高超声速边界层转捩特性试验探究

通过在激波风洞中开展转捩试验,选取来流马赫数分别为6和8,单位雷诺数分别为4.1×10 6m -1 、2.6×10 7m -1 和4.4×10 7m -1 的来流条件,研究马赫数、单位雷诺数以及攻角变化对钝锥边界层和平板边界层转捩位置的影响。结果表明,攻角增大使钝锥迎风面和背风面边界层转捩位置均前移,使平板边界层转捩位置也前移;钝锥边界层在低马赫数时更容易转捩,平板边界层转捩受马赫数影响在攻角有差异时有所不同;单位雷诺数的增大促进转捩,但对于钝锥边界层而言,该参数增加到试验选定的上限时,转捩位置的变化并不明显;在转捩过程中平板边界层的脉动压力系数与热流具有相同的变化趋势。试验捕捉到了第二模态扰动。     

“人字形小肋”对激波/边界层干扰的影响研究

在曼彻斯特大学跨声速风洞开展激波/边界层干扰及“人字形小肋”对其影响的实验研究。在马赫数1.85流场条件下，应用高速纹影、油流、皮托压力测量和基于压敏漆的壁面压力测量技术，研究“人字形小肋”流动控制方法对激波/边界层干扰的流动分离结构与尺寸、压力分布特性与波系特征等影响。结果显示激波/边界层干扰诱发流动分离，分离区呈现三维特征，在“人字形小肋”的作用下，分离线呈现“波浪”形且整体向上游移动，干扰区流向尺寸增大，分离区高度减小且长度略增大，再附区的压力极值降低，这些特征与叶片、尖楔等微涡发生器的影响趋势相反。下一步工作中，拟针对“人字形小肋”开展参数优化研究，“人字形小肋”可能成为降低激波/边界层干扰诱发的高热流载荷的有效方法。     

激波风洞边界层强制转捩试验研究

针对升力体模型设计了涡流发生器,在中国空气动力研究与发展中心(CARDC)Φ2 m激波风洞上开展风洞试验,研究了高超声速边界层强制转捩问题。试验来流名义马赫数分别为10、12,单位雷诺数分别为2.4×10~/m、2.1×10~6/m,模型攻角10°。试验中应用铂薄膜热流传感器技术和温敏热图(TSP)技术测量了模型表面热流,证明涡流发生器实现了模型边界层强制转捩,使Φ2 m激波风洞拥有了模拟高马赫数低雷诺数湍流边界层的能力。试验结果表明,不同形状不同高度涡流发生器对边界层完全转捩成湍流后的热流影响不明显,由此可提出一种新的激波风洞试验方法,即利用涡流发生器开展相同来流条件下不同边界层流态对模型表面热流等边界层参数分布影响的试验研究。     

粗糙物面引起的超声速边界层转捩现象研究

采用风洞实验和数值模拟方法研究平板表面圆柱形粗糙单元引起的M=3超声速边界层转捩问题。实验采用纳米粒子示踪平面激光散射技术（NPLS）对流动结构进行测量。共考察了1mm、2mm和4mm三个不同的粗糙度条件。采用五阶精度加权紧致非线性格式（WCNS-E-5）对风洞实验进行数值模拟和对比。实验及计算表明：粗糙元对边界层干扰后诱导了尾迹流向涡的形成,流向涡通过抬升机制产生剪切层和流向速度条带等不稳定结构;实验流动图像显示,剪切层不稳定在边界层转捩过程中起重要作用;随着粗糙元高度增加,流动分离范围和转捩区域明显扩大,转捩位置有提前的趋势。     

斜激波串与上游激波干扰特性试验研究

为研究斜激波串在背压条件下前移与上游激波相互干扰的流场结构和运动规律，在来流为马赫数 2.7 的直管道内设计一种等宽度斜楔，采用动态压力测量、高速纹影和粒子图像测速(PIV)技术等手段进行了试验。研究结果表明：内置斜楔在管道内产生入射激波、分离激波、膨胀波、再附激波和激波诱导分离等复杂上游激波流场，在分离区附近形成有顺压梯度和逆压梯度的区域。当增大下游压比时，斜激波串逐渐向上游激波流场移动；经过斜楔产生的分离区时，斜激波串的移动速度急剧提升，同时出现非对称分离偏转方向的切换。对比了三种长度尺寸的等楔角斜楔所产生的上游激波流场的差异性，发现在相同的斜楔前缘起始点和楔角时，随着斜楔长度的增加，上游激波流场中激波诱导的分离尺度逐渐变大。     

飞行高度对高超声速钝锥边界层稳定性及转捩的影响

研究了飞行高度对高超声速钝锥边界层稳定性及转捩的影响。通过求解三维可压缩Navier-Stokes方程计算了来流Ma=6，半锥角为7°的钝锥在飞行高度20~40 km条件下的基本流场，利用线性稳定性理论（LST）研究了飞行高度对钝锥边界层流动稳定性的影响，最后采用e N方法进行了转捩预测。研究发现，随着飞行高度的增加，流向不稳定N s值和横流不稳定N cf 值均减小，由横流不稳定性引起的圆锥表面大部分区域转捩逐渐转变为流向扰动引起迎风面转捩横流扰动引起背风面转捩，继而横流扰动消失,流向不稳定波引起迎风面转捩。     

带轴对称台阶的圆锥高超声速边界层转捩试验

在Ma 6风洞内，通过高频脉动压力测试技术和基于纳米粒子示踪的平面激光散射(NPLS)技术，分别对带前向、后向轴对称台阶的圆锥高超声速边界层转捩进行了试验研究。采用功率谱密度分析和互相关计算等方法对脉动压力数据进行分析，得到了边界层中扰动波的发展规律，定量分析了第二模态波的相关参数。结果显示：两种模型中第二模态波在沿流向向下游发展的过程中，其幅值均先增大再衰减、特征频率均逐渐减小；特征频率和传播速度整体上均随雷诺数的增大而增加(后台阶模型中特征频率由100 kHz增至196 kHz，前台阶中则由 97 kHz 增至174 kHz)、波长变化规律则与之相反(后台阶中由6.35 mm降至4.54 mm，前台阶由7.35 mm降至 4.66 mm )；后台阶模型中第二模态波初次出现位置比前台阶中更靠近上游，边界层转捩位置较前台阶前移。将NPLS结果与高频脉动压力测试结果进行对比，两者吻合较好。     

高超声速层流干扰流场研究

文章研究了高超声速来流绕三维凸起物的层流干扰流场特征。研究工作在M=8轻活塞式炮风洞内完成，通过可改变楔角的模型试验给出纹影照片与特征位置的表面压力分布，分析了楔角变化引起的流动分离范围的变化、激波系的生成与演变以及压力分布及压力峰值改变规律。     

一种高超声速稀薄流激波干扰气动热测量技术

针对高超声速稀薄来流条件下的激波干扰气动热测量问题，设计了一种适用长时间、中低热流量值(5~500 kW/m2)的带封装结构的量热计，采用空气隔热设计方式降低其侧向传热，实现了有效一维传热，延长了测试时间；并通过热流传感器标定试验，实现了热流高精度测量。为验证量热计的测量性能，开展了地面标定实验和基于双锥模型的高超声速低密度风洞激波/边界层干扰实验(M10和M12)，量热计与同轴热电偶的测量结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明，本文所设计的量热计适用于稀薄来流条件下激波干扰引起的复杂气动热问题的热流测量。相比于同轴热电偶，量热计响应时间较慢，但对于较大热流，由于极大减轻了侧向传热的影响，测量精度较高。同轴热电偶对低量值热流(5~20 kW/m2)的测量性能较好，信噪比(SNR)较高。研究成果为开展高超声速低密度风洞稀薄流激波干扰气动热试验研究提供支撑。     

火星探测降落伞模型高速风洞变迎角试验技术

为获得火星探测器物伞系统动力学仿真中需要使用的降落伞轴向力、法向力、俯仰力矩系数，开展了火星探测降落伞模型高速风洞变迎角试验技术研究，研制了火星探测降落伞模型高速风洞变迎角试验装置，进行了火星探测降落伞模型高速风洞变迎角试验，获得了火星探测降落伞模型在马赫数范围0.4～0.8、迎角范围0°～25°时的轴向力、法向力和俯仰力矩系数，并对支撑干扰及洞壁干扰影响进行了扣除修正。试验结果表明：火星探测降落伞模型的轴向力系数随迎角变化较小；常规透气伞的法向力系数随迎角增大而增大，在马赫数为0.4和0.6时，低透气伞的法向力系数在小迎角时随迎角增大而减小；在马赫数范围0.4～0.8时，常规透气伞静稳定，低透气伞的静稳定性较常规透气伞减小，在马赫数为0.4和0.6时，低透气伞在零迎角时静不稳定，出现了非零配平 迎角。     

温敏漆技术及其在边界层转捩测量中的应用

A temperature sensitive paint (TSP) technique is developed for the request of boundary layer transition measurement, and a test of hypersonic boundary layer measurement of a flat plate is done in CARDC 0.6m shock tunnel. By use of the TSP technique, the measurement of the hypersonic boundary layer transition of slab has been done in the shock tunnel. The test nominal Mach numbers are 8 and 10, the unit Reynolds numbers are 2.45×10 7/m and 4.48× 10 6/m respectively, and the yaw angle is 20°. The data of heat transfer and transition position obtained by the TSP and measurement results of the thin film heat transfer sensor match well. The results illustrate that the TSP technique has the ability to measure the hypersonic boundary layer transition of simple model qualitatively and quantitatively in shock tunnel.     

Interaction onde de choc-couche limite laminaire sur un corps de revolution en rotation

(Shock Wave-Laminar Boundary Layer Interaction on a Spinning Axisymmetric Body)—A method is developed to predict the shock wave-laminar boundary layer interaction on an axisymmetric body spinning in axial flow. The integral scheme of Lees, Reeves and Klineberg is used. The Falkner Skan “type” equations is then established for the boundary layer on spinning cylinder and used to construct the polynomial representation of the integral quantities. The independence of the polynomials with respect to the spinning rate is demonstrated. A cylinder of 200 mm diameter with a flare is built and tested up to 5000 rmp in wind tunnel at M = 2.21. The pressure measurements are in good agreement with the theoretical results. The rotation induces the decreasing of the pressure level and boundary layer separation inside the interaction region.     

影响高超声速进气道起动能力的因素分析

对一系列不同收缩比、不同波系配置的内压缩通道二维流场进行了数值模拟。研究了面积收缩比、飞行高度和来流攻角对高超声速进气道起动性能的影响，提出了进口起动马赫数和来流起动马赫数的概念。研究表明，当进气道收缩比增大时，进气道的进口起动马赫数增大；来流起动马赫数由外压波系强度和进口起动马赫数决定，所以来流攻角变化改变外压波系强度，从而改变来流起动马赫数；随着飞行高度的增加，来流起动马赫数和进口起动马赫数增大，造成这一变化的原因是飞行高度不同，来流雷诺数不同，造成收缩段进口截面附面层厚度不同。     

Boundary layer stripping of liquid drops fragmented by Taylor instability

A model is presented to describe the breakup of large ( 1 mm diameter) liquid drops by shock waves such as occurs in the heterogeneous detonation of liquid fuel sprays. After passage of a shock, high speed gas flow is established about the drops with large Reynolds number, large Weber number and large ratio of Weber number to the square root of the Reynolds number. Under these conditions, a thin liquid boundary layer is formed in the windward surface of a drop and is stripped from the drop at its equator. The rate of mass loss from the drop is small initially, but is increased an order of magnitude by fragmentation of the original drop. This fragmentation occurs because of Taylor instability of the windward surface of the accelerating drop. Calculations based on boundary layer stripping, which include the increase in liquid surface area due to fragmentation, give mass loss rates in general agreement with experimental observations.     

Recent Advances in the Theoretical and Applied Study on Compressible Turbulent Flow over Aerospace Vehicles

This paper focused on the fundamental and applied research of turbulent flows encountered in the hypersonic flight of aerospace vehicles,which take place in the boundary layer and mixing layer.As to the plate boundary layer,LES approach has been used to simulate the flows over compression corners and incident shock waves,revealing that turbulent flows would significantly inhibit the boundary layer separation caused by shock wave-boundary layer interaction(SWBLI).The boundary layer transition over a circular cone has been analyzed through stability analysis and wind-tunnel test,by which the angle-of-attack effect in case of small angle of attack has been studied.Non-linear evolution process and secondary instability structure in the supersonic mixing layer(Mc=0.5) were initially figured out through the study of mixing layer,and knowledge of the flow control mechanism of the boundary layer and mixing enhancement mechanism of the mixing layer has been obtained through this research.Artificial boundary-layer transition technique based on subharmonic resonance has been proposed and applied to the flow control in a scramjet inlet,inhibiting the flow separation of the boundary layer while improving the inlet performance.To guarantee the mixing of kerosene and supersonic airflow in the scramjet combustor,the mixing enhancement method based on subharmonic resonance has been adopted and a concept of combustor with smooth wall and low internal drag has been proposed for ignition and stable combustion.Finally,future turbulence research and technological development of aerospace vehicles is predicted.