航天飞机轨道器着陆阻力伞

航天飞机轨道器设阻力伞的目的在于增其着陆的安全性。     

“神舟号”载人飞船开伞控制方案设计

载人飞船的开伞控制方案是回收着陆系统设计中的一个关键环节,它直接关系到飞船回收着陆系统工作的成败。文章根据载人飞船特点的分析,制订了飞船开伞控制方案,即采用静压高度控制法来控制开伞,然后根据静压高度控制的工作原理,详细介绍了开伞控制方案的设计方法和流程。仿真试验和飞行试验结果表明:"神舟号"载人飞船开伞控制方案的设计是合理的、正确的。     

利用过载开关和程序控制器的航天器减速着陆系统开伞控制方法

开伞控制方法是减速着陆系统设计中的一个关键环节,它直接关系到减速着陆系统工作的成败。针对目前采用过载开关和时间控制器相结合的开伞控制方法工作模式单一的问题,提出一种利用过载开关和程序控制器的开伞控制方法,能够有效识别过载开关的不同故障模式,可靠地为回收系统提供开伞信号。文章给出了过载开关调试接通值、返回舱轴向过载系数等相关参数的计算方法,分析了轴向过载系数、开伞高度、附加过载等误差影响因素。某返回舱飞行试验结果表明:过载开关工作模式判断正确,开伞高度控制精度满足要求,开伞控制方法安全、可靠,具有一定的实用价值。     

苏联的航天飞机轨道器

苏联计划在航天飞机轨道器进场和着陆试验时采用的机型是航天飞机轨道器驮在一架“野牛”(米亚-4)轰炸机的背上。轰炸机有二个垂直安定面,可为轨道器伸长的尾部留出位置。轨道器的尾部呈尖锥形,可使气流平稳地流经载机     

减速伞收口状态气动特性仿真与试验研究

减速伞是回收着陆系统中重要的气动减速装置,其气动特性关系着整个减速着陆过程的成败。由于减速伞开伞动压高、载荷大的特点,结构设计及参数选择非常关键,并且,为减小开伞动载,一般采用底边收口的形式控制伞衣逐级充气展开。文章所述的减速伞具有两级收口装置,基于某伞型为带条伞的减速伞进行了收口状态的数值仿真分析和风洞试验研究。利用流固耦合方法获得了减速伞的收口展开过程中典型阶段的气动外形,采用计算流体力学(ComputationalFluidDynamics,CFD)方法对收口状态下的减速伞进行了气动特性计算分析。同时,为考察减速伞收口状态的稳态阻力特性及收口解除过程中的阻力特性变化,并验证收口解除装置的工作可靠性,在亚声速风洞中对减速伞进行了稳态及动态解除收口试验。通过减速伞风洞实验,对其阻力面积及动态特性参数进行了测量,实验结果表明仿真计算能够较为准确的预测减速伞收口状态的气动及动力学特性,且误差不大于5%,从而能够为减速伞的结构及强度设计提供重要依据。     

“火星科学实验室”的EDL试验验证技术及启示

介绍了美国"火星科学实验室"(Mars Science Laboratory,MSL)的进入、下降与着陆(Entry,Descent and Landing,EDL)技术验证体系。该体系可分为EDL飞行动力学、EDL飞行系统和EDL子系统3部分,主要基于仿真建立,同时利用海盗号(Viking)探测器时期的试验数据。针对火星EDL技术的验证,分析了我国已掌握的EDL地面试验技术。通过对比结果表明,我国虽然在气动减速、伞减速、动力下降和着陆技术的试验验证均有良好的技术基础,但仍面临有伞充气过程环境恶劣且复杂、减速下降动作多、大底和背罩分离过程内外环境耦合等新问题。最后针对现有技术所面临的关键问题,梳理出适合我国发展的火星EDL验证体系,并提出了解决关键问题的试验验证方案,可为我国火星着陆任务EDL试验验证工作提供参考。     

国外新一代载人飞船减速着陆技术研究

新一代的载人飞船向着多功能化、多任务目标适应性的方向发展,可重复使用性和精确着陆的要求逐步提高。文章介绍了美国多用途乘员飞行器(MPCV)、乘员航天运输-100飞船(CST-100)、龙(Dragon)飞船,以及俄罗斯新型载人航天运输系统(PPTS)等典型的新一代载人飞船的减速着陆技术;主要研究了降落伞系统、减速着陆工作程序及着陆缓冲系统;分析了在气动减速和着陆缓冲方面采用的群伞技术、着陆缓冲技术、精确着陆控制技术;提出我国在新一代载人飞船研制时应大力开展群伞系统、大载重着陆缓冲系统的研制,并进行减速与着陆缓冲系统地面试验和空投试验技术的研究。     

重复使用空间运输系统轨道器的导航

空间运输系统轨道器的导航状态矢量的计算分两步进行:外推状态矢量(即对运动方程积分)和根据导航信息传感器的测量结果来修正该矢量.轨道器在发射段的导航完全用惯性测量器来实现.轨道器的位置和速度用惯性直角坐标系来确定.用导航滤波器来实现惯性测量数据与外部导航信息传感器数据的统一,而导航滤波器可以三路体制或单路体制工作.对发射入轨段、轨道飞行段、再入和着陆段的导航作了详细的叙述.     

国际首次采用大型翼伞可控回收火箭助推器——助推器精确回收飞行试验圆满成功

正2021年6月3日,北京空间机电研究所研制的助推器大型翼伞回收系统搭载"长征三号乙"运载火箭进行了首次飞行试验,助推器与火箭芯级分离后,国内最大的翼伞(300m~2)控制4t级助推器朝预定着陆点机动飞行,降落在安全区域内,飞行试验取得圆满成功。近年来,随着中国航天的迅猛发展,运载火箭进入高密度发射期,运载火箭分离体落区安全控制问题愈发受到关注。翼伞精确回收是利用翼伞优良的滑翔能力和可操纵性,通过自主归航控制实现载荷的精确定点回收,还可通过"雀降"操纵实现安全无损着陆,是一种高效、     

火星着陆关键环节多学科交叉设计与验证

针对火星着陆任务在飞行环境、地面验证、系统间关联性等方面面临的技术挑战,根据火星着陆关键环节涉及的气动减速、降落伞减速、动力下降和着陆缓冲四个主要阶段,分别分析了大气进入方式、进入初始条件、气动外形、防热、开伞控制、大底弹射、背罩规避机动与触火关机等关键要素,并介绍了天问一号与其他典型火星着陆任务开展的多学科交叉设计过...     

火星探测器降落伞系统综述

文章介绍了美国火星探测器降落伞系统组成和验证试验情况;分析了5种不同探测器降落伞系统的具体差异;归纳了探测器降落伞系统的结构和性能参数;重点介绍了"凤凰号"和"火星科学实验室"降落伞系统研制过程和性能验证试验。     

Shuttle avionics verification and integration testing

The Space Shuttle Orbiter employs a fly-by-wire control system of 200 major avionic hardware devices interfacing with five flight computers through a complex data bus system. Responses to man-in-the-loop commands are dependent on the flight software. Early program development testing of the computer and avionic hardware has been accomplished at Rockwell International's Shuttle Avionics Development Laboratory (ADL). Hardware development has led to complete multi-string system testing and flight software evaluations. This paper provides an overview of the ADL. Its role and test capabilities in support of Shuttle development are defined. The nature of computer driven test programs for the Orbiter displays, the Digital Autopilot, and flight software development describe the test bed provided by the ADL.     

Using computer graphics to enhance astronaut and systems safety.

Computer graphics is being employed at the NASA Johnson Space Center as a tool to perform rapid, efficient and economical analyses for man-machine integration, flight operations development and systems engineering. The Operator Station Design System (OSDS), a computer-based facility featuring a highly flexible and versatile interactive software package, PLAID, is described. This unique evaluation tool, with its expanding data base of Space Shuttle elements, various payloads, experiments, crew equipment and man models, supports a multitude of technical evaluations, including spacecraft and workstation layout, definition of astronaut visual access, flight techniques development, cargo integration and crew training. As OSDS is being applied to the Space Shuttle, Orbiter payloads (including the European Space Agency's Spacelab) and future space vehicles and stations, astronaut and systems safety are being enhanced. Typical OSDS examples are presented. By performing physical and operational evaluations during early conceptual phases. supporting systems verification for flight readiness, and applying its capabilities to real-time mission support, the OSDS provides the wherewithal to satisfy a growing need of the current and future space programs for efficient, economical analyses.     

基于Orbiter的航天器升力式再入特性仿真

升力式再入是指航天器进入大气层时产生一定可控升力,对提高落点精度具有重要意义。为了研究升力式再入的动力学特性,采用Orbiter模拟器的应用程序接口,在其飞行动力学模型基础上,对航天器从低轨道升力式再入返回过程进行仿真。通过仿真试验,分析热流、过载、动压等参数的变化规律,初步摸清了升力式再入的动力学特性,并对升力式再入和弹道式再入仿真结果参数进行了比较和分析,结果表明升力式再入能很好解决过载和热流峰值高的问题。     

Solar Orbiter—Heat shield and system technology

Solar Orbiter will enhance our knowledge of the Sun by observations and in situ measurements as close as 0.22 AU from our star. Placed on an orbit with a period two-thirds the one of Venus, Solar Orbiter will use the many encounters with the planet to gradually incline its orbit and gain view on the Sun's poles. The permanent in situ observations will be associated to remote-sensing observations over large parts of the orbits.ESA Science Directorate has awarded in parallel two Solar Orbiter Heat Shield and System Technology contracts to industry. This paper presents the achievements of Thales Alenia Space thanks to one of these two ESA contracts.It shows how the main technical challenge brought by the heat flux of 20 solar constants has been addressed by the system and heat shield design. The design and manufacturing of a breadboard of the heat shield in view of thermal test verification is then reported. The main technological developments and residual risks are assessed, paving the way for the definition phase of the program.     

Earth based observations of the STS-11 space shuttle mission on orbit and during reentry

While much of what is known about the performance of spacecraft in flight is learned by monitoring telemetry data streams, this paper describes some unique observations made with ground-based astronomical equipment, done in conjunction with the tenth flight of the U.S. Space Shuttle. The study had two main objectives: to test the ability of low-cost, low-light-level television equipment to monitor satellites in orbit, and to attempt visual and photographic observation of the reentry characteristics of a Space Shuttle Orbiter. Both efforts met with considerable success and are described herein.     

用GPS评定IMU（惯性测量装置）误差

在导弹飞行试验时，基于ＧＰＳ的弹道基准系统可替代常规雷达。由于ＧＰＳ弹道基准的精度高，所以可用来评定导弹惯性测量装置的性能。在两发现役的和平保卫者导弹发射前配置了ＧＰＳ转发器和三波段天线。根据ＧＰＳ测量的矩离、矩离增量数据，用卡尔曼滤波方法评定各个ＩＭＵ误差，结果证明ＧＰＳ优于雷达。     

基于DSP的总线式飞控系统

针对小型无人机控制系统对功耗、成本、可集成性等的较高要求,设计了一种基于DSP芯片TMS320F2812的总线式飞行控制系统。详细阐述了系统的设计思想及其基本硬件构成,包括采用DSP为处理单元的飞控计算机、采用低成本MEMS惯性器件的捷联式姿态航向基准系统(航姿仪)和提高通讯可靠性的双余度总线。飞行试验表明该系统满足小型无人机自主控制任务对于可靠性和精度的要求,同时也是一种轻型、低成本、高集成度的方案。     

Science and technology results from the OSS-1 payload on the Space Shuttle

The OSS-1 Payload of nine experiments was carried on the STS-3 Space Shuttle flight in March of 1982. The OSS-1 Payload contained four instruments that evaluated specific aspects of the Orbiter's environment, including the levels of particulate, gaseous and electromagnetic emissions given off by the Orbiter, and the interactions between the Orbiter and the surrounding plasma. In addition to these environmental observations, these instruments performed scientific investigations in astronomy and in space plasma physics, including active experiments in electron beam propagation. Other experiments were in the areas of solar physics, plant growth, micrometeorite studies and the technology of actively controlled heat pipes. We present the initial results from these experiments, with some implications of these results for future operation of space experiments from the Shuttle payload bay. One major result was the unexpected discovery of a faint surface-induced optical glow created near the Shuttle surfaces by impacts of ambient atmospheric atoms and molecules.