基于消隐算法的空间结构有效辐射面判断方法研究

空间环境中若投入能量是均匀的,则到达空间结构表面的外热流只与空间结构在投入能量方向上的有效投影面积有关.据此,对空间结构外热流的求解问题将转化为空间结构有效投影面积的求解问题.文章参考图形学的相关算法,提出了一种快速的、具备较高精度的重叠投影区域判断方法,用于辅助空间结构有效投影面积计算.以大型复杂卫星为例,采用该算法...     

Reliability analysis and utilization of PEMs in space application

More and more plastic encapsulated microcircuits (PEMs) are used in space missions to achieve high performance. Since PEMs are designed for use in terrestrial operating conditions, the successful usage of PEMs in space harsh environment is closely related to reliability issues, which should be considered firstly. However, there is no ready-made methodology for PEMs in space applications. This paper discusses the reliability for the usage of PEMs in space. This reliability analysis can be divided into five categories: radiation test, radiation hardness, screening test, reliability calculation and reliability assessment. One case study is also presented to illuminate the details of the process, in which a PEM part is used in a joint space program Double-Star Project between the European Space Agency (ESA) and China. The influence of environmental constrains including radiation, humidity, temperature and mechanics on the PEM part has been considered. Both Double-Star Project satellites are still running well in space now.     

Study of radiation conditions onboard the International space station by means of the Liulin-5 dosimeter

For estimating radiation risk in space flights it is necessary to determine radiation dose obtained by critical organs of a human body. For this purpose the experiments with human body models are carried out onboard spacecraft. These models represent phantoms equipped with passive and active radiation detectors which measure dose distributions at places of location of critical organs. The dosimetric Liulin-5 telescope is manufactured with using three silicon detectors for studying radiation conditions in the spherical tissue-equivalent phantom on the Russian segment of the International space station (ISS). The purpose of the experiment with Liulin-5 instrument is to study dynamics of the dose rate and particle flux in the phantom, as well as variations of radiation conditions on the ISS over long time intervals depending on a phase of the solar activity cycle, orbital parameters, and presence of solar energetic particles. The Liulin-5 dosimeter measures simultaneously the dose rate and fluxes of charged particles at three depths in the radial channel of the phantom, as well as the linear energy transfer. The paper presents the results of measurements of dose rate and particle fluxes caused by various radiation field components on the ISS during the period from June 2007 till December 2009.     

Radiation protection of astronauts in LEO

Radiological protection for space flights is often perceived as a technico-scientific problem. All this is the result of the effects of radiation encountered in space and manned flight conditions. The main characteristics of this radiation come from its complex composition and its large energy spectrum which must be taken into account as well as flux variations by both solar activity and the vehicle position on orbit. Inside a vehicle, structures constitute irregularly distributed shields and lead to a specific dose at each location. To be able to protect the crew, it is first necessary to understand the threat and therefore to identify the radiation environment: extraterrestrial and orbital. As the environment varies with both the orbit position and time, the dose received in each critical organ during missions must be determined and compared with acceptable limits. To counter the threat, which may exceed acceptable limits, a strategy is required, including the complementary aspects of prevention, detection, protection and possibly treatment.     

航天飞行器中舷窗温度场及换热的研究：外部界面处于第三类非线性边界条件

本文采用控制容积法,光线踪迹法结合谱带模型,研究航天飞机返回大气层时舷窗硅玻璃的非稳态复合换热。文章给出了界面S_2处于第三类非线性边界条件下,舷窗硅玻璃内部的温度场和进入机舱内部的热流密度。计算结果表明,如不考虑硅玻璃内部的辐射作用,对温度场影响不太大,但对进入机舱内的热流密度将会产生很大的误差。     

发动机和羽流对地球同步卫星底部辐射加热的计算研究

地球同步卫星工作过程中法兰底座所受的辐射加热对法兰上的控制开关等零件的安全有重要影响。为此,建立了节点网络法计算发动机和隔热屏对卫星法兰底座及控制开关的辐射加热,比较了发动机、隔热屏和羽流3种辐射源的作用大小,还研究了发动机位置的平移对底部法兰及控制开关辐射加热的影响。研究表明:羽流对法兰和控制开关的辐射热流最小,发动机对法兰和控制开关的辐射热流最大;法兰和控制开关上不同侧面受到的辐射加热很不均匀,面向发动机正面的侧面辐射加热最强,面向发动机头部的侧面辐射最小;发动机向后平移可以显著降低法兰和控制开关上辐射热流的最大值。     

卫星系统热特性分析

考虑空间轨道外热流、卫星表面自身辐射、热载荷等因素影响,建立卫星温度场计算模型,在采用蒙特卡罗(Monte-Carlo)法求解卫星复杂辐射边界条件的基础上,利用有限容积法对卫星在轨飞行阶段的瞬态温度场进行数值模拟,计算得到卫星瞬态温度场,并考虑其表面自身辐射及空间轨道外热流等因素,建立卫星红外辐射通量计算模型,计算得到不同时刻、不同热载荷情况下的卫星红外辐射通量分布,并简要分析了在轨卫星热控涂层衰减所带来的表面太阳吸收比的变化对卫星温度场的影响。     

Predictors of immune function in space flight

Of all of the environmental conditions of space flight that might have an adverse effect upon human immunity and the incidence of infection, space radiation stands out as the single-most important threat. As important as this would be on humans engaged in long and deep space flight, it obviously is not possible to plan Earth-bound radiation and infection studies in humans. Therefore, we propose to develop a murine model that could predict the adverse effects of space flight radiation and reactivation of latent virus infection for humans. Recent observations on the effects of gamma and latent virus infection demonstrate latent virus reactivation and loss of T cell mediated immune responses in a murine model. We conclude that using this small animal method of quantitating the amounts of radiation and latent virus infection and resulting alterations in immune responses, it may be possible to predict the degree of immunosuppression in interplanetary space travel for humans. Moreover, this model could be extended to include other space flight conditions, such as microgravity, sleep deprivation, and isolation, to obtain a more complete assessment of space flight risks for humans.     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的红外灯热流分布研究

采用蒙特卡罗方法针对我国航天器热平衡试验用红外灯的热流分布进行了研 究。对红外灯能束辐射过程的物理模型进行了分析,建立了能束辐射随机位置、随机方向的 数学模型和灯丝温度计算模型,给出了辐射波长、灯管反射率、吸收率、透射率的确定方法 ,进而提出了红外灯热流分布计算流程。在真空低温环境下进行了红外灯热流分布测试,将 预测结果与试验结果进行了对比,偏差在5％以内。采用本文的分析方法计算了某型号卫 星试验用红外灯阵的热流分布,结果满足试验要求。该方法可以作为红外灯阵优化设计的技 术基础。
     

圆形太阳同步轨道卫星的空间热环境分析

近年来得到广泛应用的微小型卫星大多运行于圆形的太阳同步轨道,空间外热流的计算对卫星热控制系统的设计至关重要。分析了圆形太阳同步近地轨道受太阳照射的特性,建立了运行于圆形太阳同步轨道的三轴稳定的长方体卫星的外热流模型,归纳了太阳辐射热流、地球反照热流和地球辐射热流的瞬时和周期平均值的计算公式,分析了外热流的变化规律。分析指出太阳同步轨道的受晒特性主要由轨道的降交点地方时决定,外热流中太阳辐射最强,地球反照最弱。通过计算卫星各表面的外热流特性,可选择合适的散热面及太阳能电池安装面。     

红外笼模拟外热流方法对空间相机 温度的影响分析

空间相机的热平衡试验中,一般采用红外笼—热流计的闭环控制系统来模拟相机进光口处的外热流。为研究该种热流模拟方法对相机温度场的影响,建立了简化的模型进行分析。分析结果表明,红外热流模拟对相机温度场的影响体现在相机整体温度水平和光学件温度均匀性两个方面。对于有精密控温要求的空间相机来说,这一影响产生的误差是必须考虑的。     

舱外航天服热试验外热流模拟方法研究

出舱行走所必需的舱外航天服具有复杂外表面形状,其空间外热流极其复杂。文章对舱外航天服在热试验中所采用的外热流模拟方法进行了对比分析研究,结合航天服的特点对热试验中外热流模拟的方式进行了探讨, 论证了用接触式电加热片及红外加热笼两种外热流施加方式的可行性,并通过分析的手段对不同热试验方法中施加的热流和太空中的热流大小及分布进行了对比。     

气体辐射与流场耦合对火星进入热环境影响

采用火星大气物理化学模型,求解带辐射源项的三维热化学非平衡N S方程,对探路者号火星探测器进入过程中的高温流场和热环境进行了数值模拟,分析了气体辐射与非平衡流场耦合效应对流场和热流的影响。结果表明：1)探路者号火星探测器流场热化学非平衡效应显著,CO 2 气体发生大规模离解,高度低至 28.5 km 仍存在热力学非平衡效应;2)热力学与化学非平衡效应的影响均与表面催化特性相关,完全催化热流要高于完全非催化热流50%以上;3)高温流场中的CO组分会产生较强的气体辐射加热,辐射热流与对流热流的比值为15%～45%,靠近肩部区域比值最大;4)气体辐射对非平衡流场的冷却效应使激波脱体距离减小;与非耦合方法相比,采用耦合方法得到的辐射热流降低约12%～25%。     

基于机械泵控制的毛细分离式喷雾冷却回路热控系统仿真分析

文章分析用于空间环境下的毛细分离式喷雾冷却回路热控系统原理,通过节点网络法建立该热控系统4节点热网络模型;运用数值仿真方法,以机械泵为控制对象,对该系统分别采用PID控制和模糊增量控制方案的热控效果进行对比。结果表明,模糊增量控制与PID控制相比,超调量较小且达到稳态时间短,具有良好的控制鲁棒性。     

Space radiation analysis: Radiation effects and particle interaction outside the Earth's magnetosphere using GRAS and GEANT4

In order to explore the Moon and Mars it is necessary to investigate the hazards due to the space environment and especially ionizing radiation. According to previous papers, much information has been presented in radiation analysis inside the Earth's magnetosphere, but much of this work was not directly relevant to the interplanetary medium. This work intends to explore the effect of radiation on humans inside structures such as the ISS and provide a detailed analysis of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar proton events (SPEs) using SPENVIS (Space Environment Effects and Information System) and CREME96 data files for particle flux outside the Earth's magnetosphere. The simulation was conducted using GRAS, a European Space Agency (ESA) software based on GEANT4. Dose and equivalent dose have been calculated as well as secondary particle effects and GCR energy spectrum. The calculated total dose effects and equivalent dose indicate the risk and effects that space radiation could have on the crew, these values are calculated using two different types of structures, the ISS and the TransHab modules. Final results indicate the amounts of radiation expected to be absorbed by the astronauts during long duration interplanetary flights; this denotes importance of radiation shielding and the use of proper materials to reduce the effects.     

空间高能质子对航天器材料损伤的仿真分析

近地空间是各种载人飞船、应用卫星、空间站的主要活动区域,区域内存在大量由地磁场捕获的高能带电粒子,严重影响航天器和航天员的安全。为此,需要对内辐射带低高度空间的高能带电粒子环境及其通量分布进行研究。如何对质子进行有效屏蔽对空间辐射防护有重要的研究意义。文章针对粒子在空间环境中的辐射,简要介绍了质子在空间环境中的分布情况及在物质中的传输问题。利用SRIM软件模拟质子在不同材料(铝、聚乙烯)中输运过程。根据得到的射程与能量关系及对阻止本领的分析,从理论上提出航天器防护的合理方案。     

空间CCD图像传感器辐射损伤评估方法

CCD图像传感器作为高灵敏度光电集成部件,易受空间辐射的影响而发生性能退化和工作异常。开展其辐射效应评价研究并制定相应的防护对策,是保证其在空间可靠应用的前提。文章通过地面模拟试验和辐射屏蔽计算,对空间用CCD图像传感器电离辐射损伤与位移损伤效应开展评估方法研究,为CCD抗辐射加固设计与地面评估试验提供参考。该方法也可用于其他光电器件和材料辐射效应评价。     

隔热层厚度和数量对太空多层光学窗口温度分布的影响

 航天器上常安装有用于科学观察的多层光学窗口,其温度分布的均匀性会影响成像质量。运用射线踪迹-节点分析法的任意多层镜反射辐射与导热耦合换热模型,研究了隔热层厚度及数量对太空中多层光学窗口温度分布的影响。光学窗口的吸收系数、折射率随波长的变化用一组矩形谱带来近似。研究显示太空中热辐射在光学窗口的冷却过程中起着非常重要的作用,在离玻璃层表面附近很薄的一层玻璃介质内,辐射与导热存在强烈的耦合作用。隔热层厚度越薄,其内的温度分布越均匀,有利于提高成像质量。隔热层数量越多,光学窗口各层玻璃的温度分布越均匀,有利于提高成像质量,但是隔热层最佳数量的确定还需综合考虑其它因素。     

Finger heat flux/temperature as an indicator of thermal imbalance with application for extravehicular activity

The designation of a simple, non-invasive, and highly precise method to monitor the thermal status of astronauts is important to enhance safety during extravehicular activities (EVA) and onboard emergencies. Finger temperature (Tfing), finger heat flux, and indices of core temperature (Tc) [rectal (Tre), ear canal (Tec)] were assessed in 3 studies involving different patterns of heat removal/insertion from/to the body by a multi-compartment liquid cooling/warming garment (LCWG). Under both uniform and nonuniform temperature conditions on the body surface, Tfing and finger heat flux were highly correlated with garment heat flux, and also highly correlated with each other. Tc responses did not adequately reflect changes in thermal balance during the ongoing process of heat insertion/removal from the body. Overall, Tfing/finger heat flux adequately reflected the initial destabilization of thermal balance, and therefore appears to have significant potential as a useful index for monitoring and maintaining thermal balance and comfort in extreme conditions in space as well as on Earth.     

Lichens survive in space: results from the 2005 LICHENS experiment

This experiment was aimed at establishing, for the first time, the survival capability of lichens exposed to space conditions. In particular, the damaging effect of various wavelengths of extraterrestrial solar UV radiation was studied. The lichens used were the bipolar species Rhizocarpon geographicum and Xanthoria elegans, which were collected above 2000 m in the mountains of central Spain and as endolithic communities inhabiting granites in the Antarctic Dry Valleys. Lichens were exposed to space in the BIOPAN-5 facility of the European Space Agency; BIOPAN-5 is located on the outer shell of the Earth-orbiting FOTON-M2 Russian satellite. The lichen samples were launched from Baikonur by a Soyuz rocket on May 31, 2005, and were returned to Earth after 16 days in space, at which time they were tested for survival. Chlorophyll fluorescence was used for the measurement of photosynthetic parameters. Scanning electron microscopy in back-scattered mode, low temperature scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the organization and composition of both symbionts. Confocal laser scanning microscopy, in combination with the use of specific fluorescent probes, allowed for the assessment of the physiological state of the cells. All exposed lichens, regardless of the optical filters used, showed nearly the same photosynthetic activity after the flight as measured before the flight. Likewise, the multimicroscopy approach revealed no detectable ultrastructural changes in most of the algal and fungal cells of the lichen thalli, though a greater proportion of cells in the flight samples had compromised membranes, as revealed by the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit. These findings indicate that most lichenized fungal and algal cells can survive in space after full exposure to massive UV and cosmic radiation, conditions proven to be lethal to bacteria and other microorganisms. The lichen upper cortex seems to provide adequate protection against solar radiation. Moreover, after extreme dehydration induced by high vacuum, the lichens proved to be able to recover, in full, their metabolic activity within 24 hours.