X射线脉冲星导航及其潜在应用

X射线脉冲星导航就是在航天器上安装X射线探测器,探测脉冲星辐射的X射线光子,测量脉冲到达时间（TOA）和提取脉冲星影像信息,经过相应的信号和数据处理,航天器自主高精度确定轨道、时间和姿态等导航参数的实现过程。本文在概述脉冲星导航技术发展历程和国外X射线脉冲星导航计划的基础上,分析国内开展X射线脉冲星导航技术研究的基础条件,并详细论述X射线脉冲星在导航卫星自主导航、深空探测与星际飞行、以及空间科学研究等领域的潜在应用价值。这表明X射线脉冲星导航是实现真正意义上的航天器高精度自主导航的一种有效模式和可行途径,对于国防和国民经济建设具有重要的战略研究意义。     

基于光学/脉冲星的木星探测转移段自主组合导航

提出一种基于光学/X脉冲星的木星探测器转移段自主组合导航方案。该方案在探测器转移段动力学模型的基础上,以地球、火星、木星、木星卫星以及X射线脉冲星作为观测目标,从待观测目标的几何分布、视星等以及导航精度几个方面,分析光学自主导航待观测目标的可观测条件和可观测度,优化选取最优的光学观测目标;结合X射线脉冲星观测信息,构建光学/X射线脉冲星组合导航方案;结合无迹卡尔曼滤波算法,应用于木星探测转移段,实现探测器位置和速度估计。从数学仿真结果来看,该组合导航方案状态估计精度显著优于单独使用光学导航或者X脉冲星导航系统。     

脉冲星MCP探测器设计与在轨验证

X射线脉冲星导航技术为航天器真正意义上的自主导航提供了一种途径。针对该技术在轨验证问题,提出了基于微通道板(Micro-Channel Plate,MCP)的X射线脉冲星导航探测器系统的设计。系统主要由光子探头、高压配电器和综合控制器组成。光子探头采用MCP作为核心功能部件,用于X射线光子信号的接收和倍增放大。高压配电器为光子探头中MCP提供工作电压。综合控制器作为探测器的管理中心,对探测器进行综合管理。MCP探测器由硬X射线调制望远镜(HXMT)卫星搭载。通过在轨测试,成功地获取了Crab脉冲星辐射脉冲轮廓,为X射线脉冲星导航技术的研究积累了经验。     

基于X射线脉冲星的自主天文导航技术

随着天文观测技术的发展,一类在x射线频段发出辐射的脉冲星显示了良好的导航特质,由此发展了一种全新的基于X射线脉冲星的航天器自主导航方法.该方法通过探测X射线脉冲星发出的周期性脉冲信号进行导航,有别于传统的光学、射电天文导航.本文综述了基于X射线脉冲星自主导航技术,介绍其由来、发展历程、国内外研究现状,并对当前围绕该导航技术开展的研究工作进行了详细的分析,最后总结了需要进一步研究的若干问题.     

X射线脉冲星导航技术及应用前景分析

X射线脉冲星能够为近地轨道、深空和星际空间飞行航天器提供位置、速度、时间和姿态等丰富的导航信息,实现航天器全程高精度自主导航和运行管理,具有广阔的工程应用前景.本文首先概述脉冲星的基本概念和X射线脉冲星导航技术的研究状况,然后详细论述X射线脉冲星导航的基本原理、关键技术和实际工程应用前景,最后分析国内脉冲星观测研究的基础条件,以及开展X射线脉冲星导航技术研究的必要性和可行性.     

X射线脉冲星导航原理

X射线脉冲星导航是以脉冲星的X射线辐射信号作为信息输入,经过相应的信号和数据处理,为近地轨道、深空和星际空间飞行的航天器提供高精度的位置、速度、时间和姿态等导航信息的实现过程。首先提出了基于X射线脉冲星的卫星自主导航的基本框架和实现流程;然后,概述X射线脉冲导航的时空基准,重点研究X射线脉冲星导航定位的测量方程、系统状态方程及其噪声统计特征等数学模型。最后,详细论述卫星自主导航信息处理的鲁棒滤波算法,即经典算法和现代鲁棒滤波算法。从理论方法和工程应用角度,初步论证X射线脉冲星导航的原理可行性和算法可实现性。     

微孔光学阵列长宽比对X射线聚焦性能的影响

微孔光学阵列聚焦镜头是实现X射线探测系统高探测效率、轻小型化的有效手段,近年来得到了深入研究。X射线探测系统通过测量脉冲星辐射的X射线光子的到达时间,重构脉冲轮廓来实现航天器导航。为了获得更精确的脉冲星信号,必须尽可能多地收集X射线光子,因此探测系统的聚焦性能是X射线探测系统的核心指标,也是微孔光学阵列主要的设计目标。文章根据脉冲星能谱的分布特点,分析了微孔光学阵列通道长宽比对X射线聚焦性能的影响,提出了针对不同脉冲星选取特定长宽比的方法,实现了不同的脉冲星能谱分布下最优的聚焦效率,为后续微孔光学阵列的研制和工程搭载提供了参考。基于这种方法,文章对Crab脉冲星的能谱分布进行了微孔光学阵列设计,设计结果显示,其聚焦性能得到明显提高。     

基于相位差测量的脉冲星时间相对导航方法

针对传统脉冲星导航方法在相位估计时依赖脉冲星信号轮廓,存在整周模糊及不确定星历参数引起的系统共模误差问题,提出基于相位差测量的脉冲星时间相对导航方法。该方法通过对脉冲星光子到达时间序列进行相位估计,以相邻时刻的相位差作为观测量,建立航天器位置增量与相位差的关系,采用广义卡尔曼滤波器处理系统噪声相关问题进行导航,可有效减小系统误差,实现脉冲星导航的应用。通过对导航系统初始定位方法、可观性分析,及基于罗西X射线时变探测器（RXTE）观测的Crab脉冲星的在轨实测数据试验分析,证明了该方法的自主性与可行性。最后,对基于相位差测量的脉冲星时间相对导航系统进行导航滤波仿真,试验结果表明,导航系统完全可观,噪声不累积,位置估计精度可满足实际应用。     

一种求解X射线脉冲星导航周期模糊数的新方法

因为X射线敏感器不能分辨具体的脉冲,X射线脉冲星导航方法存在整脉冲周期模糊数问题.现有求解周期模糊数的方法过程复杂,计算量大.本文在飞行器估计位置十分精确的假设下,提出了无周期模糊数的X射线脉冲星迭代滤波导航方法.UKF滤波器基于轨道动力学给出探测器的估计位置,以脉冲到达标称位置和估计位置的时间差作为反馈,进行迭代滤波,最终得到探测器的真实位置和速度估计.仿真表明,该方法能在火星探测器的日心转移轨道上实现高精度的导航,其精度可达到位置误差5km和速度误差0.5m/s.     

基于X射线脉冲星的“夸父A”卫星自主导航和轨道控制

讨论X射线脉冲星导航技术应用于"夸父A"卫星的可行性。在"夸父A"卫星上搭载X射线探测器接收3颗脉冲星的脉冲信号,通过测量信号到达卫星和太阳系质心的时间偏差和频率漂移6个观测量,可以确定卫星的3维位置和3维速度。根据卫星状态与目标轨道的偏差采用小推力方法可以对卫星进行轨道控制。本文对此进行了数值模拟,并给出了相应的分析。结果表明利用X射线脉冲星导航,在现有的技术下就可以将"夸父A"卫星控制在日地系第一平动点halo轨道的附近。     

Technology developments needed for future X-ray astronomy missions

X-ray astronomy is in a privileged situation with the successful missions Chandra and XMM-Newton for more than 10 years in orbit, and Astro-H in the building phase. Over the past 10 years ESA, NASA, and YAXA studies have been made of follow-up missions, like Constellation-X, XEUS, IXO, and ATHENA. This presentation will highlight the technological challenges encountered to build X-ray optics and instrumentation for these types of missions. The optics requires an order of magnitude more collecting area (>5 m²) for a few seconds of arc spatial resolution. This drives the focal length of the telescope (∼25 m), and thereby the complexity of the spacecraft. Furthermore new technologies are required to realize such an optic within a reasonable mass. The detectors require significant improvement in field of view (number of pixels), energy resolution, and count rate ability. This tends to be possible by the use of Si-based imaging arrays with a large number of pixels, high detection efficiency, and high count rate ability at one side, and the development of modest imaging arrays of cryogenic sensors with very high energy resolution and good detection efficiency at the other side. The cryogenic detectors require further development of cooling systems based on mechanical coolers, like employed for the 1st time on Planck, and planned for Astro-H. The biggest challenge for the realization of such a mission is however not technical. That challenge is that the realization of this future X-ray astronomy mission will require coordination between scientists and Space Agencies on a Global scale.     

基于变参数广义结构的距离扩展目标检测方法

针对特定杂波背景下的最优或次优检测器结构难以适应过渡杂波环境的问题，首先，给出基于变参数广义结构的距离扩展目标检测器，通过调整参数来适应杂波特性。其次，确定检测器最佳参数的经验公式，经验公式符合数值结果。最后，利用仿真试验分析检测器的检测性能。仿真结果表明，在介于高斯和复合高斯杂波之间的过渡环境中，提出的检测器比现有检测器具有更加优异的目标检测性能，对杂波非高斯程度时空渐变性具有较强的适应能力。     

X-ray, γ-ray and neutron detector development for future space instrumentation

An overview of the material developments currently being pursued by the European Space Agency (ESA) with respect to X-ray, γ-ray and neutron detection media is given. The benefits underlying the selection of specific materials are discussed. In the X-ray regime the basic microphysics behind degraded spectral performance caused by the polarization effect and Te inclusions, have been investigated. We have found that both effects degrade the spectra by producing a localised distortion of the electric field. The underlying cause for the distortion does however differ. For the γ-ray regime, a low-noise equivalent scintillator to LaBr₃ has been developed in the form of CeBr₃. Three inch crystals with a FWHM energy resolution of 4.4% at 662 keV have successfully been produced. For neutron detection, a boron compound based solid state neutron detector has been developed that is sensitive to neutrons, alpha particles and 60 keV X-rays. The measured detection efficiency in detection for thermal neutrons was found to be in the order of a few per cent.     

望远镜式空间带电粒子探测系统研制

为满足空间高能粒子环境探测要求,研制了一套数字化空间电子、质子注量率能谱探测系统原理样机。该探测系统采用了半导体探测器组成的望远镜式结构,并应用了数字化的信号处理方法,能探测0.5 Me V以上的电子和5~300 Me V的质子;具有能够实时测量、体积小、重量轻、功耗低及可靠性高等优点。对该系统的各探测器的能量分辨率进行了实验测试,结果表明:TSi半导体探测器的能量分辨率可达0.5%,Si(Li)探测器的能量分辨率约为1.02%,均在可接受范围(小于5%)内。     

In-Orbit Calibration and Data Analysis of China's First Grazing Incidence Focusing X-Ray Pulsar Telescope

The grazing incidence focusing X-ray pulsar telescope(iFXPT), as the main payload of the X-ray Pulsar Navigation Test Satellite(XPNAV-1), will have great significance on China's space scientific exploration and X-ray pulsar navigation. With PSR B0531+21(Crab Pulsar) as the observation target, the pulsar profile has been recovered based on the data obtained by iFXPT, realizing the main objective of "observing" PSR B0531+21 for the first time in China. This payload mainly consists of the Wolter-I X-ray optics, silicon drift detector, magnetic deflector, electronics, high-energy particle shield and high-stability structures. Currently, the iFXPT, with its good in-orbit performance, has obtained a considerable observation data. The effective area, sensitivity and energy response have been calibrated both on ground and in-orbit, demonstrating a high degree of consistency. Meanwhile, the in-orbit observation data and information for pulsar navigation has also been analyzed simultaneously. As a result, the feasibility of the exploration scheme and the performance of the telescope have been fully validated.     

Space radiation dosimetry

In this report dosimetric measurements are presented which were performed during the missions Spacelab 1, D 1, Biocosmos 8 and Biocosmos 9. Detector packages consisting of plastic nuclear track detectors, nuclear emulsions and thermoluminescence dosimeters were exposed at different locations inside and outside spacecrafts behind more or less well defined shielding thicknesses. These detector systems which supplement each other in their registration characteristic allow to record all biological relevant portions of the radiation field separately. Dose equivalents for the astronauts have been calculated from the measurements using the quality factors as defined in the old and the new recommendations of the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP).     

Bubble detector characterization for space radiation

In light of the importance of the neutron contribution to the dose equivalent received by space workers in the near-Earth radiation environment, there is an increasing need for a personal dosimeter that is passive in nature and able to respond to this neutron field in real time. Recent Canadian technology has led to the development of a bubble detector, which is sensitive to neutrons, but insensitive to low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. By changing the composition of the bubble detector fluid (or “superheat”), the detectors can be fabricated to respond to different types of radiation. This paper describes a preliminary ground-based research effort to better characterize the bubble detectors of different compositions at various charged-particle accelerator facilities, which are capable of simulating the space radiation field.     

基于MAP估计和广义高斯MRF的SAR图像边缘比率检测方法

SAR图像极低的信噪比以及乘性噪声给SAR图像的边缘检测带来了较大的困难。提出了一种针对SAR图像边缘的自适应贝叶斯检测方法。该方法利用广义高斯马尔可夫随机场作为局部均值的先验概率分布模型,利用贝叶斯准则推导了局部均值的最大后验概率估计。广义高斯马尔可夫随机场模型参数估计和局部均值估计采用联合迭代技术进行求解。边缘检测器的参数采用接收机操作性能曲线和卡方检验进行选择。基于实测SAR数据的仿真实验结果表明,本文的边缘检测算子是有效的,并优于已有的SAR图像边缘检测算子。     

一种遥感图像建筑物检测新方法

遥感图像中的建筑物检测对于土地规划和地图绘制等具有重要意义。文章针对高分辨率全色遥感图像植被覆盖中隐蔽建筑物检测问题,提出了一种结合屋顶结构信息和纹理信息的快速房屋检测方法。首先利用屋顶边缘的几何关系寻找具有矩形屋顶的建筑物;然后使用形态学方法提取屋顶较亮的建筑物;最后利用局部二值模式（Local Binary Pattern,LBP）描述屋顶的纹理特征,并利用支持向量机（Support Vector Machine,SVM）排除误检区域。通过在全色遥感图像集上的试验证明,所提方法对高分辨率遥感图像植被覆盖区域中的建筑物目标具有较高检测率和较低误检率。     

惯性组合导航系统中的快速景象匹配算法研究

在景象匹配辅助导航中,特征点的选取是提高图像匹配速度、精度和鲁棒性的关键之 一。景象匹配中要求提取出的特征是那些可靠性高、辨别性强、计算量小的不变特征。提出 了基于SIFT特征的导航用快速景象匹配算法。算法首先针对惯性组合导航的工作特点, 对SIFT特征点检测及特征点匹配进行了优化设计,然后用RANSAC方法过滤掉错误匹配点,最 后,进行最小二乘精确匹配算法获取航向和位置偏差信息。实验分析了算法对不同分辨率图 像和不同区域的匹配适应性,抗噪声性能,匹配精度以及实时性,并与基于部分Hausdorff 距离的边缘特征景象匹配算法进行了对比。实验结果表明,算法的性能优越,在匹配速度、 精度和鲁棒性方面都优于部分Hausdorff距离算法,可以满足景象匹配导航系统匹配修正的 高性能要求。