层流流动控制技术及应用

民机受到的摩阻占其总阻力很大比例,减少摩阻对改善民机性能和降低成本具有重要意义.层流摩阻远小于湍流摩阻,因此扩大层流区,甚至实现全层流流动是减阻的一个重要途径.为此,形成了包括自然层流流动、全层流流动和混合层流流动3种层流流动控制技术.本文从减阻分析,对3种层流流动控制技术的概念、方法、优缺点、可带来的效益,层流流动控...     

HLFC后掠翼优化设计的若干问题

使用扩展自由变形参数化方法,基于径向基函数的动网格技术和改进的混合粒子群算法,考虑吸气的e^N转捩预测方法和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes求解器,搭建了针对混合层流流动控制（HLFC）后掠翼的优化设计平台,对HLFC后掠翼的气动外形设计、雷诺数影响、吸气分布设计等多个问题进行了研究,对比分析了在这些因素影响下HLFC后掠翼的阻力系数和层流区长度的差别,进而探索了相应的设计准则。研究表明,对于层流区较长和阻力系数较小的HLFC后掠翼来说,它们上表面的压力分布具有共同的特征：头部峰值较低,之后有一个小的逆压,接下来是一段较长的均匀稳定的顺压,这段顺压最后终结于一道激波。应用HLFC技术后,通过实现大面积的层流区,机翼的摩擦阻力和压差阻力均可显著地降低,降低的幅度远大于不考虑层流控制的设计结果。同时,HLFC机翼的设计应综合考虑摩擦阻力、压差阻力、激波强度和配平阻力（低头力矩）,层流区最长不一定意味着阻力最小。一般来说,雷诺数越高,越难维持层流,但应用混合层流控制技术后,即使在难以实现自然层流的高雷诺数下,HLFC机翼依然有较长的层流区。通过对吸气分布的设计进行研究,说明了非均匀吸气比均匀吸气要更有效率一些,能够节省吸气量。     

高雷诺数下机翼表面层流段长度对减阻量的影响

层流减阻技术是提高飞机经济性的重要手段,开展可应用于工程实践的层流减阻研究具有重要的意义。针对某民用飞机翼身组合体构型,采用数值模拟法分别研究雷诺数为1.0×107和1.8×107时全湍流以及机翼弦向保持7%、15%、20%、30%、40%层流段长度范围的减阻特性。结果表明:与全湍流情况相比,层流段长度的增加可以有效减小飞机阻力,增加升阻比;当层流段长度保持在40%时,飞机的减阻量可以达到11.0%左右,而升阻比可增加12.3%左右,且在较小雷诺数下有着更大的减阻收益;层流范围增加可有效减小摩擦阻力系数。     

层流控制技术及对飞行器气动加热的影响研究

本文主要介绍了层流控制技术的基本原理和主要技术途径,分析了层流控制在飞机减阻和外表面红外隐身方面的作用。在低湍流度风洞中,利用萘升华试验,在NACA64A-204后掠机翼模型上,研究了吸气流量和压力梯度分布等对层流控制效果的影响,研究结果表明:前缘吸气可以抑制CF波的成长,吸气流量对层流区的范围有显著的影响,随着吸气流量增大,层流区范围逐渐增大。利用对称机翼模型,研究了层流控制对气动加热的影响,研究结果表明:层流控制技术可以显著扩大层流区的范围、减小气动加热、降低表面温度,前腔的吸气流量对层流控制效果起主导作用,并存在最佳值,吸气流量过大不会进一步改善层流控制效果,吸气流量过小则达不到最好的层流控制效果。     

民用运输飞机减阻技术

减阻是民用运输飞机设计的主要目标之一。运输机巡航阻力主要是蒙皮摩擦阻力和诱导阻力，大约占总阻力的1／2和1／3。混合层流技术和新型机翼翼梢装置为减阻提供了巨大的潜力。非设计条件下飞机性能的提高也可通过后缘优化、激波层相互作用和边界层分离的控制来实现。文章对几种减阻技术带来的成果进行了讨论，并试图对几种减阻技术的效果进行评估。     

超临界翼型吸气层流减阻控制数值研究

使用Fluent求解器,分别对超临界翼型上翼面全吸气及部分区域吸气时进行了层流减阻数值研究,探究了不同吸气系数及雷诺数对翼型转捩位置和阻力的影响规律.结果表明:①对上翼面全弦长范围进行吸气控制,能有效地推后转捩位置.当吸气系数超过某一值时,能够使上翼面达到全层流状态,从而减小翼型阻力;②只对上翼面15%~65%弦长区域内进行吸气控制,当吸气系数达到一定值时,可达到与全吸气时几乎相同的减阻效果;③其他飞行条件相同时,在较小雷诺数下,减阻效果较好.     

跨声速自然层流短舱气动设计和风洞试验研究

层流控制技术是一个降低摩擦阻力的有效手段,为了设计出更经济、更环保的民用客机,需要开展层流技术的应用探索。随着飞机发动机技术的不断进步,涡扇发动机涵道比在不断增大,因此,短舱尺寸也在跟着加大,如果短舱上能够实现大面积的层流,就可以为全机带来较明显的经济性收益。本文总结了针对宽体客机开展的自然层流(NLF)短舱气动设计、数值计算和风洞试验验证工作。首先针对层流短舱外形进行气动设计,保证巡航点有一定的顺压梯度,随后采用带有γ-Reθ转捩模型的计算流体力学(CFD)工具对设计方案层流区域进行评估,最后开展风洞试验对设计方案和转捩预测工具进行校核验证。该试验在德国ETW跨声速风洞进行,对层流短舱高速气动性能进行校核,采用TSP进行转捩位置测量,结果表明层流区域长度占短舱外表面弦长的30%～55%。     

中等展弦比飞翼布局无人机后缘射流滚转控制

飞翼布局飞行器有望依靠射流主动流动控制技术实现无舵面飞行以改善隐身特性，但鲜有针对中等展弦比（3～4.5）战术级飞翼的相关研究。本文为中等展弦比飞翼布局无人机设计环量控制激励器取代传统副翼，开展全机数值模拟和飞行试验研究，探究后缘环量控制射流的滚转控制能力。数值模拟使用压力入口边界并考虑射流动量贡献的气动力，实现对飞翼绕流和激励器内流耦合模拟和整机气动特性预测。数值模拟研究表明，射流的滚转控制能力随射流动量系数线性增长，且未产生显著的横航向或横纵向耦合力矩。飞行试验结果表明，环量控制激励器实现了平均滚转角速率25.5～26.7 （°）/s，最大滚转角速率40.1 （°）/s，最大滚转角83.9°的控制效果。     

大型民机巡航状态下头部流动特性实验研究

高速巡航飞行时,机头的流动特性对大型民机的耗油率以及驾驶舱的舒适程度都有影响,民机高速巡航飞行时要求飞机头部尽可能不存在分离流动,高速气流在机头舷窗位置不出现激波。通过风洞试验．在FD-12高速风洞中得到了某民机头部的压力分布、彩色油流照片以及PIV宅间流场显示结果。试验结果表明：在巡航状态下,机头表面主要是附着流动,来流马赫数为0．82时,机头舷窗后方局部出现超声速区。     

直接力控制飞机时域和频域特性分析

直接力控制是主动控制技术是主动控制技术要实现的主要功能之一。此功能的实现无论对民有飞机还是军用飞机都有重大的意义。现介绍ＤＦＣ飞机时域的频域特性分析的意义和基本方法，并讨论ＤＦＣ飞机飞行品质规范的制订，依据，品质等级的评定方法，最后以ＹＦ－１６ＣＣＶ飞机为算例进行了仿真分析，结果表明，对ＤＦＣ飞机进行时域和频域分析，能够较全面地了解ＤＦＣ飞机的各项性能；利用频域特性，可以方便地评定了ＤＦＣ飞机飞行     

后掠翼混合层流控制机制的实验

在低湍流度风洞中针对NACA64A-204翼型后掠翼模型进行混合层流控制(HLFC)实验研究.通过萘升华流动显示技术以及热线测量边界层速度的方法,研究了不同吸气量条件下HLFC对后掠翼转捩位置以及流动稳定性的影响.实验结果表明:无吸气的情况下,转捩出现在x/c≈0.4,标准和两倍抽吸量条件下,转捩位置可以达到80%弦长位置(最小压力点下游).HLFC方法可以减弱后掠翼边界层平均流的扭曲,降低扰动之间的非线性作用,减小不稳定扰动波的能量,延迟转捩获得更大的层流区.      

Numerical analysis and optimization of boundary layer suction on airfoils

Numerical approach of hybrid laminar flow control(HLFC) is investigated for the suction hole with a width between 0.5 mm and 7 mm. The accuracy of Menter and Langtry’s transition model applied for simulating the flow with boundary layer suction is validated. The experiment data are compared with the computational results. The solutions show that this transition model can predict the transition position with suction control accurately. A well designed laminar airfoil is selected in the present research. For suction control with a single hole, the physical mechanism of suction control, including the impact of suction coefficient and the width and position of the suction hole on control results, is analyzed. The single hole simulation results indicate that it is favorable for transition delay and drag reduction to increase the suction coefficient and set the hole position closer to the trailing edge properly. The modified radial basis function(RBF) neural network and the modified differential evolution algorithm are used to optimize the design for suction control with three holes. The design variables are suction coefficient, hole width, hole position and hole spacing. The optimization target is to obtain the minimum drag coefficient. After optimization,the transition delay can be up to 17% and the aerodynamic drag coefficient can decrease by 12.1%.     

民机自然层流机翼研究进展

新世纪航空市场对能耗、噪音等限制性要求继续加强,新一代民用飞机需要在气动减阻方面取得重大突破,自然层流机翼技术成为研究热点.总结了层流技术类别,回顾了自然层流机翼的主要研究历程,介绍了当前正在开展的欧洲TELFONA计划和美国ERA计划中的自然层流机翼的研究进展,概述了自然层流机翼应用情况和自然层流短舱,分析了自然层流机翼的实际应用难题,展望了自然层流技术在新一代民用飞机中的应用.     

Transition prediction and sensitivity analysis for a natural laminar flow wing glove flight experiment

Natural laminar flow technology can significantly reduce aircraft aerodynamic drag and has excellent technical appeal for transport aircraft development with high aerodynamic efficiency. Accurately and efficiently predicting the laminar-to-turbulent transition and revealing the maintenance mechanism of laminar flow in a transport aircraft’s flight environment are significant for developing natural laminar flow wings. In this research, we carry out natural laminar flow flight experiments with different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. The critical N-factor is calibrated as 9.0 using flight experimental data and linear stability theory from a statistical perspective, which makes sure that the relative error of transition location is within 5%. We then implement a simplified e^N transition prediction method with a similar accuracy compared with linear stability theory. We compute the sensitivity information for the simplified e^N method with an adjoint-based method, using the automatic differentiation technique (ADjoint). The impact of Reynolds numbers and pressure distributions on TS waves is analyzed using the sensitivity information. Through the sensitivity analysis, we find that: favorable pressure gradients not only suppress the development of TS waves but also decrease their sensitivity to Reynolds numbers; there exist three special regions which are very sensitive to the pressure distribution, and the sensitivity decreases as the local favorable pressure gradient increases. The proposed sensitivity analysis method enables robust natural laminar flow wings design.     

Laminar flow control research at TsAGI: Past and present

This paper presents a brief review of activities in laminar flow control being performed at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute named after Prof. N.E. Zhukovsky (TsAGI). These efforts are focused on the improvement of the existing laminar flow control methods and on the development of new ones. The investigations have demonstrated the effectiveness of aircraft surface laminarization applications with the aim of friction drag reduction. The opportunity of considerable delaying of laminar-turbulent transition due to special wing profile geometry and using boundary layer suction and surface cooling has been verified at sub- and supersonic speeds through various wind tunnel testing at TsAGI and during flying laboratory experiments at the Flight Research Institute (LII). The investigations on using hybrid laminar flow control systems for friction drag reduction were also carried out. New techniques of laminar flow control were proposed, in particular, the method of local heating of the wing leading edge, boundary layer laminarization by means of receptivity control, and electrohydrodynamic methods of boundary layer stability control.     

基于升华法的后掠翼混合层流控制研究

在低湍流度风洞中针对45°后掠角NACA64A-204翼型模型,采用升华流动显示技术研究不同吸气量和不同迎角状态下混合层流控制（HLFC）对转捩位置的影响。结合热线方法测量流向速度研究扰动增长的机制。实验结果表明：萘升华流动显示技术适合用来研究HLFC方法对后掠翼转捩的影响,可以直观和准确地表示后掠翼上的转捩位置;在无吸气的情况下,随着迎角从-6°到2°增大,层流区长度先增大后减小;HLFC方法可以显著推迟由横流不稳定触发的转捩;在同一迎角下增加吸气量,可以更有效地减小主要扰动波的能量。     

二维翼型混合层流控制减阻技术试验研究

选择NACA0006系列层流翼型作为物理模型,使用FLUENT商用软件计算分析翼型表面压力梯度,结合对翼型后缘做局部优化修形增大顺压梯度范围以及在翼型前缘布置吸气控制单元并配套吸气装置形成混合层流控制减阻技术。风洞试验中应用红外成像技术测量翼型表面层流区域,探索研究了混合层流控制减阻技术的实用效果。试验结果表明：对翼型实施混合层流控制减阻技术后,明显增大了翼型表面的层流面积。     

Adaptive-surrogate-based robust optimization of transonic natural laminar flow nacelle

Natural Laminar Flow (NLF) technology is very effective for reducing the skin friction drag of aircraft engine nacelle, but the aerodynamic performance of NLF nacelle is highly sensitive to uncertain working conditions. Therefore, it’s imperative to incorporate uncertainties into the design of NLF nacelle. In this study, for a robust optimization of NLF nacelle and for improving its efficiency, an adaptive-surrogate-based robust optimization strategy is established, which is an iterative optimization process where the surrogate model is updated to obtain the real Pareto front of multi-objective optimization problem. A case study is carried out to validate its feasibility and effectiveness. The results show that the optimization increases the favorable pressure gradient region and the volume ratio of the nacelle by increasing its lip radius and reducing its maximum diameter. And the aerodynamic robustness of the NLF nacelle is mainly determined by the lip radius, maximum diameter of nacelle and location of the maximum diameter. Compared to the initial nacelle, the optimized nacelle maintains a wide range of low drag and high laminar flow ratio in the disturbance space, which extends the average laminar flow region to 21.6% and facilitates a decrease of 1.98 counts in the average drag coefficient.