高超声速边界层转捩特性试验探究

通过在激波风洞中开展转捩试验,选取来流马赫数分别为6和8,单位雷诺数分别为4.1×10 6m -1 、2.6×10 7m -1 和4.4×10 7m -1 的来流条件,研究马赫数、单位雷诺数以及攻角变化对钝锥边界层和平板边界层转捩位置的影响。结果表明,攻角增大使钝锥迎风面和背风面边界层转捩位置均前移,使平板边界层转捩位置也前移;钝锥边界层在低马赫数时更容易转捩,平板边界层转捩受马赫数影响在攻角有差异时有所不同;单位雷诺数的增大促进转捩,但对于钝锥边界层而言,该参数增加到试验选定的上限时,转捩位置的变化并不明显;在转捩过程中平板边界层的脉动压力系数与热流具有相同的变化趋势。试验捕捉到了第二模态扰动。     

Chemical aspects in shock ignition of fuel drops

The behavior, in an oxygen atmosphere, of shocked drops of nitromethane, 1- and 2- nitropropane, ethyl and propyl nitrate, decane, and heptane was studied. Results suggest a new mode of ignition for nitrates at high incident shock Mach numbers (M 3.7). At the high incident shock strengths ignition occurs in the boundary layer, but no blast wave develops as is the case for lower shock strengths. Since ignition delay times are very short under these conditions, the absence of blast waves is attributed to the lack of time for the accumulation of fuel in the wake. Gas phase studies of the shock decomposition of fuel molecules were undertaken to determine if gas phase data could be used to explain the trends in the drop ignition observations. Nitromethane and the nitrates were mainly used in this effort. Alternative explanations for the role of gas phase kinetics in the ignition of drops are presented.     

Surface tension driven-flow in non-coalescing liquid drops

A fluid-dynamic model of two non-coalescing liquid drops of the same liquid, pressed against one another in the presence of thermocapillary convection, is proposed to correlate experimental results on the deformation of the drop surfaces, on the pressure distribution and on the thickness of the air film between the drops. The two-point boundary value problem for the Gauss-Laplace hydrostatic equation, subjected to the constant volume constraint, is solved by a shooting method to evaluate the shapes of the drops for different values of the applied pressure jump across the surface exposed to a constant pressure ambient. The flow fields in the liquid drops and in the air layer are obtained by numerical solutions of the dynamic problem. The numerical results which qualitatively agree with the experimental ones, explain why an air film could be created between the two drops and show that film thicknesses of some microns exist with excess pressures of the same order of magnitude of the pressure needed to deform the drops.     

一种进气道内激波/边界层干扰控制的新方法及其流动机理

针对高超声速进气道内经常存在的激波/边界层干扰现象,提出了一种基于可变形壁面鼓包的激波/边界层干扰控制概念,并对相关流动机理及参数影响规律进行了细致研究,结果表明：可变形鼓包通过其迎风侧的预增压作用,外凸段膨胀波束对反射激波的削弱作用,以及膨胀波束对边界层气流的加速作用来对激波/边界层干扰现象进行抑制;当激波入射点位于鼓包背风侧膨胀波区时,鼓包对边界层分离的抑制效果明显,并且适当增加鼓包高度可增加其抑制效果;对于鼓包迎风侧型线,在设计时应尽量采用较小的内凹段曲率,同时在外凸段上其最大曲率点应尽量与激波入射点靠拢,而对于背风侧型线的设计则应选择相近的外凸段和内凹段曲率较为合适。     

飞行高度对高超声速钝锥边界层稳定性及转捩的影响

研究了飞行高度对高超声速钝锥边界层稳定性及转捩的影响。通过求解三维可压缩Navier-Stokes方程计算了来流Ma=6，半锥角为7°的钝锥在飞行高度20~40 km条件下的基本流场，利用线性稳定性理论（LST）研究了飞行高度对钝锥边界层流动稳定性的影响，最后采用e N方法进行了转捩预测。研究发现，随着飞行高度的增加，流向不稳定N s值和横流不稳定N cf 值均减小，由横流不稳定性引起的圆锥表面大部分区域转捩逐渐转变为流向扰动引起迎风面转捩横流扰动引起背风面转捩，继而横流扰动消失,流向不稳定波引起迎风面转捩。     

温敏漆技术及其在边界层转捩测量中的应用

A temperature sensitive paint (TSP) technique is developed for the request of boundary layer transition measurement, and a test of hypersonic boundary layer measurement of a flat plate is done in CARDC 0.6m shock tunnel. By use of the TSP technique, the measurement of the hypersonic boundary layer transition of slab has been done in the shock tunnel. The test nominal Mach numbers are 8 and 10, the unit Reynolds numbers are 2.45×10 7/m and 4.48× 10 6/m respectively, and the yaw angle is 20°. The data of heat transfer and transition position obtained by the TSP and measurement results of the thin film heat transfer sensor match well. The results illustrate that the TSP technique has the ability to measure the hypersonic boundary layer transition of simple model qualitatively and quantitatively in shock tunnel.     

超燃冲压发动机隔离段内附面层/激波串相互干扰研究

隔离段内激波串的产生和发展以及激波/附面层相互干扰现象是极为复杂的,有效地进行激波串的组织是研究隔离段的关键所在,而其性能的好坏直接影响着超燃冲压发动机的性能。采用数值模拟的方法对不同来流附面层厚度工况的二维轴对称隔离段内流场流动特性进行了数值计算,分析了附面层/激波相互作用机理和附面层对隔离段激波串及隔离段性能的影响。结构表明:压缩-膨胀-再压缩-再膨胀……的气流流动挤压过程导致激波串的形成,逆压梯度的存在构成了附面层分离;附面层厚度的增加影响着激波串起始位置和结构;随着附面层厚度的增加,出口总压恢复系数和质量平均马赫数降低,且随着反压增大,变化趋势趋于明显。     

固冲发动机补燃室内强迫对流条件下硼颗粒燃烧速率研究

硼颗粒在通过固体火箭冲压发动机的燃气发生器喷管进入补燃室的过程中,颗粒通常都会受到高速气流的作用。此时,静止条件下硼颗粒的燃烧模型不再适应。对强迫对流条件下的硼颗粒燃烧的二维问题建立了数学模型,通过物理、数学简化,将偏微分方程组化为易于求解的常微分方程组,最后得到燃烧速率的显示表达式,并进行了求解,给出了硼颗粒周围边界层内温度场、浓度场及颗粒燃烧速率随雷诺数Re的变化规律。     

来流马赫数对射流矢量喷管内流场影响的动态模拟

以二维拉瓦尔喷管为对象,利用非定常雷诺平均N—S方程和RNGκ-ε两方程湍流模型对激波控制的射流推力矢量喷管非定常流场进行研究,分析了来流马赫数连续变化对喷管流场的影响,得出喷管推力性能的变化规律。结果表明：在亚声速来流中,轴向力随飞行马赫数增加而小幅上升,侧向力变化不大;在跨声速来流中,轴向推力和侧向推力都急剧下降;...     

高超声速边界层转捩高速纹影显示

为建立适用于激波风洞边界层转捩测量的高速纹影显示技术，在Ma10条件下，采用高速纹影显示技术，研究了半锥角7°钝锥边界层中第二模态不稳定波的演变特性。试验在中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速空气动力研究所(HAI)的FD-14激波风洞上进行。试验来流单位雷诺数为4.9×10 6 m -1 、1.6×10 7m -1 ，模型攻角0°，头部钝度有0.2 mm、0.5 mm和2 mm三种。通过对纹影图像灰度进行功率谱密度(PSD)分析得到了第二模态不稳定波的波长，对不稳定波纹影图像进行互相关分析计算了不稳定波的传播速度。基于纹影显示结果计算的第二模态波主频与PCB压力传感器测量结果符合较好，证明了纹影测量的可靠性。     

The effect of surfactant redistribution on combined gravitational and thermocapillary interactions of deformable drops

Trajectories are calculated by the boundary-integral method for two contaminated deformable drops under the combined influence of buoyancy and a constant temperature gradient at low Reynolds number and with negligible thermal convection. The surfactant is bulk-insoluble, and its coverage is determined by solution of the time-dependent convective-diffusion equation. Two limits are considered. For small drops, the deformation is small, and thermocapillary and buoyant effects are of the same order of magnitude. In this case, comparison is made with incompressible surfactant results to determine when surfactant redistribution becomes important. Convection of surfactant can lead to elimination of interesting features, such as the possibility of two different-sized drops migrating with fixed separation and orientation, and can increase the difference between the drops' velocities. For larger drops, deformation can be significant, leading to smaller or larger drop breakup, and buoyant motion dominates thermocapillarity. In this case, convection of surfactant can increase deformation and offset previously observed inhibition of breakup for clean drops when the driving forces are opposed. This effect is less pronounced for larger size ratios. By extension, redistribution of surfactant can enhance deformation-increasing tendencies seen with driving forces aligned in the same direction.     

半开式离心泵叶顶间隙对泵性能稳定性的影响

为提高火箭发动机涡轮泵性能稳定性,应用边界层理论进行了半开式离心泵叶顶间隙流动特性研究,利用边界层动量积分方程对叶顶间隙内边界层厚度进行求解,并开展了不同叶顶间隙泵性能试验及流场数值模拟研究.结果表明,当叶顶间隙值等于间隙内边界层厚度值时,间隙泄漏涡不再增强,可获得稳定的泵性能;当叶顶间隙过大,会使泵容积效率降低,导致泵性能急剧下降.该理论方法可作为设计过程确定半开式离心泵叶顶间隙的重要参考.     

火星进入器作强迫震荡运动壁面脉动压力数值模拟

为研究超声速阶段进入器作强迫震荡运动对壁面脉动压力环境的影响规律，本文耦合进入器刚体运动方程与流体力学方程，采用动网格技术，对火星进入器模型开展非定常数值模拟，获取壁面不同位置处的脉动压力信息。研究表明：在超声速阶段，进入器作强迫震荡运动诱导的脉动压力远大于进入器保持相对静止时仅由非定常流动诱导的脉动压力。来流马赫数为1.2时，进入器作强迫震荡运动对脱体激波影响较小，脱体激波强度较弱且形态变化较小，攻角的震荡导致同一测点距离脱体激波的位置发生周期性改变，舱体迎风面及配平翼迎风面的脉动压力环境主要受攻角变化的影响；来流马赫数为3时，进入器作强迫震荡运动对脱体激波的影响较大，脱体激波震荡剧烈，诱导舱体迎风面及配平翼迎风面产生极其恶劣的脉动压力环境，功率谱分析表明激波震荡诱导的脉动压力能量主要集中在30 Hz左右。     

超音速复速级涡轮的气动设计改进

采用数值模拟方法对某液体火箭发动机超音速复速级涡轮进行了流场分析。根据分析结果对两列动叶的叶型进行了改进设计：第一列动叶栅的改进采用自由旋流法,通过等通道的叶栅流道设计,减弱了激波对附面层的干扰,有效抑制了流道内的流动分离;第二列动叶栅的改进采用参数化叶片造型法,型线用具有局部修改能力和保凸性较好的Bezier曲线表示,通过减小入口攻角降低了分离损失。数值模拟结果表明,改进后的复速级涡轮内部流动特性改善显著,分离损失明显减小,效率提高了5％以上。     

Cylindrical heterogeneous detonation waves

Further experimental studies of blast wave initiated cylindrical heterogeneous (liquid fuel drops, gas oxidizer) detonation waves are described. A pie-shaped shock tube, used for these studies, was altered in certain ways so as to improve the modeling of cylindrical waves. These modifications, along with some operational aspects, are briefly discussed. The breech of the facility, where the blast wave is generated by an explosive, became distorted with usage. Results are presented which show that lower detonation velocities are realized with the damaged breech (other conditions being the same). A photographic and pressure switch wave time of arrival study was made to ascertain the wave shape. Photographs are shown which show that the waves, blast as well as detonation, are close to cylindrical. However, in some cases there is appreciable distortion of the wave front by debris ahead of the wave. Presumably this debris comes from the blasting cap used to ignite the condensed explosive. A series of experiments was conducted using kerosene drops of 388 μm diameter dispersed in air through use of a large number of hypodermic needles. Radial fuel void regions were established by cutting off the fuel flow to a number of needles. Preliminary results relating to the effect of the size of the cloud gap on detonation velocity, quenching, and the initiator energy levels required for detonation are discussed.     

转捩诱导法向力及其对细长尖锥气动特性的影响

边界层转捩时,是否会出现诱导法向气动载荷,这是一个很有意义的问题。本文介绍了在高超音速风洞中完成的静态气动力实验与动态气动力实验,它证实这种诱导法向载荷是存在的,是边界层转捩的不对称性造成的,并对细长锥的气动特性有明显而呈规律性的影响。     

流体式高超声速可调进气道流动机理及工作特性分析

针对基于二次流控制的定几何高超声速可调进气道设计概念,给出了其具体的流道实现方案,而后通过全流道仿真分析,检验了该可调进气道在马赫数4~6范围内的可实现性,获得了其工作特性,并对弯曲激波后的总压损失特性、二次流的能量获取及消耗机制等流动机理进行了专门分析。结果表明：该流体式可调进气道能够依靠自身高压驱动二次流来实现对口部波系的调节,使进气道在低马赫数下的流量系数相对于常规定几何高超声速进气道提高24%以上,总压恢复提高7%左右,且最大二次流消耗量只占了进气道捕获流量的1.6%左右。另外,虽然弯曲激波的波后总压和马赫数分布表现出了一定的不均匀性,但是其平均总压恢复系数与相同倾角平面激波相比下降不大。二次流循环流动所消耗的机械能由外部外流剪切力做功补充,而二次流注入会使当地边界层的速度型变得瘦弱,形状因子增大。     

Shock compression of liquid hydrogen in various experimental geometries

In connection with the use of cryogenic liquids in high-speed gas dynamics and high-pressure physics, shock-wave processes in liquid hydrogen were investigated under plane, cylindrical and hemispherical loading.The plane loading of liquid hydrogen consisted of a multicyclic, nearly isentropic compression. A transducer employing a contact electrical effect was used to record this multicyclic compression process between a rigid wall and a flyer, resulting in a sequence of shock steps of decreasing amplitude, whose integrated action is equivalent to the isentropic compression of liquid hydrogen up to 500 kbar.The cylindrical loading was generated by detonating a high-explosive charge enclosing a cylindrical cavity along its axis that was filled with liquid hydrogen. Under these conditions shock velocities up to 13.7 km/sec were recorded, and pressure in the shock-compressed hydrogen reached 90 kbar. The formation of a boundary layer and expansion of the cylindrical cavity limited further pressure increases in the column of compressed liquid and lead to a decrease in the flow velocity. The observed increase in detonation velocity is associated with the influence of the channel wave on the detonation regime in the neighboring explosive layers.Under hemispherical loading, an increase in the converging shock velocity from 6 to 20 km/sec was recorded. The final pressure reached 210 kbar, and the total specific energy exceeded 200 kJ/g. During the release of the shock-compressed hydrogen into air at 0.1 torr, shock waves with velocities exceeding 50 km/sec were obtained.     

结构参数设计对微喷管性能的影响

微喷管设计加工方法不同于常规尺寸喷管,具有小尺寸、大面积-体积比的特点,内部流动雷诺数低,粘性力影响显著。为研究结构参数设计对蒸发液体微推力器喷管性能的影响,利用三维数值模拟方法研究不同扩张半角、面积比以及刻蚀深度对微喷管推力、比冲的影响。结果显示,增加微喷管扩张半角有利于降低粘性损失,最优扩张半角为30°,其数值大于常规尺寸喷管。增加面积比可以提高气体膨胀程度,但与之同时增加的壁面面积会增加粘性损失,推力、比冲先随面积比增加而增加,面积比为14时达到峰值,随后下降。增加刻蚀深度有利于减小扩张段壁面面积,提高微喷管性能。     

高超声速绕平板上直立圆柱流动特性研究

以平板上直立平无限谪圆柱体为研究对象，采用和Ｒｏｅ三阶通量差分分裂格式求解雷诺平均Ｎ－Ｓ方程，数值模拟研究了高超声速且壁面有传热条件下三维流流场的激波边界层干扰特性，物面压力分布计算值与值吻合良好，数值模拟结果可见圆柱上游分离区流场是一个马蹄形五涡结构且存在有二次分离激波，这是一种值得深入研究的流动新现象。