X射线脉冲星导航及其潜在应用

X射线脉冲星导航就是在航天器上安装X射线探测器,探测脉冲星辐射的X射线光子,测量脉冲到达时间（TOA）和提取脉冲星影像信息,经过相应的信号和数据处理,航天器自主高精度确定轨道、时间和姿态等导航参数的实现过程。本文在概述脉冲星导航技术发展历程和国外X射线脉冲星导航计划的基础上,分析国内开展X射线脉冲星导航技术研究的基础条件,并详细论述X射线脉冲星在导航卫星自主导航、深空探测与星际飞行、以及空间科学研究等领域的潜在应用价值。这表明X射线脉冲星导航是实现真正意义上的航天器高精度自主导航的一种有效模式和可行途径,对于国防和国民经济建设具有重要的战略研究意义。     

一种基于石墨烯的脉冲星导航X射线探测器

针对脉冲星导航要求X射线探测器具有高能量分辨率和高时间分辨率的需求,研究基于石墨烯电场效应来实现X射线探测的可行性。通过蒙特卡罗方法模拟不同能量X射线和不同厚度探测器基底的相互作用过程,得到不同厚度探测器对X射线的探测效率。利用有限元方法分析X射线在探测器内电离产生载流子的输运过程,验证了X射线入射对石墨烯电学特性的影响。理论分析计算探测器的时间分辨率和能量分辨率等指标参数,结果表明：基于石墨烯电场效应的X射线探测器具有较高的能量分辨率和时间分辨率,是一种潜力巨大的X射线探测方式,可满足未来脉冲星导航的工程应用。     

高能X射线对固体推进剂性能的影响

本文介绍了在固体火箭发动机高能X射线无损检测中,固体推进剂接受射线剂量的理论估算和实验测定,以及对丁羟、丁羧及聚硫三种系列推进剂受高能X射线照射后其然速、抗拉强度、延伸率等性能变化的实验研究。     

X射线脉冲星导航原理

X射线脉冲星导航是以脉冲星的X射线辐射信号作为信息输入,经过相应的信号和数据处理,为近地轨道、深空和星际空间飞行的航天器提供高精度的位置、速度、时间和姿态等导航信息的实现过程。首先提出了基于X射线脉冲星的卫星自主导航的基本框架和实现流程;然后,概述X射线脉冲导航的时空基准,重点研究X射线脉冲星导航定位的测量方程、系统状态方程及其噪声统计特征等数学模型。最后,详细论述卫星自主导航信息处理的鲁棒滤波算法,即经典算法和现代鲁棒滤波算法。从理论方法和工程应用角度,初步论证X射线脉冲星导航的原理可行性和算法可实现性。     

用于大型固体发动机无损检测的X射线层析仪

由X射线高能物理研究导出的X射线自动层析技术,可望用于大直径(3.809m)固体火箭发动机的无损检测。为了验证高能级X射线的使用可能性,美国的先进研究与应用公司与空军莱特试验所于1992年对60MeV X射线层析仪进行了应用研究。X射线层析仪可得出固体火箭发动机内部的三维细化图象,由此可查出装药气孔、装药与绝热层界面脱粘等缺陷。     

基于X射线脉冲星自主导航中UKF滤波算法的仿真研究

基于X射线脉冲星的航天器导航是新的自主导航技术.鉴于该导航系统所建的状态方程和测量方程都是非线性的,本文给出在X射线脉冲星导航中采用UKF(Unscented Kalman Filter)算法仿真研究,并与传统的EKF(Extended Kalman Filter)算法进行对比分析,仿真结果显示,采用UKF算法时的导航精度比EKF算法有显著提高.     

X射线脉冲星导航技术及应用前景分析

X射线脉冲星能够为近地轨道、深空和星际空间飞行航天器提供位置、速度、时间和姿态等丰富的导航信息,实现航天器全程高精度自主导航和运行管理,具有广阔的工程应用前景.本文首先概述脉冲星的基本概念和X射线脉冲星导航技术的研究状况,然后详细论述X射线脉冲星导航的基本原理、关键技术和实际工程应用前景,最后分析国内脉冲星观测研究的基础条件,以及开展X射线脉冲星导航技术研究的必要性和可行性.     

基于最大似然的X射线脉冲星空间定位研究

为提高X射线脉冲星空间定位精度,讨论了脉冲TOA测量技术,解释了X射线脉冲星空间导航定位的时间参考原点定义;研究了基于最大似然估计的X射线脉冲星空间定位算法,以4颗X射线脉冲星源作为解脉冲周期模糊的最小运算单元,不断引入新的X射线脉冲星直至确定唯一的脉冲整周期数;选取5颗X射线脉冲星源,建立空间定位模型。仿真实验表明在半径约121309Km的球形试探范围内至少需要5颗脉冲星才能确定唯一的脉冲整周期数,结合最大似然估计可以有效提高空间定位精度。     

焊缝X射线底片数字化技术及其应用

建立了针对焊缝X射线底片的数字化系统,实现了焊缝X射线底片的快速数字化和高分辨细节观察。同时,开发了X射线数字化系统软件,采用数字图像增强技术弥补了人眼观察底片的不足。该系统在航天产品中得到了初步应用。     

X射线“双子星”闪耀十一年

自1999年7月23日和1999年12月10日发射以来,美国航宇局的钱德拉X射线天文台和欧洲空间局的牛顿X射线多镜面望远镜双双在太空中渡过了十一年。     

集大成得智慧——钱学森的系统科学成就与贡献

介绍了钱学森科学历程的三大创造高峰:创建物理力学和工程控制论;开创我国火箭、导弹和航天事业,以及系统工程管理方法与技术;建立系统科学及其体系,创建系统学,并开创复杂巨系统科学与技术领域.以钱学森建立的科学技术体系结构为基础,分析了钱学森的系统科学体系、系统学与综合集成方法,以及复杂巨系统科学技术体系.     

航天遥感科学技术的发展

简要说明了航天遥感和航天遥感系统的概念和组成,特别对航天光学遥感成像链、成像系统和遥感系统的概念和组成做了论述,重点介绍了航天遥感科学技术的发展现状和发展方向,同时提出了发展我国航天遥感科学技术的若干建议。     

HFC134a喷雾闪蒸冷却换热特性的实验研究

喷雾闪蒸冷却由于可以在较小的工质流量下实现很高的散热能力,在高热流密度散热、航天器热控和热防护等领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文建立了喷雾闪蒸冷却实验系统,对环境压力下以HFC134a为工质的喷雾闪蒸冷却换热特性进行了实验研究,得出了喷雾闪蒸冷却的换热特性曲线、临界热流密度(critical heat flux,CHF)以及被冷却表面温度随喷雾高度和流量的变化曲线,分析了适用于热控的最佳喷雾高度和流量。     

空间太阳能电站构想及其相关技术的发展

文章介绍了太阳功率卫星（SPS）的发展背景、基本原理和系统构成,分析了实现SPS的主要技术条件。通过分析目前国际上建设SPS所开展的实验及其相关技术的发展,以期对中国未来发展空间太阳能电站技术提供借鉴。     

空间科学规划及对航天运输系统的需求

空间科学不仅能够推动我国在基础科学研究领域取得重大科学突破,还能够有效牵引、带动航天高新技术的发展。中国科学院空间科学战略性先导科技专项是"十二五"时期我国空间科学领域最重要的系统性进展,开启了中国空间科学发展的新篇章。"十三五"时期,我国将继续研制、发射一系列新的空间科学卫星,这对航天运输系统提出了新的技术发展需求。发展空间科学必将推动我国的航天强国、世界科技强国建设进程。     

Lessons from half a century experience of Japanese solid rocketry since Pencil rocket

50 years have passed since a tiny rocket “Pencil” was launched horizontally at Kokubunji near Tokyo in 1955. Though there existed high level of rocket technology in Japan before the end of the second World War, it was not succeeded by the country after the War. Pencil therefore was the substantial start of Japanese rocketry that opened the way to the present stage.In the meantime, a rocket group of the University of Tokyo contributed to the International Geophysical Year in 1957–1958 by developing bigger rockets, and in 1970, the group succeeded in injecting first Japanese satellite OHSUMI into earth orbit. It was just before the launch of OHSUMI that Japan had built up the double feature system of science and applications in space efforts. The former has been pursued by ISAS (the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science) of the University of Tokyo, and the latter by NASDA (National Space Development Agency). This unique system worked quite efficiently because space activities in scientific and applicational areas could develop rather independently without affecting each other.Thus Japan's space science ran up rapidly to the international stage under the support of solid propellant rocket technology, and, after a 20 year technological introduction period from the US, a big liquid propellant launch vehicle, H-II, at last was developed on the basis of Japan's own technology in the early 1990's. On October 1, 2003, as a part of Governmental Reform, three Japanese space agencies were consolidated into a single agency, JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency), and Japan's space efforts began to walk toward the future in a globally coordinated fashion, including aeronautics, astronautics, space science, satellite technology, etc., at the same time. This paper surveys the history of Japanese rocketry briefly, and draws out the lessons from it to make a new history of Japan's space efforts more meaningful.     

Towards a European vision for space exploration: Recommendations of the Space Advisory Group of the European Commission

As a result of increasing public and political interest in ‘space’ (i.e. solar system) exploration at the global scale, the Space Advisory Group of the European Commission has evaluated the situation in Europe with regard to its potential to participate in this ambitious global enterprise. Aspects of science, technology, environment and safety, society, spin-offs and international cooperation were all considered. The group concluded that Europe possesses sufficient key technologies and scientific expertise to play a major role in international space exploration and has recommended that the EU take a central role to ensure the success of future European space exploration, not only to give a clear political signal for the way forward but also to ensure an appropriate financial framework. In this way Europe would embrace the spirit of the European Space Policy and contribute to the knowledge-based society by investing significantly in space-based science and technology, thereby playing a strong role in international space exploration.     

Prospects and opportunities for space collaboration with Latin America: What can India contribute and gain?

India in Asia and Brazil in Latin America are regarded as the most promising global economies. This paper examines the openings and possibilities for space technology collaboration between India and Latin American states under the larger rubric of science and technology collaboration. While the distance and language barriers between the two regions have proved a hindrance in the past, the paper proceeds with an assumption that, in the 21st century, such barriers should not be a limitation on developing strategic, economic, and science and technology partnerships among nation-states. The paper argues that the Latin American states are keen to have their own satellites because of their significant utility in the socioeconomic sector and this offers an opportunity to India to use cooperation in space technologies as a powerful tool for engagement in Latin America.     

Japan's space policy: Background and outlook

Japan has been active in the development of space science and technology, for peaceful purposes only, since 1955. This article describes the formation of the Space Activities Commission as the country's primary policy-making body, and of the National Space Development Agency, which oversees the development of space technology. The fundamental guidelines governing space activities are explained, and a detailed breakdown is given of projects agreed for the coming years.     

空间环境研究的现状与展望

空间环境研究的内容包括空间环境模式研究、空间环境效应研究和空间环境实验研究。当前国外空间环境研究注重对大型软件组织多学科、多单位长期合作研究;模式研究与实验研究紧密结合;注意开发对工程适用的模式;工作重点是太阳帆板带电和低轨卫星表面带电。建议我国在今后的空间环境研究中加强联合,集中攻克急需的大型软件;加强对材料特性的实验研究;着手发射环境效应卫星;开拓空间环境研究的新领域;在空间环境效应研究中加强卫星研制单位、卫星操作部门与环境效应研究单位的合作。