天基空间目标监视可见光遥感器研究

文章通过对美国天基可见光遥感器SBV性能和关键技术的分析，提出了发展中国天基空间目标监视可见光遥感器的建议。     

星载遥感器轻型化设计技术途径

简要介绍星载遥感器轻型化的意义及国外高分辨率可见光轻型遥感器的概况。重点介绍高分辨率的遥感器轻型化设计的主要技术途径。     

星载遥感器轻型化设计技术途径

简要介绍星载遥感器轻型化的意义及国外高分辨可见光轻型遥感器的概况。重点介绍高分辨率的遥感轻型化设计的主要技术途径。     

光学遥感卫星的激光威胁及防护体制探讨

针对光学遥感器激光防护任务需求,文章分析了激光对光学遥感卫星的光学部件、光电探测器件、电子学部组件的辐照效应,结合地基、天基激光武器对卫星的作战场景和模式,梳理了激光武器对卫星光学遥感器不同程度的打击效能及相应的阈值。文章对自适应激光限幅防护和快速响应快门防护技术、对防护的原理、关键技术进行了阐述;对应用配置和防护效能进行了分析;对激光威胁及防护的发展趋势进行总结。     

20世纪中国的卫星遥感

随着中国航天事业的发展,中国的卫星遥感技术取得了长足的进步。在中国于20世纪发射的航天器中,对地观测卫星占一半左右。通过这类卫星的研制,中国的卫星遥感技术,尤其是卫星光学遥感技术已由胶片回收型发展到光电传输型,从可见光遥感发展到可见光-红外遥感。本文将从中国于20世纪发射的光学型对地观测卫星、研制成功的航天光学遥感器以及建成的卫星对地观测信息应用系统这三个方面,回顾中国在卫星遥感领域取得的进展。     

天基成像跟踪关键技术研究

介绍了天基成像跟踪的工作原理,对成像跟踪关键技术进行了研究.提出利用激光成像目标反演技术进行目标识别跟踪,并分析了星上可见光红外扫描探测技术.最后提出天基平台复合轴跟踪系统可以采用两种设计方法,并介绍了特殊环境下的视轴稳定技术,为天基成像跟踪平台的设计提供参考.     

面向应急管理的天基系统需求与构建设想

针对应急管理对天基系统提出的增强现场灾情信息传递保障能力和尽快完善天空地一体化应急观测体系的需求,在分析天基系统应具备的先进感知使能、通信使能、导航定位使能及智能使能基础上,提出了我国天基应急管理支援体系构建设想。通过发射中轨观测系统、高分光学强机动星座,以及增加地面机动测控数传站,加强和完善灾害应急遥感观测能力;通过天地一体化应急管理云平台实现灾情观测数据的处理和分发。为了尽快实现天基应急管理支援体系建设,提出应发展高、中、低轨协同的天基通信、导航、遥感卫星的建议。     

我国陆地观测卫星及其数据应用

<正>我国陆地观测卫星地面系统是首个多星、多任务地面处理系统,能够处理我国所有陆地观测卫星遥感数据,具有支持5颗卫星同时在轨运行的能力,可以处理可见光、红外、高光谱和雷达等多种类型遥感器从2.36米到250米各种分辨率的数据。     

大口径甚高分辨率空间光学遥感器技术途径探讨

增长焦距、加大口径是提高空间光学遥感器空间分辨率的主要手段,但焦距和口径的增大意味着遥感器体积、研制难度和制造成本的骤增。要达到可见光甚高分辨率,采用传统的设计思想和制造工艺已无法实现,更何况体积和质量巨大也难以发射。本文介绍和分析了几种解决大口径系统的方案,包括:分块可展开成像系统、稀疏孔径系统和干涉成像系统。     

我国航天可见光摄影系统的进展

系统组成和工作原理 在各类航天遥感系统中,可见光摄影系统是发展最早、最快和应用最广的一种系统。它属于光学摄影被动式成像类,由装载在航天器内的可见光成像遥感器把探测到的目标电磁辐射信息以深浅不同的色调直接记录在感光胶片上或电荷耦合器件上。     

基于分层的SVDDBN的空间作战决策研究

为了实现空间作战平台在不确定知识基础上的快速自主智能攻击决策,以天基反卫星作战为背景,提出利用分层的变结构离散动态贝叶斯网络(SVDDBN)来建立攻击决策的图形模型,给出了该模型的推理算法公式和用于攻击决策的变结构网络参数的自适应生成算法。在此基础上设定初始条件进行模型算法的仿真验证,试验结果证明了本文提出的算法的可行性,它可以使空间作战平台利用打击链前端传来的经过模糊处理数据进行快速的推理决策,从而使空间作战平台具有有效的自主化决策能力。
     

一种基于星间方向观测的初轨计算方法

基于天基网空间监测的技术背景,用一已知轨道的天基观测平台对不明空间目标的方向观测,在定轨精度要求并不太高的要求下,研究了单颗卫星的天基平台定初轨的问题,并提出了一套基于此观测模型的中低轨空间目标的初轨计算方法。通过模拟生成测角资料对方法进行检验,计算结果显示方法在目前提出的定轨精度下是稳健可行的。     

光学遥感器星上定标的新进展

文中简要阐述了光学遥感器星上定标的重要性,分析了光学遥感器星上定标的现状,重点介绍了增强型主题绘图仪(ETM)、中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS-N)、中分辨率成像光谱仪(MERIS)、可见/红外成像辐射计(VIRI)和红外多光谱扫描仪(IRMSS)等几个光学遥感器上的几种新的、典型的星上定标系统。最后,对星上定标的发展趋势进行了概括。     

Identification of dust outbreaks on infrared MSG-SEVIRI data by using a Robust Satellite Technique (RST)

Dust storms are meteorological phenomena of great interest for scientific community because of their potential impact on climate changes, for the risk that may pose to human health and due to other issues as desertification processes and reduction of the agricultural production. Satellite remote sensing, thanks to global coverage, high frequency of observation and low cost data, may highly contribute in monitoring these phenomena, provided that proper detection methods are used.In this work, the known Robust Satellite Techniques (RST) multitemporal approach, used for studying and monitoring several natural/environmental hazards, is tested on some important dust events affecting Mediterranean region in May 2004 and Arabian Peninsula in February 2008. To perform this study, data provided by the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) have been processed, comparing the generated dust maps to some independent satellite-based aerosol products. Outcomes of this work show that the RST technique can be profitably used for detecting dust outbreaks from space, providing information also about areas characterized by a different probability of dust presence. They encourage further improvements of this technique in view of its possible implementation in the framework of operational warning systems.     

Detection of volcanic gases and particles by satellite

In this paper the detection of components of volcanic eruption has been carried out investigating, in appropriate bands of the electromagnetic spectrum (6.25, 8.7, 10.8, 12 μm), the values of the brightness temperature. The analysis has been performed in the Thermal Infrared Region (TIR) studying both the absorption–emission and scattering phenomena related to the interactions between electromagnetic radiation and volcanic emissions. The results have been achieved by means of a combined use of numerical simulations, devoted to examining the behaviour of the atmosphere gases and volcanic components, and remotely sensed satellite images. The proposed methodologies allow an estimate of the amount of gaseous and solid components, of the size of the emitted particles, of the height of the volcanic plume and of the distance of the volcanic components from the crater. The processed images come from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) sensor on board the geo-stationary satellite Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) and take into consideration an eruption of the Etna volcano as a study case (1st of April 2012, 04:30 and 05:30 UTC). The procedures are general and may therefore be extended to any other similar case.     

Biosignatures from Earth-like planets around M dwarfs

Coupled one-dimensional photochemical-climate calculations have been performed for hypothetical Earth-like planets around M dwarfs. Visible/near-infrared and thermal-infrared synthetic spectra of these planets were generated to determine which biosignature gases might be observed by a future, space-based telescope. Our star sample included two observed active M dwarfs-AD Leo and GJ 643-and three quiescent model stars. The spectral distribution of these stars in the ultraviolet generates a different photochemistry on these planets. As a result, the biogenic gases CH4, N2O, and CH3Cl have substantially longer lifetimes and higher mixing ratios than on Earth, making them potentially observable by space-based telescopes. On the active M-star planets, an ozone layer similar to Earth's was developed that resulted in a spectroscopic signature comparable to the terrestrial one. The simultaneous detection of O2 (or O3) and a reduced gas in a planet's atmosphere has been suggested as strong evidence for life. Planets circling M stars may be good locations to search for such evidence.     

MESSENGER at Mercury: Early orbital operations

The MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft, launched in August 2004 under NASA's Discovery Program, was inserted into orbit about the planet Mercury in March 2011. MESSENGER's three flybys of Mercury in 2008–2009 marked the first spacecraft visits to the innermost planet since the Mariner 10 flybys in 1974–1975. The unprecedented orbital operations are yielding new insights into the nature and evolution of Mercury. The scientific questions that frame the MESSENGER mission led to the mission measurement objectives to be achieved by the seven payload instruments and the radio science experiment. Interweaving the full set of required orbital observations in a manner that maximizes the opportunity to satisfy all mission objectives and yet meet stringent spacecraft pointing and thermal constraints was a complex optimization problem that was solved with a software tool that simulates science observations and tracks progress toward meeting each objective. The final orbital observation plan, the outcome of that optimization process, meets all mission objectives. MESSENGER's Mercury Dual Imaging System is acquiring a global monochromatic image mosaic at better than 90% coverage and at least 250 m average resolution, a global color image mosaic at better than 90% coverage and at least 1 km average resolution, and global stereo imaging at better than 80% coverage and at least 250 m average resolution. Higher-resolution images are also being acquired of targeted areas. The elemental remote sensing instruments, including the Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer and the X-Ray Spectrometer, are being operated nearly continuously and will establish the average surface abundances of most major elements. The Visible and Infrared Spectrograph channel of MESSENGER's Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer is acquiring a global map of spectral reflectance from 300 to 1450 nm wavelength at a range of incidence and emission angles. Targeted areas have been selected for spectral coverage into the ultraviolet with the Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrometer (UVVS). MESSENGER's Mercury Laser Altimeter is acquiring topographic profiles when the slant range to Mercury's surface is less than 1800 km, encompassing latitudes from 20°S to the north pole. Topography over the remainder of the southern hemisphere will be derived from stereo imaging, radio occultations, and limb profiles. MESSENGER's radio science experiment is determining Mercury's gravity field from Doppler signals acquired during frequent downlinks. MESSENGER's Magnetometer is measuring the vector magnetic field both within Mercury's magnetosphere and in Mercury's solar wind environment at an instrument sampling rate of up to 20 samples/s. The UVVS is determining the three-dimensional, time-dependent distribution of Mercury's exospheric neutral and ionic species via their emission lines. During each spacecraft orbit, the Energetic Particle Spectrometer measures energetic electrons and ions, and the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer measures the energies and mass per charge of thermal plasma components, both within Mercury's magnetosphere and in Mercury's solar-wind environment. The primary mission observation sequence will continue for one Earth year, until March 2012. An extended mission, currently under discussion with NASA, would add a second year of orbital observations targeting a set of focused follow-on questions that build on observations to date and take advantage of the more active Sun expected during 2012–2013. MESSENGER's total primary mission cost, projected at $446 M in real-year dollars, is comparable to that of Mariner 10 after adjustment for inflation.     

一类椭圆轨道交会中的动力学方程研究

研究了一类追踪器和目标器轨道半长轴相差不大、轨道面外的距离相差不大的小偏心率椭圆交会的动力学问题.首先选择合适的圆轨道上的点建立参考系,推导出针对圆轨道参考系的无量纲化线性定常方程,并获得相应的相对状态;接着讨论该方程在小偏心椭圆轨道两冲量交会中的应用;最后进行数值仿真,验证动力学方程和制导策略,并与CW方程及制导策略的相关仿真进行比较.仿真结果表明本文给出的动力学方程的精度优于CW方程,能有效解决这类椭圆交会问题.     

空间遥感器的热／结构／光学分析研究

作为一个空间遥感器整机热光学（热／结构／光学）集成分析过程，对空间遥感器主要光机结构简化，进行导热特性分析和等效热阻计算；利用软件计算在轨道上典型工况的空间外流热和内热源分布；建立有限元温度场分析模型和结构热弹性分析模型，计算全机稳、瞬态温度场分布，均匀温度和特定温度场下的位移场，得到各光学元件的位移；利用光学分析程度计算的公差计算结果插值计算遥感器光学系统由于光学元件的热致刚体位移（离轴、轴向位移和倾斜）而产生的光学性能变化。     

Survey of modeling,planning, and ground verification of space robotic systems

Space robotic systems are expected to play an increasingly important role in future space activities. Nevertheless, dynamics modeling and motion planning of a space robot are much more complex than those of a fixed-base robot, due to the dynamic coupling between the manipulator and its base. On the other hand, in order to assure the success of on-orbital missions, many experiments are required to verify the key algorithms on the ground before the space robot is launched. In this paper, the main research achievements on dynamics modeling, path planning, and ground verification are reviewed, and future studies are recommended. Firstly, we summarize the essential modeling concepts, and deduce the kinematics and dynamics equations of a space robot. Secondly, the main motion planning approaches are discussed. Then, different ground verification systems, including the air-bearing table, neutral buoyancy, airplane flying, free-falling motion, suspension system, and hybrid system, are introduced. Finally, the future research trends are forecasted.