Validation on flight data of a closed-loop approach for GPS-based relative navigation of LEO satellites

This paper describes a carrier-phase differential GPS approach for real-time relative navigation of LEO satellites flying in formation with large separations. These applications are characterized indeed by a highly varying number of GPS satellites in common view and large ionospheric differential errors, which significantly impact relative navigation performance and robustness. To achieve high relative positioning accuracy a navigation algorithm is proposed which processes double-difference code and carrier measurements on two frequencies, to fully exploit the integer nature of the related ambiguities. Specifically, a closed-loop scheme is proposed in which fixed estimates of the baseline and integer ambiguities produced by means of a partial integer fixing step are fed back to an Extended Kalman Filter for improving the float estimate at successive time instants. The approach also benefits from the inclusion in the filter state of the differential ionospheric delay in terms of the Vertical Total Electron Content of each satellite. The navigation algorithm performance is tested on actual flight data from GRACE mission. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in managing integer unknowns in conjunction with Extended Kalman Filtering, and that centimeter-level accuracy can be achieved in real-time also with large separations.     

Novel closed-loop approaches for precise relative navigation of widely separated GPS receivers in LEO

This paper deals with the relative navigation of a formation of two spacecrafts separated by hundreds of kilometers based on processing dual-frequency differential carrier-phase GPS measurements. Specific requirements of the considered application are high relative positioning accuracy and real-time on board implementation. These can be conflicting requirements. Indeed, if on one hand high accuracy can be achieved by exploiting the integer nature of double-difference carrier-phase ambiguities, on the other hand the presence of large ephemeris errors and differential ionospheric delays makes the integer ambiguities determination challenging. Closed-loop schemes, which update the relative position estimates of a dynamic filter with feedback from integer ambiguities fixing algorithms, are customarily employed in these cases. This paper further elaborates such approaches, proposing novel closed loop techniques aimed at overcoming some of the limitations of traditional algorithms. They extend techniques developed for spaceborne long baseline relative positioning by making use of an on-the-fly ambiguity resolution technique especially developed for the applications of interest. Such techniques blend together ionospheric delay compensation techniques, nonlinear models of relative spacecraft dynamics, and partial integer validation techniques. The approaches are validated using flight data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission. Performance is compared to that of the traditional closed-loop scheme analyzing the capability of each scheme to maximize the percentage of correctly fixed integer ambiguities as well as the relative positioning accuracy. Results show that the proposed approach substantially improves performance of the traditional approaches. More specifically, centimeter-level root-mean square relative positioning is feasible for spacecraft separations of more than 260 km, and an integer ambiguity fixing performance as high as 98% is achieved in a 1-day long dataset. Results also show that approaches exploiting ionospheric delay models are more robust and precise of approaches relying on ionospheric-delay removal techniques.     

星间链路测量中的载波相位测距算法研究

运用双频伪码/载波相位组合方式求解整周模糊度的方法实现星间链路中的载波相位测距。在双频伪码/载波相位组合原理的基础上,对不同组合方式下的测量误差进行分析,并研究了增大载波频率时的载波相位测距手段。仿真结果表明,算法能得到较准确的整周模糊度值和精度较高的测距值,实现了载波相位高精度测距。     

一种解算整周模糊度几何算法实现GPS快速测姿

在多天线GPS姿态确定系统中,整周模糊度的确定一直是姿态解算的一个难题。针对载波相位双差模型,本文提出一种新的几何解算双差整周模糊度的方法。该方法首先利用C/A码数据完成姿态初步解算;然后根据初步解算的姿态参数、各天线间基线分量参数和卫星到接收机在当地水平坐标系中的向量,再利用本文提出解算双差整周模糊度几何算法求取整周模糊度双差值;将整周模糊度双差值代入载波相位双差模型反解精确的各天线坐标分量,由取得的各天线坐标分量解算得到精确的姿态参数。同时,应用本文所提出的方法,对采集的GPS多天线静态数据和动态数据进行了姿态测量解算,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

北斗系统格网电离层延迟算法研究

介绍了北斗系统下格网电离层延迟算法原理及建模方法。利用25个参考站的模拟数据,建立了覆盖我国地区的格网电离层延迟模型。通过仿真给出格网点(35°N,115°E)的格网电离层垂直误差及用户穿透点(36.94°N,118.44°E)的用户电离层垂直误差在一天内的变化,结果显示一天内格网电离层垂直误差及用户电离层垂直误差的平均值分别为0.871m和0.877m。     

适用于CEI的GEO卫星相时延解算方法及试验

为解决在实际航天任务中利用连线干涉测量(CEI)技术进行高精度GEO卫星定轨以及共位GEO卫星相对定位时面临的载波相位整周模糊度难题，提出了一种基于卫星下行信号的多弧段融合相位模糊度解算方法，它通过相邻多弧段载波相位值和窄带信号群时延值的融合处理可精确获得无模糊载波相时延观测量。对提出的方法进行了性能仿真和实际外场试验验证，结果表明：在20 km基线上，利用北斗GEO卫星的伪码测距信号和天链卫星的测控信号均成功实现了S频段解载波整周相位模糊，相时延测量精度优于0.1ns，对应GEO卫星定轨精度优于54 m。该方法在国内首次实现了在几十km基线量级上利用几百kHz窄带测控信号获得无模糊载波相时延，具有较好的工程应用前景。     

用相对差分GPS技术确定绕飞轨道

本文对各种GPS相对差分技术进行了研究 ,提出了利用Kalman滤波确定高动态情况下载波相位整周数的方法。对用GPS相对位置差分、GPS相对伪距差分、GPS相对载波相位差分确定绕飞轨道进行了初步仿真     

雷达导引头倒置接收和调频噪声对消

为减小连续波、间断半连续波半主动雷达导引头制导系统中照射器和导引头固体本振的近载频噪声，采用倒置接收系统复现时廷极小的照射器调频噪声（相位噪声），直波锁相接收机本振信号与回波泄漏信号进行混频对消可明显降低中频相位噪声。分析结果表明，倒置接收可改善导引头泄漏下能见度（SFV）。     

星间自主相对测距中载波相位整周模糊解算方法研究

载波相位整周模糊度解算是利用载波相位进行星间无线电相对距离测量的关键。介绍编队小卫星的工作特点,针对星间相对距离实时、高精度测量的要求,详细阐述利用双频伪码和载波相位观测值解算载波整周模糊度的方法,推导伪码、载波相位测量误差与模糊度解算误差的关系,讨论降低误差的方法。计算机仿真结果表明,该方法可以在单个测量历元获得载波相位整周模糊解算,解算精度与伪码测距精度成正比关系。     

一种GPS快速定位技术研究

用LAMBDA方法确定GPS载波相位测量的整周模糊度,需要较高精度的浮点解。但用短时间GPS观测值构建的法方程容易出现病态,以致法方程的解很不稳定。本文使用谱修正迭代法,消除法方程病态,进而用LAMBDA方法确定整周模糊度。我们的实验结果表明,对于1min左右的单频GPS载波相位测量,利用本文方法即可正确地解算出它的整周模糊度,从而实现厘米级定位。     

一种新的GPS单频单历元定姿算法研究

将全球卫星定位系统(GPS)单历元的L1波段的载波相位和码相位观测方程进行组合求解整周模糊度的浮点解。基于对浮点解与固定解间关系的分析,提出了一种将低精度浮点解映射到固定解的方法,降低了最小二乘降相关平差(LAMBDA)算法对高精度浮点解的依赖性,避免了多个历元求解高精度浮点解,实现了单频、单历元的整周模糊度估计。实际数据测试结果表明:算法的成功率大于95%,能有效地实时解算动态姿态。     

一种INS辅助GNSS高动态弱信号标量跟踪方法

为提高恶劣电磁环境下的高动态卫星导航接收机的干扰抑制能力,提出一种低成本INS自适应辅助标量跟踪环路方法。该方法以INS辅助二阶锁频环(IFLL2)算法为核心,采用INS/GNSS紧组合结果提高外部辅助跟踪环路的多普勒频率估计精度,以降低动态应力对跟踪环路的影响。建立了INS辅助锁相环和锁频环性能分析模型,基于该模型可知IFLL2对本地振荡器的抖动噪声抑制能力更强,可更多地降低跟踪环路带宽,故其性能优于INS辅助锁相环(IPLL)的性能。高动态仿真试验结果表明高动态环境下独立式三阶锁相环可跟踪载噪比为28dB Hz的GPS L1 C/A卫星信号,INS辅助最优带宽二阶锁频环算法可跟踪载噪比为19dB Hz的卫星信号,基于本算法的接收机的干扰抑制能力提高了9dB,与理论分析结果相当。     

GPS的空间应用

由于ＧＰＳ系统的特点以及低轨道空间的特殊应用环境，使得ＧＰＳ在空间上的应用存在着与地面应用所不同的特点，本文着重分析这些空间特点对ＧＰＳ定位实现的影响，得出以下结论：对空间用户而言，ＧＰＳ卫星对用户的覆盖有着不同于地面的特点，但可以看出，对９００公里高度以下的低轨用户，ＧＰＳ卫星对用户的覆盖不会比地面更差。同时，电离层延迟误差影响大大降低，对流层延迟误差可以不予考虑。ＧＰＳ系统本身已对相对论效应的长期项影响作了校正，但对空间用户必须重新考虑。由于空间用户运动的规律性，及我们可能对诸如信号的Ｄｏｐｐｌｅｒ频移，多路径干扰等成份作较为准确的估计并加以补偿，从而可能获得高于地面的测量精度     

基于鲁棒卡尔曼滤波的编队卫星相对导航

为提高编队卫星相对导航精度和计算稳定性,采用鲁棒卡尔曼滤波进行相对位置和相对速度的估计.对星间相对动力学方程进行适应性改造,使其具有线性离散不确定性系统形式.以载波相位差分GPS为观测模型,采用鲁棒卡尔曼滤波进行相对状态估计.数值仿真结果表明,该算法相对于扩展卡尔曼滤波算法具有明显优势,导航精度更高、鲁棒性更强,具有一...     

S频段抗振频综研究

对晶振和频综的隔振方法进行研究。设计出钢丝绳隔振结构,测试表明在20Hz~2000Hz全频带都有明显的隔振效果。隔振后,3.7GHz频综频偏100Hz处相噪改善16dB,频偏1kHz处相噪改善20dB。     

单差PPP相位偏差估计方法及有效性分析

针对常规浮点解精密单点定位收敛时间长的问题,分析了PPP模型中模糊度不具备整数性质的原因,采用方向数据统计的计算方法,以单差模糊度为研究对象,对相位偏差进行了建模估计。算例从精密单点定位单差模糊度固定、定位精度以及收敛速度等方面对相位偏差改正的有效性进行了分析,结果表明,经相位偏差改正后的PPP模糊度固定成功率、收敛速度有了明显提高,定位精度较浮点解提高了一个量级。     

Galileo L1F信号载波跟踪环中鉴别器组合研究

为了更好地进行载波相位跟踪,Galileo L1F信号相比于GPS信号增加了没有导航数据的导频信道,使数据信道能够使用不受导航数据限制的鉴别器。但是Galileo L1F信号载波相位跟踪环中传统的鉴别器组合方式仍有不足。基于适用于单一导频信道的鉴别器性能优于适用于单一数据信道的鉴别器的原理,提出了新的鉴别器组合方式,并通过仿真实验对比在不同热噪声环境下传统组合方式的两种鉴别器组合和新组合方式的两种鉴别器组合的性能。研究结果表明新的鉴别器组合在Galileo L1F接收信号的抑制噪声和防止失锁控制方面比传统鉴别器组合有明显优势。     

Spectral analysis of ionospheric disturbances in the phase delay and radio signal amplitude at limb paths according to the <Emphasis Type="Italic">COSMIC</Emphasis> data in periods of solar activity

Based on more than 4500 sessions of radio transillumination of Earth’s atmosphere along the satellite–atmosphere–satellite path obtained in the COSMIC experiment, the distribution along latitude and over local time of the spatial spectra of variations in the ionospheric phase delay and signal amplitude has been analyzed. The spatial spectra have been calculated for two height ranges, i.e., 60–80 and 80–100 km. In the phase signal spectrum within the height range 80–100 km, the second maximum in the vicinity of a frequency of 7–8 rad/km is clearly seen. Its diurnal and latitudinal behavior and its decrease towards high latitudes in both hemispheres can also be seen. In the height range of 60–80 km, this maximum is hardly observed. Although solar flares can lead to substantial local changes in the electron concentration, no substantial difference in the behavior of the spectral densities of the amplitude and phase delay at long limb paths was observed within these two height ranges on days of active and quiet sun. The latter fact makes it possible to develop a united algorithm of optimal ionospheric correction of the radio occultation data independent of solar activity.     

低轨道CDMA卫星下行链路多径信道估计

为改善低轨道（LEO）卫星下行链路中多径时延扩展小于1个码片周期时最大似然信道估计方法因有色噪声影响导致的低信噪比时急速下降的性能。提出用卡尔曼滤波法对最大似然估计输出的估值进行滤波处理。仿真结果表明：当LEO卫星码分多址（CDMA）下行链路存在速率300 b/s的连续导频信号时,用最大似然估计级联卡尔曼滤波器的多径信道估计法能在载噪比40 dB的信噪比条件下具较好的性能。     

基于空间变异特性的格网电离层延迟估计方法

广域增强系统采用格网模型校正用户电离层延迟误差,为保证理想的校正效果,必须精确估计格网点电离层延迟。电离层延迟的空间相关性是完成这一估计的理论依据。针对传统反距离加权法因不能准确描述这种空间相关性而使得估计效果受限的问题,依据空间统计学原理建立了电离层延迟空间变异函数模型,提出一种新的权值计算方法,并通过实际观测数据进行了仿真验证。结果表明,相比于传统方法,这一方法能明显改善格网点电离层延迟估计效果,尤其在穿透点观测数据稀疏的区域,其改善效果更为明显。