Flight performance analysis of GRACE K-band ranging instrument with simulation data

A dual one-way ranging (DOWR) system provides very high accuracy range measurements between two satellites. The GRACE satellite mission implements the DOWR, called KBR (K-band ranging), to measure very small inter-satellite range change in order to map the Earth gravity field. The flight performance of the KBR is analyzed by using a hybrid software simulator that incorporates actual satellite orbit data into a comprehensive KBR simulator, which was earlier used for computing the GRACE baseline accuracy. Three types of experiments were performed. First is the comparison of the flight data with the simulated data in spectral domain. Second is the comparison of double differenced noise level. Third is the comparison of the range-rate difference with GPS clock estimates. The analysis shows a good agreement with the simulation model except some excessive high frequency noise, e.g. 10⁻⁴ m/√Hz at 0.1 Hz. The range-rate difference shows 0.003 cyc/s discrepancy with the clock estimates. These analyses are helpful to refine the DOWR simulation model and can be benefit to future DOWR instrument development.     

USO-KBR测距系统建模与仿真

K频段微波测距(KBR)系统是低-低卫星跟踪卫星(SST-LL)重力测量卫星的关键载荷之一,其性能直接影响地球重力场空间变化率的测定结果,而KBR系统中超稳振荡器(USO)的稳定度对KBR系统整体测距精度有着重要影响。文章根据双向测量载波相位对比原理和USO幂率谱模型,对KBR系统进行了建模。首先,描述了测距系统的基本原理、系统功能组成及适用于KBR系统的数学模型;然后,利用Matlab软件对"重力恢复和气候实验"(GRACE)卫星的KBR系统进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,采用该模型和方法后获得的双向测距中误差(RMSE)为9.81μm,与公布的GRACE卫星KBR系统10μm的中误差相符。文章为KBR系统的工程设计提供了仿真分析工具,可为工程应用提供设计参考。     

高精度星间微波测距技术

卫卫跟踪（SST）技术是目前地球重力场测量最有价值和应用前景的方法之一。高精度K波段星间微波测距系统（KBR K Band Ranging System）低低卫卫跟踪（SST-Ⅱ）重力卫星的关键有效载荷，它是一微米量级的测距系统，通过处理高精度的星间距离和距离变化率数据，可以恢复出地球重力场。在研究星间双路微波测距原理的基础上，提出了一种KBR系统的基本结构，详细描述了数据处理过程和KBR系统研究需要突破的关键技术，分析了国内目前的研究水平，给出了我国未来开展KBR系统研究的一些建议。     

超高精度星间距离测量及其在卫星重力场测量中的应用

介绍卫星重力场测量的最新技术——GRACE低-低卫-卫跟踪的基本思想及其关键有效载荷。在此基础上,对高精度KBR星间距离测量的基本原理进行简要分析,并探讨其关键技术。     

地月空间星地双向单程测量高精度模型

针对使用星地双向单程测量技术实现给定场景下的地月空间高精度测量问题,建立了地月空间纳秒级星地时差解算模型与米级瞬时距离解算模型,定量分析了模型中各因素的量级,并对模型中收发时延、引力时延、定轨误差和大气延迟等多种因素引入的时差和距离估算误差进行了定量分析。仿真数据的处理结果校验了误差量级理论分析的准确性,时差估算的均方根误差优于7.6ns,瞬时距离估算均方根误差优于2.4 m。建立的模型可以对地月空间星地DOWR测量数据进行高精度处理,实现地月空间高精度时间比对,支持未来中国载人登月等任务及地月空间高精度导航技术。     

星载GPS的毫米级编队卫星相对定位

在比较分析编队卫星相对定位与陆地相对定位技术的基础上,结合陆地相对定位技术和 卫星精密定轨技术提出了基于GPS进行编队卫星相对定位的方法及原理。文章采用2004年4月 1日到10日的GRACE卫星实测数据进行了相对定位计算,并采用KBR观测数据对本文相对定位 结果和JPL单独定轨结果进行了外部检核,检核结果表明：1. 与直接采用单独定轨结果相 比,该方法可以明显提高卫星的相对位置精度。2. 利用本文方法计算的两颗GRACE卫星相 对位置精度约为4.5 mm。
     

高精度星间测距与超稳振荡器研究

高精度K频段微波星间测距系统（KBR）采用双路微波测距技术,测量精度可达到1μm／s,是地球重力场测量卫星的三大有效载荷之一。作为整个系统时间基准的超稳定振荡器（USO）,是实现KBR微米级测量精度的关键。文章在研究KBR测距技术的基础上,对USO进行了研究和设计,研制成功的USO的短期频率稳定度达到了5×10^-13／s（Allan方差）,达到了指标要求。     

基于IM/DD体制的星间激光通信测距技术

随着当前低轨卫星组网星座计划的日益增加，对卫星间高精度校时、测距需求也越来越迫切。提出基于直调直检IM/DD（Intensity Modulation with Direct Detection）的测距技术的实现方法，使其能同时兼顾测距精度及系统成本。基于IM/DD的测距是利用高精度的秒脉冲到达时间来测量距离。使用IM/DD光通信的数据传输方式，在正常的数据帧传输中插入少量的测距信息，无需中断正常的通信模式，也无需网络时钟频率同步，数据帧的发送周期也无需与秒脉冲保持同步关系，即可使用双向单程测距方法进行测距。使用秒脉冲对本地时钟进行频率测量，对测距过程参数进行修正，只需要采用普通晶体振荡器作为本地时钟源，不需要使用高精度测距通常所需的全网络同步时钟信号或者高稳定度时钟源，便可以达到IM/DD通信码元时间量级的测距准确度和精确度，同时降低了时频同步系统的复杂度、对元器件的要求以及整个通信测距系统的成本，解决了现有技术中测距精度及系统成本不易同时兼顾的问题。     

伪码测距中处理速率对再生时钟抖动性能的影响

在微小卫星再生伪码测距中,码同步环的跟踪性能是决定测距精度的关键,而数字处     

中国无地面控制点摄影测量卫星追述（二）--1∶1万传输型摄影测量卫星技术思考

以1∶1万传输型摄影测量卫星工程有效载荷配置为基础,分析了传输型测绘卫星中影响定位精度的误差源,提出了激光测距数据辅助两线阵卫星影像处理的若干思路,并进行了模拟仿真试验。试验结果表明：利用激光测距数据参与两线阵影像光束法平差,能有效改善航线模型系统变形,并保持较小的上下视差,可满足卫星影像无地面控制点条件下1∶1万高精度定位要求。     

An algorithm for estimation and separation of ephemeris and clock errors in SBAS

The estimation and separation of ephemeris and clock errors is an integral part of a SBAS (Space Based Augmentation System). Generally, the global solution is based on the full state approach for satellite errors (ephemeris and clock) and station errors, using a large least square estimator; or the other way is to sequentially estimate the ephemeris and clock through a Kalman filter, using a complex model of the satellite dynamics. In this paper, the estimation and separation of ephemeris and clock errors is addressed through a unique approach of combining both the methods. The algorithm employs measurements, which are pre-processed for various errors and known biases. A single difference technique is used to separately estimate the ephemeris and clock components. The ephemeris Kalman filter uses a priori information of ephemeris errors along with measurements through a minimum variance estimator to provide ephemeris error estimate. A similar approach is adopted in the clock error estimation process, to provide clock and clock rate estimates. The algorithm results are presented using simulated data for known errors in ephemeris/clock and subsequent retrieval. This algorithm estimates these errors as corrections to the broadcast Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation data, required by a SBAS user for accuracy improvement.     

星地动态双向时间同步与测距算法

针对卫星运动对星地距离和钟差测量的不利影响,提出一种基于最小二乘拟合的星地动态双向时间同步与测距算法。在建立星地可视模型基础上,仿真了MEO运动卫星与地面时间同步站之间星地距离的变化规律,分析了卫星运动对星地双向时间同步与测距的主要不利影响。该算法首先利用星地双向时间同步数据分别生成星地距离和钟差拟合多项式,然后联合求解出运动卫星误差最小的星地距离与钟差。实验结果表明了该算法的合理性和科学性,在包含仿真误差的条件下,其时间同步精度优于3ns,测距精度优于3m。将其应用到各种空天应用系统的星地时间同步与测距中,可以消除卫星运动对双向时间同步与测距的不利影响,提高时间同步与测距精度。     

卫星主动段动力学环境数据分析

某型号小卫星发射时,用搭载的测量系统对星上6个测点位置进行了3个方向的振动响应测量,获得了主动段2000 Hz范围内的完整数据。数据分析表明,小卫星主动段的振动模态特性和振动响应特性不同于地面模拟试验中的结果,主要体现在:主动段40 Hz处的Pogo效应明显;共振频率与地面试验完全不同;横向响应量级明显小于纵向响应量级;在小于2000 Hz频率范围内,星箭分离冲击对星上测点位置影响很小。与地面试验数据的对比分析结果表明,目前的地面振动试验方法仍有不足,存在过试验或欠试验。     

基于频率源稳定度的钟差序列生成方法研究

基于频率源噪声特性和幂率谱密度之间的关系，构建了一种通过频率源目标稳定度反向生成虚拟钟差序列模型，利用虚拟钟差序列模型可以快速、高效地生成目标频率源的长期钟差数据。针对不同类型频率源的组合噪声特征，采用传统的噪声模型生成5种频率源噪声，然后利用仿真分析验证虚拟钟差序列生成模型的正确性。通过比对仿真结果可知，基于铷钟、氢钟和铯钟的虚拟钟差序列的稳定度与实测钟差序列的稳定度基本相符，重建虚拟钟差序列能够准确地反映其频率噪声特性，因此，文中采用频率源目标稳定度生成其钟差序列的方法可行、有效。     

Validation on flight data of a closed-loop approach for GPS-based relative navigation of LEO satellites

This paper describes a carrier-phase differential GPS approach for real-time relative navigation of LEO satellites flying in formation with large separations. These applications are characterized indeed by a highly varying number of GPS satellites in common view and large ionospheric differential errors, which significantly impact relative navigation performance and robustness. To achieve high relative positioning accuracy a navigation algorithm is proposed which processes double-difference code and carrier measurements on two frequencies, to fully exploit the integer nature of the related ambiguities. Specifically, a closed-loop scheme is proposed in which fixed estimates of the baseline and integer ambiguities produced by means of a partial integer fixing step are fed back to an Extended Kalman Filter for improving the float estimate at successive time instants. The approach also benefits from the inclusion in the filter state of the differential ionospheric delay in terms of the Vertical Total Electron Content of each satellite. The navigation algorithm performance is tested on actual flight data from GRACE mission. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in managing integer unknowns in conjunction with Extended Kalman Filtering, and that centimeter-level accuracy can be achieved in real-time also with large separations.     

Small total dose measurement system for SDS-1

The Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) uses monitors on board satellites to measure and record in-flight data on ionization effects in space. A compact, total dose measurement system for the small satellite (SDS-1) was developed based on the previous system for measuring total ionizing dose effects. Especially, the sensor for SDS-1 is quite smaller than the sensor for SOHLA-1, which is presented in the last year. The sensor is 8 mm wide×3 mm high×19 mm long and weighs approximately 4 g with 500 mm its wire harness. Eight pin LCC RADFET and temperature sensor are arranged on it. Seven sensors are arranged on some components inside the SDS-1. One of the sensors is arranged on a printed board in advanced microprocessing in-ORBIT experiment equipment (AMI). The AMI demonstrate 320 MIPS microprocessor and DC–DC converter for space. The absorbed dose at the points where the sensors are arranged was evaluated before flight and will be compared with resulting flight data.     

卫星跟踪卫星应用于月球重力场探测的模拟研究

月球卫星跟踪卫星技术作为月球和行星重力场探测的一种解决方案已经初步研究和讨论。文章引入已有的解析方法在理论上分析卫星间精密测距与月球重力场信号的频率响应关系，并通过模拟计算，以分析月球卫星跟踪卫星方法应用于月球重力场探测的可行性和恢复重力场的能力。由于月球卫星跟踪卫星方法是目前解决远月面重力探测最有潜力的方法之一，且已为一些月球探测计划采用，而我国的月球探测计划也同样面，临远月面探测的难题，文章的研究成果可为我国月球和行星重力场的探测提供参考。     

负载模拟器的实时控制研究

负载模拟器可以模拟飞行器在飞行过程中作用在舵轴上的铰链力矩,是重要的半实物仿真设备之一。实时控制软件是影响负载模拟器性能指标的关键因素。简介了负载模拟器的组成及工作原理;采用W indows RTX的方法实现了实时控制软件对高精度时钟的要求;给出了负载模拟器实时控制软件的总体结构及控制流程。实测结果表明,负载模拟器各项性能指标均达到设计要求,证明所述实时控制软件设计方法正确。     

一种低轨卫星高灵敏度辅助定位服务系统

本文针对全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)接收机低信噪比环境下的快速定位需求，在充分分析扩频信号相干积分关键影响要素的基础上，设计了一种低轨卫星高灵敏度辅助定位服务系统。针对空间段信号发射机低相噪信号生成技术所需的参考源、时钟树给出了详细设计及指标分析，通过发射信号误差向量幅度EVM对比测试，所设计的发射信号(EVM)指标可控制在优于1.19%。针对系统服务能力进行了星地一体化性能测试，实验结果表明，该系统可有效实现终端在灵敏度提升12 dB前提下有效定位且辅助定位时间优于3.5分钟。     

Geometry-free linear combinations for Galileo

Global navigation satellites of the European Galileo system transmit code signals on four carriers in the L1, E5a, E5b and E6 band.New geometry-free linear combinations are presented that eliminate the geometry terms (user to satellite ranges and orbital errors), the clock errors of the user and satellites and the tropospheric delay. The remaining parameters of these carrier phase combinations include integer ambiguities, ionospheric delays, carrier phase multipath and phase noise. The weighting coefficients are designed such that the integer nature of ambiguities is maintained. The use of four frequency combinations is highly recommended due to a noise reduction of up to 14.4 dB and an ionospheric reduction of up to 25.6 dB compared to two frequency geometry-free combinations.Moreover, a modified Least-squares Ambiguity Decorrelation Adjustment (LAMBDA) algorithm is suggested, which differs in two points from the traditional approach: the baseline is replaced by the ionospheric delay and the correlation is caused by linear combinations instead of double differences. For correct ambiguity resolution, the ionospheric delay can be determined with millimeter accuracy. This is quite beneficial as the ionosphere represents the largest source of error for absolute positioning.