰观测器的反演控制器.根据导弹纵向运动方程建立了过载控制和马赫数控制模型,将模型存在的不确定性和扰动视为总干扰,采用扩张状态观测器进行精确估计,然后设计了过载回路和马赫数回路的反演控制器,为避免对控制器中的虚控制量多次求导导致"微分膨胀",采用反正切跟踪微分器对其进行精...     

Target tracking using infrared measurements and laser illumination

A missile target tracker is designed using a filter/correlator (with adaptive target shape identification) based on forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensor measurements to track the center-of-intensity of the hardbody/plume combination, and another filter using Doppler and/or speckle information in the return from a low-power laser illuminator to estimate the offset between the intensity centroid and the hardbody center-of-mass. The Doppler information is shown to yield smaller bias and error variance from the tracker than the speckle information. Performance of trackers based on just Doppler or both Doppler and speckle information from the laser return is portrayed as a function of important parameters in the tracking environment     

Tracking of crossing targets with imaging sensors

The authors present an algorithm for the tracking of crossing targets using the centroid measurement and the centroid offset measurement of the distributed image formed by the targets. The measurements are obtained by a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) imaging sensor. The joint probabilistic data association merged-measurement coupled filter (JPDAMCF) is used for state estimation which performs filtering in a coupled manner for the targets with common measurements. Two filters are examined: one assuming the displacement noise white and the other one modeling it correctly as autocorrelated. The latter is shown to yield substantially better performance. The proposed algorithm demonstrates the usefulness of the JPDAMCF for tracking crossing targets in combination with the models for the centroid and offset measurements. Even though the centroid offset measurement requires more computations and a more complex model for estimation, it yields significantly better results if the filter accounts for its colored measurement noise     

Suboptimal filter design with pseudomeasurements for targettracking

A suboptimal Kalman filter design method is presented for the problem of tracking a maneuvering target. The design method is essentially based on linear target dynamics and linear-like structured measurements called pseudomeasurements. The pseudomeasurements are obtained by manipulating the original nonlinear measurements algebraically. The resulting filter has computational advantages over other filters with similar performance. Also, a variant of the Berg model is proposed as a target acceleration model under the assumption of a coordinated turn maneuver. The proposed model is consistent with the underlying assumption. Monte Carlo computer simulation results are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed suboptimal filter associated with the target acceleration model     

Multiple model nonlinear filtering for low signal ground target applications

The design and implementation of a multiple model nonlinear filter (MMNLF) for ground target tracking using ground moving target indicator (GMTI) radar measurements is described. Like the well-known interacting multiple model Kalman filter (IMMKF), the MMNLF is based on the theory of hybrid stochastic systems. However, since it models the probability distribution for the target in a region, rather than just the distribution's first and second moments, a nonlinear filter is able to capture more fine-grained detail of the target motion and requires fewer models than typical IMMKF implementations. This is illustrated here with a two-model MMNLF in which one motion model incorporates terrain constraints while the second is a nearly constant velocity (CV) model. Another feature of the MMNLF is that it enables incorporation of prethresholded measurements. To implement the filter, the target state conditional probability density is discretized on a set of moving grids and recursively updated with sensor measurements via Bayes' formula. The conditional density is time updated between sensor measurements using alternating direction implicit (ADI) finite difference methods, generalized for this hybrid application. In simulation testing against low signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) targets, the MMNLF is able to maintain track in situations where single model filters based on either of the component models or filters that use thresholded data fail. Potential applications of this work include detection and tracking of foliage-obscured moving targets.     

Model-based segmentation of FLIR images

The use of gray-scale intensities together with the edge information present in a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) image to obtain a precise and accurate segmentation of a target is presented. A model of FLIR images based on gray-scale and edge information is incorporated in a gradient relaxation technique which explicitly maximizes a criterion function based on the inconsistency and ambiguity of classification of pixels with respect to their neighbors. Four variations of the basic technique which provide automatic selection of thresholds to segment FLIR images are considered. These methods are compared, and several examples of segmentation of ship images are given     

基于数字滤波的低频时码秒脉冲抖动平滑方法研究

低频时码授时信号在接收时，由于环境等因素的影响会导致解调得到的低频时码秒脉冲出现抖动。为减小该抖动现象对低频时码定时精度的影响，基于我国低频时码授时系统（BPC），研究并设计基于数字滤波的秒脉冲抖动平滑方法，通过仿真实验，验证分析了最小均方误差（LMS）自适应滤波算法和卡尔曼滤波算法的有效性和抖动平滑性能。结果表明，低频时码秒脉冲的抖动现象可以通过BPC 1PPS (one pulse per second)和本地1PPS之间的相位差波动情况反映；LMS自适应滤波算法和卡尔曼滤波算法对BPC 1PPS的抖动平滑处理均有明显效果，卡尔曼滤波算法的抖动平滑效果更优，但存在一定的收敛时间，LMS自适应滤波算法的滤波结果响应速度快，但抖动平滑性能受滤波器阶数的影响。所以，在实际应用中，应根据实际需求选择合适的滤波器及相关参数。     

A Tracking Filter in Spherical Coordinates Enhanced by De-noising of Converted Doppler Measurements

Tracking problem in spherical coordinates with range rate (Doppler) measurements, which would have errors correlated to the range measurement errors, is investigated in this paper. The converted Doppler measurements, constructed by the product of the Doppler measurements and range measurements, are used to replace the original Doppler measurements. A de-noising method based on an unbiased Kalman filter (KF) is proposed to reduce the converted Doppler measurement errors before updating the target states for the constant velocity (CV) model. The states from the de-noising filter are then combined with the Cartesian states from the converted measurement Kalman filter (CMKF) to produce final state estimates. The nonlinearity of the de-noising filter states are handled by expanding them around the Cartesian states from the CMKF in a Taylor series up to the second order term. In the mean time, the correlation between the two filters caused by the common range measurements is handled by a minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimation-based method. These result in a new tracking filter, CMDN-EKF2. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the proposed tracking filter can provide efficient and robust performance with a modest computational cost.     

PDAF with multiple clutter regions and target models

This paper presents the theory of a new multiple model probabilistic data association filter (PDAF). The analysis is generalized for the case of multiple nonuniform clutter regions within the measurement data that updates each model of the filter. To reduce the possibility of clutter measurements forming established tracks, the solution includes a model for a visible target. That is, a target that gives sensor measurements that satisfy one of the target models. Other features included in the algorithm are the selection of a fixed number of nearest measurements and the addition of signal amplitude to the target state vector. The nonuniform clutter model developed here is applicable to tracking signal amplitude. Performance of this algorithm is illustrated using experimentally recorded over-the-horizon radar (OTHR) data.     

双星编队对空间非合作目标的仅测角跟踪方法

针对单星仅测角对目标跟踪误差较大和不良测量条件下跟踪精度下降的问题,提出利用编队卫星对非合作目标进行联合跟踪的方法。采用考虑地球非球形J2引力摄动的轨道动力学模型,建立多视线测量模型,融合编队卫星对目标的观测数据。然后,基于新息设计增益调节矩阵提高滤波器在测量故障条件下的鲁棒性。最后,建立仿真模型进行验证。仿真结果表明,相比单星跟踪,该方法的位置误差和速度误差分别减少了27.06%和26.96%。在系统存在异常量测时,相比常规滤波,该方法也具有更高的精确性和更好的鲁棒性。