基于IGRF地磁场模型的航天器地磁干扰力矩数值仿真

航天器长期在轨运行期间,空间磁场与其自身磁矩相互作用的累积,会对航天器的姿态造成较大影响,加重姿态控制系统负担,降低航天器的可靠性。文章分别针对航天器轨道计算及地磁场模型的使用,对航天器地磁干扰力矩数值的仿真进行了系统的研究,最终得到航天器在轨运行时地磁干扰力矩计算仿真方法。     

过驱动航天器飞轮故障重构与姿态容错控制

针对四反作用飞轮配置的刚体航天器执行机构故障以及外部干扰等问题,提出一种姿态容错控制分配算法。该方法通过设计滑模观测器,实现在有限时间内对执行机构故障与外部干扰的精确重构;特别地,应用Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了所设计的控制器能够在有限时间内实现对闭环姿态的全局渐近稳定控制,且该控制策略可实现对反作用飞轮故障与外部干扰的鲁棒性。此外,采用计算量较小的基序最优控制分配方法快速实现了期望控制力矩到四反作用飞轮指令控制力矩分配。最后,针对某型号航天器以及各种反作用飞轮故障进行数值仿真,仿真结果表明所设计过驱动航天器飞轮故障重构与姿态容错控制方法能够在线、及时、精准地完成故障重构与控制分配。     

液体大幅晃动类等效力学模型研究

基于液体大幅晃动等效力学模型研究充液航天器动力学与控制问题。首先,发展并完善了模拟液体大幅晃动的运动脉动球模型（MPBM）,结合已有的液体大幅晃动运动规律和分析结论对MPBM的法向力的计算方法进行了改进;通过数值仿真结果与已有试验结果的对比证明了以上改进工作的有效性。然后,基于MPBM建立了携带多个充液储箱的航天器动力学模型,针对携带四个储箱的充液航天器进行姿态机动控制研究。研究结果表明,四个充液储箱的三种可能的空间布局对航天器姿态机动过程中的角速度、液体晃动力矩和控制力矩将产生不同的影响;此外,还研究了液体大幅晃动等效力学模型中液体晃动阻尼因素对航天器姿态机动控制的影响。     

基于磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺的航天器姿态高精度高带宽测量方法

针对航天器姿态测量精度和带宽之间相互制约问题,提出一种基于磁悬浮陀螺的航天器姿态高精度、高带宽测量方法。根据刚体动力学和坐标变换原理建立磁悬浮转子径向转动合外力矩模型。在框架静止条件下,通过实时检测磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺（MSCMG）中的磁轴承电流、磁悬浮转子位移,计算出磁悬浮转子径向转动所受合外力矩以及磁悬浮转子径向偏转信息,间接得到航天器运动对磁悬浮转子径向转动作用力矩,进而求出航天器单轴姿态角速度和姿态角加速度。不同带宽下的仿真结果表明,本测量方法能同时检测出航天器单方向的姿态角速度和角加速度,并且满足高精度高带宽要求。     

一种带精确补偿的卫星姿态快速机动控制方法

针对挠性卫星姿态敏捷机动中，挠性模态和星体转动惯量不确知，进而影响前馈补偿的有效性的问题，提出一种将非线性状态观测器和转动惯量辨识相结合的精确补偿控制方法。证明了一般挠性卫星动力学的非线性项满足Lipschtiz条件，可引入非线性观测器，实现了挠性模态的准确估计。设计了一种基于角速度最优阶拟合的转动惯量校正方法，进一步提高前馈补偿的精度和姿态机动的快速性。数学仿真对比结果表明：本文所提的精确补偿控制方法，能够有效减少挠性附件振动和转动惯量不准确对姿态控制的影响，提高姿态控制的响应速度，满足挠性卫星机动过程的快速性和稳定性，适用于挠性卫星的姿态敏捷机动控制。     

航天器机动时DGMSCMG磁悬浮转子干扰补偿控制

双框架磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺（DGMSCMG）具有寿命长、综合效益好等突出优势,但航天器机动时,航天器及DGMSCMG内、外框架系统的转动均导致磁悬浮高速转子产生一定的耦合运动,影响磁悬浮转子系统的稳定性,同时使输出力矩精度下降,从而严重影响航天器姿态控制的精度。本文建立了基于DGMSCMG的航天器动力学模型,分析航天器、外框架、内框架、磁悬浮转子四者之间的动力学耦合关系。针对磁悬浮转子的非线性耦合干扰,提出一种基于复合控制的补偿方法,通过磁轴承产生相应的电磁力,对陀螺耦合力矩和惯性耦合力矩进行补偿控制。仿真结果表明,干扰补偿控制能有效抑制航天器及框架对磁悬浮转子的耦合干扰,也有效提高了磁悬浮转子系统的稳定性。     

采用变速控制力矩陀螺的一种姿态/能量一体化控制研究

本文研究采用变速控制力矩陀螺（VSCMG）的航天器姿态／能量一体化控制技术。首先建立了以变速控制力矩陀螺为执行机构的航天器姿态动力学模型，并给出了全局稳定的姿态反馈控制律。以控制力矩陀螺群的构型奇异量度为依据，分别考虑了VSCMG的控制力矩陀螺（CMG）工作模式和反作用飞轮（RW）工作模式。在陀螺群接近奇异时启用转子的反作用飞轮工作模式来补偿控制力矩陀螺采用鲁棒伪逆操纵律时所引起的力矩误差；在陀螺群远离奇异状态时，用控制力矩陀螺来补偿转子储能带来的干扰力矩。在姿态控制的同时利用转子的变速特性，完成按照给定的功率存储／释放能量，并在陀螺群远离奇异状态时对储能过程中转子的转速进行调节，以保持良好地动量包络外形。最后以某航天器的姿态控制为例，给出了数值仿真结果。     

航天器多约束姿态机动时-虚混合域规划方法

针对姿态指向受限以及角速度和控制力矩有界等复杂多约束下航天器低能量姿态机动规划问题，首先提出了时-虚混合域的概念，即时域和虚拟域同步存在并且同步求解虚拟域姿态路径以及时域角速度和控制力矩。进一步地，建立时-虚混合域上非线性约束问题模型。然后，提出了时-虚混合域单点式非线性姿态机动规划方法，通过非线性参数优化和单点式路径分解置换规划求解得到姿态机动轨迹以及角速度和控制力矩曲线。仿真结果表明,该方法可以高效地解决多约束姿态机动规划问题，有效地降低姿态机动过程中的能量消耗，得到连续光滑的姿态机动规划结果。     

A novel single thruster control strategy for spacecraft attitude stabilization

Feasibility of achieving three axis attitude stabilization using a single thruster is explored in this paper. Torques are generated using a thruster orientation mechanism with which the thrust vector can be tilted on a two axis gimbal. A robust nonlinear control scheme is developed based on the nonlinear kinematic and dynamic equations of motion of a rigid body spacecraft in the presence of gravity gradient torque and external disturbances. The spacecraft, controlled using the proposed concept, constitutes an underactuated system (a system with fewer independent control inputs than degrees of freedom) with nonlinear dynamics. Moreover, using thruster gimbal angles as control inputs make the system non-affine (control terms appear nonlinearly in the state equation). This necessitates the control algorithms to be developed based on nonlinear control theory since linear control methods are not directly applicable. The stability conditions for the spacecraft attitude motion for robustness against uncertainties and disturbances are derived to establish the regions of asymptotic 3-axis attitude stabilization. Several numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controller and validate the theoretical results. The control algorithm is shown to compensate for time-varying external disturbances including solar radiation pressure, aerodynamic forces, and magnetic disturbances; and uncertainties in the spacecraft inertia parameters. The numerical results also establish the robustness of the proposed control scheme to negate disturbances caused by orbit eccentricity.     

空间飞行器大角度机动递阶饱和控制律设计

针对以飞轮为执行机构的空间飞行器进行姿态大角度机动递阶饱和控制。在初始状念任意，反作用轮输出力矩受限、速率饱和约束条件下，提出递阶饱和的变结构机动策略，即针对飞行器的运动学模型，利用飞行器的误差四元数和角速度，通过绕瞬时欧拉轴旋转，引入误差凹元数限幅器，对姿态偏差进行逐次消除，提出了不需事先规划轨迹的绕欧拉轴逐次逼近控制算法。并且引入模糊推理规则来改进递阶饱和变结构控制设计，使得系统轨迹既能快速趋近滑动面又能降低抖振，有效减弱了一般变结构控制律中抖振问题，从而提高了变结构控制律的品质。     

欠驱动刚性航天器可行轨迹生成算法研究

研究了仅有两个独立控制力矩的轴对称欠驱动刚性航天器的可行轨迹生成问题。首先,由系统模型推导出轴对称欠驱动航天器可行轨迹必须满足的状态约束条件;其次,基于轴对称欠驱动航天器的微分平滑特性,提出了一种可行轨迹生成算法。该算法针对欧拉角姿态描述的系统模型,不仅能够有效地简化系统平滑变换中的奇异点避让问题,而且即使是在大角度机动的情况下,仍然能够保证轴对称欠驱动航天器的姿态角速度和相应的控制输入力矩始终保持在合理的范围内。仿真结果表明,该算法计算量小、计算速度快,这使得欠驱动航天器后续的轨迹规划和轨迹跟踪等算法的在线实际应用成为可能。     

Novel reaction control techniques for redundant space manipulators: Theory and simulated microgravity tests

This paper presents two novel redundancy resolution schemes aimed at locally minimizing the reaction torque transferred to the spacecraft during manipulator manoeuvres. The subject is of particular interest in space robotics because reduced reactions result in reduced energy consumption and longer operating life of the attitude control system. The first presented solution is based on a weighted Jacobian pseudoinverse and is derived by using Lagrangian multipliers. The weight matrix is defined by means of the inertia matrix which appears in the spacecraft reaction torque dynamics. The second one is based on a least squares formulation of the minimization problem. In this formulation the linearity of the forward kinematics and of the reaction torque dynamics equations with respect to the joint accelerations is used. A closed-form solution is derived for both the presented methods, and their equivalence is proven analytically. Moreover, the proposed solutions, which are suitable for real-time implementation, are extended in order to take into account the physical limits of the manipulator joints directly inside the solution algorithms. A software simulator has been developed in order to simulate the performance of the presented solutions for the selected test cases. The proposed solutions have then been experimentally tested using a 3D free-flying robot previously tested in an ESA parabolic flight campaign. In the test campaign the 3D robot has been converted in a 2D robot thanks to its modularity in order to perform planar tests, in which the microgravity environment can be simulated without time constraints. Air-bearings are used to sustain the links weight, and a dynamometer is used to measure the reaction torque. The experimental validation of the presented inverse kinematics solutions, with an insight on the effect of joint flexibility on their performance, has been carried out, and the experimental results confirmed the good performance of the proposed methods. In particular, two test cases have been analyzed in order to validate and evaluate the performance of both the unconstrained solution and the solution which takes into account the robot physical limits.     

Stability of large flexible damped spacecraft modeled as elastic continua

Vibrational stability of a large flexible, structurally damped spacecraft subject to large rigid body rotations is analysed modelling the system as an elastic continuum. Using solution of rigid body attitude motion under torque free conditions and modal analysis, the vibrational equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations with time-varying coefficients. Stability analysis is carried out using Floquet theory and Sonin-Polya theorem. The cases of spinning and non-spinning spacecraft idealized as a flexible beam plate undergoing simple structural vibration are analysed in detail. The critical damping required for stabilization is shown to be a function of the spacecraft's inertia ratio and the level of disturbance.     

Maneuver planning of a rigid spacecraft with two skew control moment gyros

The attitude maneuver planning of a rigid spacecraft using two skew single-gimbal control moment gyros (CMGs) is investigated. First, two types of restrictions are enforced on the gimbal motions of two skew CMGs, with each restriction yielding continuous control torque along a principal axis of the spacecraft. Then, it is proved that any axis fixed to the spacecraft can be pointed along an arbitrary inertial direction by at most two sequent rotations around the two actuated axes. Given this fact, a two-step eigenaxis rotation strategy, executing by the two single-axis torques respectively, is designed to point a given body-fixed axis along a desired direction. Furthermore, a three-step eigenaxis rotation strategy is constructed to achieve an arbitrary rest-to-rest attitude maneuver. The rotation angles required for the single-axis pointing and arbitrary attitude maneuver schemes are all analytically solved. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.     

充液挠性航天器姿态机动控制的多目标优化

针对充液挠性航天器姿态快速机动、快速稳定的控制要求,为减小姿态机动对挠性附件振动和液体晃动的激发,设计了一种基于正弦型加加速度的姿态机动路径规划方法。为进一步提高姿态控制性能,提出了一种基于云多目标粒子群算法的姿态控制器参数和机动路径参数联合优化方法。以最小化充液挠性航天器三轴姿态达到指定指向精度的时间以及三轴姿态稳定度,构建多目标优化模型,并应用云多目标粒子群算法求取姿态控制器参数和机动路径参数的Pareto最优解。仿真结果表明:采用多目标联合优化算法得到的控制器与路径参数,能够有效减小液体晃动和挠性附件振动,显著提高充液挠性航天器大角度姿态机动的快速性和稳定性。     

Stability-based SDRE controller for spacecraft momentum management

Momentum management of spacecraft aims to avoid the angular momentum accumulation of control momentum gyros through real-time attitude adjustment. An attitude control/momentum management controller based on state-dependent Riccati equation is developed for attitude-stabilized spacecraft. The governing equations of the system are formulated as three-axis coupled with full moment of inertia, which fully capture the nonlinearity of the system and are valid for systems with significant products of inertia or strong pitch to roll/yaw coupling. The state-dependent Riccati equation algorithm brings the nonlinear system to a linear structure having state dependent coefficients matrices and minimizing a quadratic-like performance index. The system equations are nondimensionalized, which avoid numerical problems at the same time make the weighting matrix more predictable. To guarantee closed-loop system stability, the state-dependent Riccati equation algorithm is also modified based on pole placement technique. The state-dependent Riccati equation is online calculated through the computational-efficient θ-D technique which reaches a tradeoff between control optimality and computation load. The dynamic characteristics of the system at torque equilibrium attitude are analyzed. Constraints on moment of inertia for successful momentum management are provided. Simulations demonstrate the excellent performance of the controller.     

Decentralized sliding-mode control for spacecraft attitude synchronization under actuator failures

This paper examines attitude synchronization and tracking problems with model uncertainties, external disturbances, actuator failures and control torque saturation. Two decentralized sliding mode control laws are proposed and analyzed based on algebraic graph theory. Using Barbalat׳s Lemma, it is shown that the control laws guarantee each spacecraft approaches the desired time-varying attitude and angular velocity while maintaining attitude synchronization among the other spacecraft in the formation. The first controller is designed in the presence of model uncertainties, external disturbances, and actuator failures. The results are extended to the case with control input saturation in the second controller. Both control laws do not require online identification of failures. Numerical simulations are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed attitude synchronization and tracking approaches.     

Adaptive sliding mode control for six-DOF relative motion of spacecraft with input constraint

This paper addresses the synchronized control problem of relative position and attitude for spacecraft with input constraint. First, using dual quaternion, the kinematic and dynamic models of the six-degree-of-freedom relative motion of spacecraft are introduced. Second, a new adaptive sliding mode control scheme is proposed to guarantee the globally asymptotic convergence of relative motion despite the presence of control input constraint, parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. A detailed stability analysis of the resulting closed-loop system is included. Finally, simulation results are presented to illustrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed controller, which has the following properties: (1) explicit accounting for the problem of input constraint, (2) fast convergent rate and accurate results can be obtained, (3) no chattering phenomenon is present in the control torque and control force, (4) self-adaptive regulation law is dynamically adjusted to ensure the tracking errors tend to zero asymptotically, (5) the upper bounds of unknown variables are estimated dynamically.     

航天器环境干扰力矩的闭环辨识与补偿

研究引入干扰力矩辨识的方法提高三轴稳定航天器在稳态运行期间的高精度指向控制问题.基于航天器的稳态输出数据和系统传递函数,对环境干扰力矩的完整模型进行闭环辨识.其中采用改进的特征系统实现相关算法和多元线性回归法辨识环境干扰力矩的模型参数,最后使用前馈控制对所辨识的环境干扰力矩实现在线补偿.分析和仿真结果表明,该方案能有效地克服不确定的环境干扰力矩对姿态稳定度的影响,提高在轨运行航天器的姿态稳定精度.     

磁悬浮动量轮的主动振动控制

由于同传统的滚珠轴承动量轮相比 ,磁悬浮动量轮的定子和转子之间没有接触 ,不需要润滑 ,允许高速旋转 ,而且磁悬浮动量轮可以提供框架控制能力 ,因而磁悬浮动量轮被认为是未来高精度航天器姿态控制的理想执行机构。然而尽管与传统动量轮产生干扰力矩的机理不同 ,磁悬动量轮本身还是存在一些振动源。如何消除这些振动源引起的扰动 ,即磁悬浮动量轮的主动振动控制 ,这是将磁悬浮动量轮应用于航天器姿态控制所要解决的主要问题。本文重点对自适应模型跟踪控制方法进行了介绍