空间实验室的精度测量新方法

空间实验室地面总装需要精确地测量GNC设备及有效载荷等仪器之间的相对角度关系,由于空间实验室尺寸大,仪器分布距离远,且部分仪器安装在内部,其精度测量难以实施。文章针对空间实验室的特点提出了一种使用陀螺经纬仪取代普通经纬仪的测量方法,该方法以大地坐标系为公共坐标系,不需要经纬仪之间远距离互瞄和坐标传递,能够有效地实现远距离测量和舱内舱外仪器的相对测量。文中阐述了新方法的数学原理,分析了测量精度,并与普通经纬仪建站测量进行了比较,认为陀螺经纬仪测量方法具有精度高使用灵活的优点。     

基于公共点转换原理的综合精度检测方法研究

随着小卫星技术的快速发展,高分辨率光学遥感类小卫星及安装有特殊载荷的科学试验类小卫星对总装精度检测的要求不断提高。传统的经纬仪测量系统受测量原理所限,只能实现方位角测量;激光跟踪仪测量系统只能实现点位及形面测量。为了适应后续型号任务的综合精度检测需求,本文提供了一种基于公共点转换原理的综合精度检测方法。通过该方法,实现经纬仪测量系统与激光跟踪仪测量系统的坐标系转换和统一,完成点位坐标系和立方镜坐标系之间关系的检测任务。     

“嫦娥”着陆器悬停、避障、缓降试验中的姿态和位置测量

针对"嫦娥"着陆器悬停、缓降、避障试验过程中的姿态和位置测量需求,提出了全站仪、经纬仪及陀螺经纬仪三种测量方案。分别给出了测量计算数学模型,分析了测量系统误差,并对每一测量方案优劣性进行了评估,确定了最佳测量方案。     

采用经纬仪测量航天相机视轴的方法分析

在卫星地面总装时,需要测量航天相机视轴之间以及相机视轴与其他敏感仪器或整星坐标系坐标轴之间的角度关系。文章以某线阵CCD相机的安装测量为例,介绍了使用经纬仪系统确定航天相机视轴的方法以及相机与相机之间、相机与整星坐标系坐标轴之间角度关系的测量。分析中对相机的光学系统进行了简化,重点介绍了测量方法的数学模型,并通过误差传递公式分析了测量精度,最后针对该测量方法的不足提出了改进措施。     

航天器总装精度测量中一种不规则棱镜矢量计算方法

航天器总装精度测量一般是通过被测设备上安装的立方镜实现的。某型号上的一种设备受其在航天器上安装位置的限制,使用经纬仪和现有精度测量软件无法直接测得立方镜三个相互垂直平面法线在航天器坐标系下的角度。文章提出使用切角为135°不规则棱镜替代立方镜,并详细介绍了切角为135°不规则棱镜三个相互垂直平面法线在航天器坐标系下矢量的计算方法。该方法已经过验证和认可,并应用到后续型号的精度测量工作中。     

伞形安装的陀螺系统性能分析

陀螺系统构型对卫星的可靠性和姿态控制系统的性能有着重要的影响。提出了一种由6个陀螺组成的惯性测量单元的伞形安装方式,它的6个陀螺的输入轴按两组正交的方式安装,其中一组正交的陀螺的输入轴安装在卫星的三个惯性主轴(星体坐标系的坐标轴)上,而另一组正交的陀螺的输入轴,相当于前一组正交的陀螺的输入轴以从星体坐标系的原点出发并与三个坐标轴的夹角相等的射线为轴旋转60°的角度,使得6个陀螺中两两相邻的陀螺输入轴之间的夹角是相等的。这种安装方式同某些其它的6陀螺安装方式一样,只要其中的任意三个陀螺工作就能给出卫星的三轴姿态信息。分析了该系统的测量性能和可靠性,并与正十二面体的安装方式进行了比较,结果表明：二者的可靠性是相同的,但是测量性能要比正十二面体的安装方式优越,最后给出了一个巧妙的结构设计建议。     

用激光陀螺标定转台速率的精度

一、前言激光陀螺的问世,给转台的低速率测量创造了良好条件.它不但使测量精度有大幅度的提高,操作起来也十分简便.所以,激光陀螺也是速率转台精度测定的理想设备. 本文介绍用一台精度不太高(0.1度/小时)的激光陀螺测定WSY-81型转台速率的精度,获得了令人满意的结果.此转台将用来作为速率基准设备.     

交会相对运动确定的新方法

本文叙述空间交会过程中相对运动参数测定的新算法。在测量目标的相对距离和方向的基础上,借助于追踪航天器上的地球敏感器和太阳敏感器,就能直接确定在目标轨道坐标系中相对运动的参数。为此,测量系统可以不含陀螺惯性平台。     

飞行器自主交会对接逼近阶段单台CCD测量方法研究

提出了一种利用单台CCD相机来实现自主交会对接最后逼近阶段的测量与控制任务。通过对安装在目标飞行器上的四个共面编码标志的测量，来实时计算追踪飞行器上CCD相机的外参数。利用求得的相机外参数和已知的坐标系间的转换参数，可以求得追踪飞行器坐标系与目标飞行器坐标系间的转换参数，从而得到两者间的相对位置和姿态系数。本文还通过了一组试验验证了该该法的可行性。     

采用平行构型变速控制力矩陀螺群的航天器姿态控制

研究了平行构型变速控制力矩陀螺群的控制律及其在航天器姿态控制中的应用。首先建立了以变速控制力矩陀螺为执行机构的航天器姿态动力学模型，并给出了全局渐近稳定的姿态反馈控制律。将每一对框架平行的陀螺作为独立的单元控制，引入了与控制力矩陀螺的框架运动相关的动坐标系，在此基础上给出了控制力矩陀螺的一种控制律。此控制律使陀螺群在奇异状态下仍具有可控性，并且力矩误差在动坐标系的某一方向始终为零，从而利用共轴的构型特点和陀螺转子的可变速性补偿控制力矩陀螺的力矩误差，使变速控制力矩陀螺群的输出力矩与期望的力矩相等。最后以双平行构型为例，对航天器的姿态稳定控制进行了数值仿真，并给出了一种控制力矩的分配方案。仿真结果证明了控制律算法的有效性。     

航天器太阳翼在轨光照角度建模及仿真分析

航天器太阳翼的输出功率受到光照条件的影响,与太阳光入射角θ（指太阳光与太阳翼法线的夹角,以下简称θ）密切相关（θ角取值0°～60°范围之间,输出功率与θ的余弦成正比）。为此建立了高精度的轨道数值计算模型、太阳位置计算模型、光照地影模型和不同姿态模式（航天器的飞行模式和太阳翼定向模式的多种组合模式）下的太阳光入射角计算模型。根据轨道和姿态条件,推算航天器在轨运行过程中太阳翼的太阳光入射角,分析太阳光入射角随时间的变化。仿真结果可用于计算太阳翼的发电功率,并为航天器和太阳翼的姿态控制提供参考。     

待发段火箭倾倒实时监测技术研究与实现

倾倒故障作为火箭待发段的一种故障形式，严重地威胁着航天员的安全。待发段倾倒应急救生的关键在于及时获取准确可靠的箭体姿态与倾倒信息，为指挥员实时提供可靠的逃逸判决依据。本文从应用角度，综合光学与计算机图像处理技术，提出了一种简单而实用的火箭倾倒监测技术，并简要介绍了应用此技术实现的系统主要功能结构与性能特点。本文介绍的技术也可应用于其他需要定位与姿态监视测量的领域。     

分离螺母的关键设计参数分析

分离螺母是一种火工连接分离装置 ,用于卫星和火箭的分离机构。本文介绍了分离螺母的作用原理 ,对燃气压力、支撑角、螺纹角和载荷的关系进行了分析。在螺栓载荷和设计约束条件一定的情况下 ,改变分离的支撑角可引起轴向和径向载荷的变化 ,从而影响分离螺母的分离能力。为保证分离螺母正常工作并有合适的裕度 ,应合理设计支撑角的大小。     

Algorithms for the transport spacecraft descending stage lateral motion control

This report deals with the problems of synthesizing algorithms for controlling the attitude manoeuver of a transport spacecraft aimed at injecting the spacecraft into a closed terminal domain of “heading-range” phase coordinates which makes it possible to descend to the landing aerodrome region in accordance with a spiral trajectory tracking pattern. The descent trajectory is controlled by changing the roll angle. The principal distinguishing feature of the suggested method of transport spacecraft lateral motion control resides in guiding the spacecraft to a terminal curve and in providing an automatic transfer from roll control to interacting control of roll angle and angle of attack. The performance of the control algorithm under transient conditions are considered in detail.Algorithms controlling the longitudinal range by varing the magnitude of the roll angle and lateral range by selecting the respective sign of the roll control angle are thereafter synthesized separately. The major problem in designing the angular motion control system of transport spacecraft is the development of a high-rate roll axis turn control algorithm. To ensure high accuracy of lateral manoeuvering of the spacecraft it is expedient to accomplish the spacecraft reorientation in roll in a minimum time. It is therewith necessary to take into account with the sideslip angle limitation associated with the need of complying the design conditions of the spacecraft flowaround and with the spacecraft skin selected temperature conditions. It is expected that the total side slip angle is acceptable for measurement. Within the greater portion of the descent trajectory constant-thrust jet-reaction control engines are employed as actuators. Therefore, together with the high speed of response developed control algorithm provides an adequate efficiency of the system from the viewpoint of fuel consumption. The possibilities offered by the suggested algorithms controlling the lateral motions of the center of masses and around the center of masses during the descent stage and in the course of landing approach manoeuvering are illustrated by an example considering a hypothetical transport spacecraft featuring variable aerodynamics and a low frequency of natural oscillations of the angular motion loop. The suggested algorithms make it possible to fully employ the transport spacecraft maneuverability and to meet the terminal heading and velocity requirements within a wide class of disturbances.     

General solution for the optimal trajectory of an AFE-type spacecraft

The aeroassisted flight experiment (AFE) refers to an experimental spacecraft to be launched and then recovered by the Space Shuttle. It simulates a transfer from a geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) to a low Earth orbit (LEO). In this paper, with reference to an AFE-type spacecraft, an actual GEO-to-LEO transfer is considered under the following assumptions: the GEO and LEO orbital planes are identical; both the initial and final orbits are circular; the initial phase angle is given, while the final phase angle is free. The aeroassisted orbital transfer trajectory involves three branches: a preatmospheric branch, GEO-to-entry; an atmospheric branch, entry-to-exit; a post-atmospheric branch, exit-to-LEO. The optimal trajectory is determined by minimizing the total characteristic velocity. The optimization is performed with respect to the velocity impulses at GEO, LEO, and the time history of the angle of bank during the atmospheric pass. It is assumed that the entry path inclination is free and that the angle of attack is constant, = 17.0 deg. The sequential gradient-restoration algorithm is used to compute the optimal trajectory and it is shown that the best atmospheric pass is to be performed with constant angle of bank. The resulting optimal trajectory constitutes an ideal nominal trajectory for the generation of guidance trajectories for two reasons: the fact that the low value of the characteristic velocity is accompanied by relatively low values of the peak heating rate and the peak dynamic pressure; and the simplicity of the control distribution, requiring constant angle of bank.     

基于气动辅助变轨的变气动外形飞行器概念研究--最优控制律问题

从一个天地往返飞行器的上升轨道和再入返回轨道的优化，以及适用不同飞行任务的变轨要求的气动外形问题，提出一项基于气动力辅助变轨的变气动外形飞行器的新概念研究。对于一个固定气动外形飞行器要同时满足上升轨道有效载荷最大和再入轨道热流峰值、过载峰值及机动性能约束下的成本最低往往是困难的。若同时满足不同飞行任务：飞往太空站的运输任务，空间拦截和交会机动巡航任务及星际探测任务，则更为困难，实际上是不可能的。文章研究基于气动力辅助变轨，在热流约束下，气动外形参数变化对最优控制的影响。其结论为：热流约束下的最优控制解，包括考虑推力协同变轨，除了在非约束弧的滚转角不直接受气动外形影响外，其余的控制律，升力系数和滚转角都是气动外形参数和攻角的函数。因而变气动外形可作为一项新技术，即通过气动外形参数变化和相应的变轨策略而获得性能和成本都最佳的用途很广的一种新型飞行器。     

基于磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺的航天器姿态高精度高带宽测量方法

针对航天器姿态测量精度和带宽之间相互制约问题,提出一种基于磁悬浮陀螺的航天器姿态高精度、高带宽测量方法。根据刚体动力学和坐标变换原理建立磁悬浮转子径向转动合外力矩模型。在框架静止条件下,通过实时检测磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺（MSCMG）中的磁轴承电流、磁悬浮转子位移,计算出磁悬浮转子径向转动所受合外力矩以及磁悬浮转子径向偏转信息,间接得到航天器运动对磁悬浮转子径向转动作用力矩,进而求出航天器单轴姿态角速度和姿态角加速度。不同带宽下的仿真结果表明,本测量方法能同时检测出航天器单方向的姿态角速度和角加速度,并且满足高精度高带宽要求。     

小推力轨道保持方法

对小推力轨道保持方法进行了研究。用快、慢变量控制器分别控制轨道要素的快慢变量,基于推导的经典轨道要素与2个推力方向角和最佳变轨位置的关系,给出了最优推力方向角的解析表达式。用Lyapunov反馈控制实现卫星轨道机动的轨道转移,并引入相位调整,实现了卫星的站位保持。仿真结果表明:基于Lyapunov的反馈控制可实现小推力轨道的转移和保持。     

Analysis of the Accuracy of Ballistic Descent from a Circular Circumterrestrial Orbit

The problem of the transportation of the results of experiments and observations to Earth every so often appears in space research. Its simplest and low-cost solution is the employment of a small ballistic reentry spacecraft. Such a spacecraft has no system of control of the descent trajectory in the atmosphere. This can result in a large spread of landing points, which make it difficult to search for the spacecraft and very often a safe landing. In this work, a choice of a compromise scheme of the flight is considered, which includes the optimum braking maneuver, adequate conditions of the entry into the atmosphere with limited heating and overload, and also the possibility of landing within the limits of a circle with a radius of 12.5 km. The following disturbing factors were taken into account in the analysis of the accuracy of landing: the errors of the braking impulse execution, the variations of the atmosphere density and the wind, the error of the specification of the ballistic coefficient of the reentry spacecraft, and a displacement of its center of mass from the symmetry axis. It is demonstrated that the optimum maneuver assures the maximum absolute value of the reentry angle and the insensitivity of the trajectory of descent with respect to small errors of orientation of the braking engine in the plane of the orbit. It is also demonstrated that the possible error of the landing point due to the error of specification of the ballistic coefficient does not depend (in the linear approximation) upon its value and depends only upon the reentry angle and the accuracy of specification of this coefficient. A guided parachute with an aerodynamic efficiency of about two should be used at the last leg of the reentry trajectory. This will allow one to land in a prescribed range and to produce adequate conditions for the interception of the reentry spacecraft by a helicopter in order to prevent a rough landing.     

真空热试验中卫星水平度测量系统的设计与仿真

真空热试验是卫星研制过程中必须进行的大型地面模拟试验之一。在真空热试验的准备阶段和试验阶段都必须采集卫星南北板倾斜角度,密切关注卫星姿态,以判断热管是否处于正常工作状态。文章基于AT89C52单片机、TSD-232水平敏感器和C语言设计出一套卫星水平度测量系统,并对其在Keil u Vision3和Proteus联合平台下进行了仿真分析。结果表明:该系统结构简单,程序设计方便,为卫星水平度的实时监测提供了保障。