舱外航天服热平衡试验的外热流模拟方法

适合出舱行走的舱外航天服外形复杂,而且其空间外热流极其复杂,这样如果按照传统的热平衡试验的外热流施加方法,以热流计目标值来调节红外笼各个加热分区的功率将会带来很大的复杂性。为此,本文章提出了采用试验与计算相结合的方式来进行外热流模拟,即通过建立舱外服热试验模型,进行试验外热流分析计算来确定各个红外笼加热分区的供电功率,并根据计算结果对外热流施加情况进行统计和分析。此种外热流模拟方法在节省大量试验时间及成本的基础上,可以准确的计算出试验实际施加外热流与规定施加外热流的偏差值,提高了外热流模拟的准确性。
     

舱外航天服热试验外热流模拟方法改进研究

舱外航天服热平衡试验热流计算工作量大,有必要改进外热流模拟方法。文章提出用红外加热笼分类模拟舱外航天服包围面上外热流,并给出包围面外热流的概念,分析包围面上外热流,得出外热流模拟改进方法的关键措施,且用仿真方法验证了模拟方法的可行性。     

舱外航天服红外笼标定试验及其修正计算

文章对舱外航天服的红外笼标定试验的情况进行了介绍,并根据试验数据对试验模型进行了修正计算,得到了红外笼的相关计算参数,同时给出了标定试验与计算模型的偏差,利用标定试验数据对试验模型进行了修正计算,并对修正计算后的结果和试验数据进行了比对,比对结果表明,计算模型计算值与试验值偏差较小,修正后的计算模型可以用于舱外航天服热平衡试验施加外热流功率的计算,并为舱外航天服的热平衡试验中外热流的施加提供参数依据。     

舱外航天服的工效学问题及其研究方法

阐述了舱外航天服在航天员出舱活动(EVA)过程中的作用、舱外航天服工效设计对保障航天员生命安全和EVA质量的意义，以及航天服设计必须考虑的各类因素。并在此基础上探讨了航天服设计研究的主要手段与方法，强调了现阶段利用虚拟人体进行舱外航天服工效学分析的可行性。     

红外加热笼进行瞬态外热流模拟的优化方法

为研究航天器真空热试验时红外加热笼模拟瞬态外热流的优化方法,文章建立了航天器器表、红外笼与热沉之间的辐射换热模型,得到舱板与红外笼的瞬态温度变化、器表到达热流密度的表达式,得出器表到达热流密度与器表内侧等效吸收热流密度和红外笼带条加电电流之间的关系。分析器表内侧等效吸收热流密度相同和不同的情况,基于红外笼加电控制周期为1 min和红外笼带条热容影响,对红外笼加电方式进行研究,提出变电流的优化加电方法。分析结果可为红外笼作为瞬态外热流模拟手段提供参考,减少瞬态外热流模拟误差。     

天文探测卫星定点观测模式外热流变化规律分析

针对天文探测卫星定点观测模式下的特定姿态,结合相关科学观测约束、整星能源和热控设计约束及轨道特点,进行了多约束条件下的外热流变化规律分析,对比了有、无遮阳挡板情况下,卫星外热流的差异,并通过虚拟热沉温度,分析了卫星各个舱板的散热能力。基于有、无遮阳挡板的外热流分析结果,从热控角度建议在定点观测模式下,对卫星的观测姿态进行约束,对有低温需求的天文探测器建议加设遮阳挡板,可为天文探测卫星的热控设计提供参考。     

舱外活动系统述评

舱外活动（EVA）系统可分为3部分：1）航天员装备系统,包括舱外航天服（EVA航天服）、安全系绳和机动装置;2）空间支持系统,包括气闸、约束装置、EVA工具、在轨训练设施、遥控自动操作装置,以及表面运输工具;3）地面试验、训练与保障系统,包括减重／失重设施、热／真空试验舱、虚拟现实模拟系统、星体表面模拟场地,以及任务保障设施。文章阐述EVA系统的组成与功能,评述EVA技术现状及发展趋势。     

俄罗斯舱外活动航天服的发展概述

俄罗斯舱外活动航天服的发展概述张万周俄罗斯星科研生产企业副总设计师阿布拉莫夫撰文系统地介绍了１９９６年１０月以前俄罗斯舱外活动航天服的发展过程和所取得的成就，现概述如下。１９６５年３月１８日，前苏联航天员列昂诺夫打开上升２号宇宙飞船，走出舱外数米远，...     

大型航天器与外热流模拟装置的数字化结构匹配方法

在航天器真空热试验中,常选用红外加热笼作为外热流模拟装置。为提高外热流模拟的准确性,红外加热笼需要对航天器进行全表面覆形。文章针对如何确认外热流模拟装置与航天器的结构匹配性这个难题,依托三维扫描技术,建立了一套数字化结构匹配方法,解决了多站测量拼接误差累积、三维扫描仪参数优化选择2个技术难点,使三维扫描和逆向建模过程引入的几何误差不超过10 mm。该数字化结构匹配方法的实际应用结果表明,外热流模拟装置与航天器的配装成功率达到100%,实际安装状态与仿真结果吻合度较好。     

下期要目

空间原子氧环境对航天器表面侵蚀效应及防护技术90keV电子辐照对Kapton H薄膜化学结构的影响真空紫外辐照对环氧基纳米复合材料电阻性能的影响研究(英文)分子污染光学效应试验研究舱外航天服热试验外热流模拟方法研究多轴振动试验系统传递函数估计的数值仿真研究航天员出舱活动     

EVA 2000: a European/Russian space suit concept

For the European manned space activities an EVA space suit system was being developed in the frame of the Hermes Space Vehicle Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA). The space suit was to serve the needs for all relevant extravehicular activities for the Hermes Columbus operations planned to begin in 2004. For the present Russian manned space programme the relevant EVAs are performed by the Orlan-DMA semi-rigid space suit. The origin of its development reaches back to the 1970s and has since been adapted to cover the needs for extravehicular activities on Salyut and MIR until today. The latest modification of the space suit, which guaranteed its completely self-contained operation, was made in 1988. However, Russian specialists considered it necessary to start developing an EVA space suit of a new generation, which would have improved performance and would cover the needs by the turn of the century and into the beginning of the next century. Potentially these two suit developments could have a lot in common based on similarities in present concepts. As future manned space activities become more and more an international effort, a safe and reliable interoperability of the different space suit systems is required. Based on the results of the Munich Minister Conference in 1991, the European Space Agency and the Russian Space Agency agreed to initiate a requirements analysis and conceptual design study to determine the feasibility of a joint space suit development, EVA 2000. The design philosophy for the EVA 2000 study was oriented on a space suit system design of: space suit commonality and interoperability; increased crew productivity and safety; increase in useful life and reduced maintainability; reduced development and production cost. The EVA 2000 feasibility study was performed in 1992, and with the positive conclusions for EVA 2000, this approach became the new joint European Russian EVA Suit 2000 Development Programme. This paper gives an overview of the results of the feasibility study and presents the joint requirements and the proposed design concept of a jointly developed European Russian space suit.     

舱外航天服冷热电一体化系统性能分析

文章提出了一种舱外航天服冷热电一体化(Combined Cooling-Heating-Power,CCHP)系统,该系统的主要组件有质子交换膜燃料电池、热驱制冷装置、金属氢化物储氢装置和辐射器等.在冷热电一体化系统的冷电匹配方法上提出了“以电定冷”方案,按照该方案计算了一组典型工况下系统的工作状态,分析了燃料电池的工作温度、工作电流密度和工作压力对系统质量和消耗性工质损失的影响.结果表明,该舱外航天服冷热电一体化系统在质量大小方面可以接受,在消耗性工质损失方面比水升华器冷源/蓄电池电源方案小得多;且降低燃料电池工作温度和压力、增大燃料电池工作电流密度,均能够减小系统质量、降低系统消耗性工质损失.     

The experience in operation and improving the Orlan-type space suits

Nowadays significant experience has been gained in Russia concerning extravehicular activity (EVA) with cosmonauts wearing a semi-rigid space suit of the "Orlan" type. The conditions for the cosmonauts' vital activities, the operational and ergonomic features of the space suit and its reliability are the most critical factors defining the efficiency of the scheduled operation to be performed by the astronaut and his safety. As the missions performed by the cosmonauts during EVA become more and more elaborate, the requirements for EVA space suits and their systems become more and more demanding, resulting in their consistent advancement. This paper provides certain results of the space suit's operation and analysis of its major problems as applied to the Salyut and MIR orbiting stations. The modification steps of the space suit in the course of operation (Orlan-D, Orlan-DM, Orlan-DMA) and its specific features are presented. The concept of the suited cosmonauts' safety is described as well as trends for future space suit improvements.     

EVA Suit 2000: a joint European/Russian space suit design

A feasibility study in 1992 showed the benefits of a common European Russian space suit development, EVA Suit 2000, replacing the Russian space suit Orlan-DMA and the planned European Hermes EVA space suit at the turn of the century. This EVA Suit 2000 is a joint development initiated by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian Space Agency (RKA). The main objectives of this development program are: first utilization aboard the Russian Space Station MIR-2; performance improvement with respect to current operational suits; development cost reduction. Russian experience gained with the present extravehicular activity (EVA) suit on the MIR Space Station and extensive application of European Technologies will be needed to achieve these ambitious goals. This paper presents the current status of the development activities, the space suit system design and concentrates in more detail on life support aspects. Specific subjects addressed will include the overall life support conceptual architecture, design features, crew comfort and operational considerations.     

Finger heat flux/temperature as an indicator of thermal imbalance with application for extravehicular activity

The designation of a simple, non-invasive, and highly precise method to monitor the thermal status of astronauts is important to enhance safety during extravehicular activities (EVA) and onboard emergencies. Finger temperature (Tfing), finger heat flux, and indices of core temperature (Tc) [rectal (Tre), ear canal (Tec)] were assessed in 3 studies involving different patterns of heat removal/insertion from/to the body by a multi-compartment liquid cooling/warming garment (LCWG). Under both uniform and nonuniform temperature conditions on the body surface, Tfing and finger heat flux were highly correlated with garment heat flux, and also highly correlated with each other. Tc responses did not adequately reflect changes in thermal balance during the ongoing process of heat insertion/removal from the body. Overall, Tfing/finger heat flux adequately reflected the initial destabilization of thermal balance, and therefore appears to have significant potential as a useful index for monitoring and maintaining thermal balance and comfort in extreme conditions in space as well as on Earth.     

EVA: European plans

The current status of European EVA (extravehicular activity) plans is reviewed. The major difference to already existing EVA scenarios in U.S.A. and Soviet Union consists in the adoption of a higher suit pressure, namely 500 hPa. The results of a study concerned with the physiological consequences of this adoption are presented, including recommendations for protective procedures and their necessary experimental validation. A certain discrepancy between laboratory experimental decompression data and EVA operational results is discussed, leading to the identification of several items which may influence space decompression. Microgravity and the influence of the space suit itself are most likely factors in the explanation of this discrepancy, and both experimental procedures and technological developments are proposed to clarify their role for the future design of EVA procedures.     

Suited crewmember productivity

Analysis of the extravehicular activity (EVA) sortie experience gained in the former Soviet Union and physiologic hygienic aspect of space suit design and development shows that crewmember productivity is related to the following main factors: -space suit microclimate (gas composition, pressure and temperature); -limitation of motion activity and perception, imposed by the space suit; -good crewmember training in the ground training program; -level of crewmember general physical performance capabilities in connection with mission duration and intervals between sorties; -individual EVA experience (with accumulation) at which workmanship improves, while metabolism, physical and emotional stress decreases; -concrete EVA duration and work rate; -EVA bioengineering, including selection of tools, work station, EVA technology and mechanization.     

As assessment of habitat pressure, oxygen fraction, and EVA suit design for space operations

At high cabin pressure [e.g. 1013 hPa (14.7 psi) 21% O2] there are serious issues relative to specification of suit pressure and the need for prebreathing. A high pressure suit will be costly but use of the existing, flexible suit requires up to 6 h of prebreathing. Or one could use a cabin pressure of 700 hPa (10.2 psi) prior to extravehicular activity (EVA) in order to use the existing suit with only 1 h of prebreathing. If these normal cabin pressures and O2 levels are utilized, existing physiological and medical databases apply, providing a known basis for evaluating effects of long duration space missions. If a 345 hPa (5 psi), 70-100% O2 atmosphere is adopted the existing suit can be used with no prebreathing required. However, there is no reference database on physiological effects under the conditions of lower pressure and higher O2 concentration. This paper considers the major issues involved in defining habitat pressure, O2 fraction, and EVA suit design for operations in space. A preliminary model for evaluating habitat/suit pressure and O2% strategies is presented.     

Long-term operation of "Orlan" space suits in the "Mir" orbiting station: experience obtained and its application

The started assembly of the International Space Station (ISS) and its further operation will call for a great number of extravehicular activity sorties (EVA) to be performed by ISS crews. Therefore, of great importance is to make use of the EVA experience gained by cosmonauts in the process of 15-year operation of the Mir orbiting station (OS). Over the 15-year period, Mir crewmembers wearing Orlan type semi-rigid space suits have accumulated 158 man/sorties from the orbiting station. Crewmembers used 15 suits in orbit and some of the suits were in operation for more than 3 years. The paper presents principal design features, which provide effective and safe operation of orbit-based suits, and briefly describes procedures for preparation and maintenance of suit systems, which ensure long-term operation of space suit in orbit. The paper gives results of the space suit modifications, presents suit performance characteristics and lists novel or upgraded components of the space suit and its systems. The paper also summarizes improvements in the Orlan type suits described in some earlier publications. They refer, in the first run, to the improvement of space suit operations characteristics and reliability, and the utilization of the Orlan type space suit in the ISS program. The paper analyses the experience gained and drawbacks detected and observations made, and gives statistical data on long-term space suit operations aboard the Mir station. The paper reviews certain problems in the process of EVAs performed from the station, and describes the ways of their solution as applied to the further utilization of the suit within the ISS program.     

Optimization of radiation exposures during extravehicular activity using the effect of the West-East asymmetry of the fluxes of trapped protons

To estimate the protective properties of a space suit against cosmic radiation the dose rates were calculated for extravehicular activity in the ISS orbit for a number of representative points of critical organs of the human body. The screening functions of the Orlan-M space suit obtained by the authors earlier are used in the calculations. In addition, the effect of East-West asymmetry of the fluxes of high-energy protons trapped by the geomagnetic field is taken into account. It is shown that during passages through the South Atlantic Anomaly, choosing the optimal orientation of astronauts in relation to the cardinal directions, one can achieve for the most critical body organs a dose rate reduction by a factor of ∼1.5–1.8 (in the maximum of solar activity) and by a factor of ∼2–2.5 (in the solar activity minimum). The obtained results can serve for obtaining more accurate estimation of radiation risk for astronauts working in the Orlan-M space suit in the near-terrestrial orbits and for elaborating practical recommendations to reduce their radiation exposures.