Prospects for Euro-Indian space cooperation

This is the executive summary of a report prepared for the European Commission by LD consultants on the status of India's space industry and the prospects for European firms to invest in it. India has impressive launch capabilities, telecommunications and disaster warning satellites but commercialization of its activities is occurring only slowly. There are many opportunities for joint ventures with Europe (which must not let the USA consolidate its superior position in the broadcasting field) but issues of technology transfer and India's unhappiness with the MTRC must first be resolved. As well as selling products and services, Europeans should also be prepared to buy those Indian components that are available more competitively.     

Globalization and commercialization of satellite broadcasting: current issues

The issues of freedom of information and protection of national sovereignty have been brought to the fore by the global spread of satellite broadcasting. This article discusses the issues and the international legal strategies that have been adopted to deal with them. It is suggested that the European model—in which states have no right to interfere with reception but broadcasters are obliged to fill 50% of their content with European programs—presents a blueprint that others could follow.     

数字电视地面接收机的解映射改进算法及实现

针对《数字电视地面传输系统帧结构、信道编码和调制技术规范》国家标准(以下称国标),提出一种用于国标全模式接收机的解映射改进算法。利用国标中的QAM星座图中符号与信息比特间的规律,简化解映射电路,同时实现多QAM模式的解映射模块复用。算法已在基于FPGA的国标全模式接收机中得到了验证,与传统解映射算法相比,算法既节省了硬件资源,同时还提高了系统速度。     

卫星通信中基于网络编码改进的广播重传策略

针对传统卫星广播重传策略、链路高丢包率下的基于网络编码的广播重传策略和最大团策略的问题,提出了一种改进的基于网络编码的广播重传策略。理论分析及模拟测试结果证明了改进的基于网络编码的广播重传策略较好地解决了传统卫星广播重传策略信道占用率较高、重传次数较多的问题,链路高丢包率下的基于网络编码的广播重传策略不能达到重传性能最优的问题,保证了卫星通信中的组播数据的快速、可靠的发布。     

Some aspects of the German TV-SAT-system

First work of a direct broadcasting satellite was initiated 1971 in the German industry by the German Ministry of Technology and Research. Besides of hardware development different studies on system level were conducted which reflected the needs of the respective time periods. For the moment Germany entered the design phase of a broadcasting satellite project, which is called TV-SAT. This paper describes briefly the history of the German broadcasting satellite activities since 1971 and informs about the work which is under the way in the TV-SAT program.     

卫星多媒体广播中OFDM信号的同步技术研究

中国移动多媒体广播系统（CMMB）标准是我国拥有自主知识产权的卫星移动多媒体广播标准。文章介绍了CMMB标准及其基于正交频分复用（OFDM）技术的系统结构,结合协议规定的具体OFDM分组结构,对符号同步、载波频率同步等问题进行了分析研究,并提出了利用训练序列进行符号同步和利用频域导频进行载波频率细同步的算法。     

Space debris mitigation measures applied to European launchers

In November 1986, more than 20 years ago, an H8 upper stage of Ariane 1 exploded in orbit nine months after the end of its mission. So as to avoid the generation of debris in low Earth orbit, a dedicated complementary development modified the design, introducing systematic passivation of the stage. Ever since this event, space debris mitigation has been a major concern for all launcher activities in Europe.After a short recall of the launchers currently operated by Arianespace as well as those currently developed by ESA with CNES, particularly for the safeguard authority, including the most promising future evolutions, the set of applicable regulations is described. These rules are fundamentally derived from the IADC Guidelines (hence the UNCOPUOS ones), translated into European Code of Conduct and in some more applicable Standards, such as the one prepared by ESA. The process of preparing ISO standards, mainly through the ECSS Working Group, is also described.Three major families can be identified: minimization of Mission Related Objects, Passivation of stages at the end of mission, and orbital protected zones including the so-called 25-year rule.The paper describes how European launchers do or will fulfill these applicable standards, quantifying the efficiency of the mitigation rules, and describing improvement actions currently under study.     

The message and the experience of the site project

The Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) was a unique effort aimed at studying the possibilities of satellite broadcasting for education and national development. This one-year joint India-USA project was carried out in 1975–1976 using the ATS-6 spacecraft. This paper briefly describes the experiment and its major findings. It goes on to distill the learning experiences derived from SITE and analyses the extent to which these have influenced the design and configuration of India's domestic satellite system, INSAT. INSAT-1B, which will serve as a replacement for the short-lived INSAT-1A, will be launched shortly and will be operational by the end of 1983. Its payload includes two S-band TV transponders capable of broadcasting directly to augmented TV sets. The paper examines which lessons of SITE are being applied in the planning and operationalisation of the TV system and discusses why others are not being taken account of. Major issues confronting TV system planners in developing countries like India are highlighted and the possible role of satellite broadcasting discussed in this context. The paper concludes by outlining an “ideal scenario” for a large, multilingual country like India, towards which TV planners could attempt to strive.     

Worldwide direct audio broadcasting from space : Promoting ‘Glasnost’ with DBS-A

About 100 countries now pursue their ‘public diplomacy’ interests by broadcasting audio programmes via shortwave to 400 000 000 radio listeners. However signals broadcast by surface-based shortwave transmitters are limited in coverage, reliability and quality, and shortwave broadcasting suffers from increasingly difficult operating and political problems. Space technology could now begin to be employed to create common-carrier, common-user (Intelsat- and Inmarsat-like) space-based systems which could provide a truly excellent, low-cost, direct-broadcast audio service throughout the world. The world's governments could thereby use space in a new way to promote ‘Glasnost-Openness’ for ‘the benefit of all mankind’.     

基于互联网的导航定位增强信息大规模实时播发研究

在卫星导航系统中，可通过注入增强信息的方法提高导航定位精度、可靠性和完好性。导航定位增强信息一般由卫星播发，通过互联网播发导航定位增强信息是近期一个新的研究热点。本文综述了互联网播发技术的研究现状，提出了一个基于互联网的导航定位增强信息大规模实时播发系统模型，采用基于对等网络技术、具有自组织特性的分层混合结构覆盖网络，有效降低了系统构建和管理的复杂性。论文还分析了导航定位增强信息播发的实时性和安全性需求，并提出了解决思路。     

FY-2C星数传与云图广播转发器分系统

介绍了风云二号(FY-2)气象卫星数传与云图广播转发器分系统的功能、组成,以及频率配置、传输信号特性和增益与功率等主要技术指标.给出了C星分系统转发器的技术改进.阐明了采用的收发多工器、射电天文保护滤波器、固体功率放大器(SSPA)和功能转换开关等关键技术.测试结果和在轨运行状况表明,C星数传与云图广播转发器的性能符合设计任务书要求,在轨运行正常稳定.     

卫星在气象、资源、通信和导航领域中的应用

利用卫星开发太空资源已取得累累硕果,本文论述卫星在气象观测、资源勘测通信广播、导航定位等方面的应用。     

一种用于增强广播式自动相关监视的多数据链桥接方法

多种数据链并存是广播式自动相关监视发展所面临的一个现实问题。由于存在三种不同体制、互不兼容的视距数据链体制,严重影响基于航空器之间的空空监视效果,制约飞行流量和飞行安全保障能力的提高。提出的通过在不同体制数据链地面收发信机之间进行桥接的方法,将一个数据链网内的广播信息直接接续到另一个数据链网络,进行二次广播,可以实现不同数据链之间广播信息的直接接收,增强这种自动相关监视的空空监视效果。     

Experimental results of the Japanese BSE program

The Japanese Medium-scale Broadcasting Satellite for Experimental Purpose (BSE) is a three axis stabilized spacecraft having a Sun-oriented solar array for high power generation. This paper will present the BSE mission objectives, spacecraft and ground systems configurations and some of experimental results on TV broadcasting, K-band radio-wave propagation, etc.     

The applications of lower power satellites for direct television broadcasting

The use of 12 GHz satellites for TV broadcasting directly to individual homes and small communities has been the subject of analysis and design study by groups in many countries. Implementation of the concept has been slow to follow because of the high satellite transmitter powers of from 100 to 450 W that have usually been determined to be necessary. Accumulated experience in Canada with 12 GHz operation and the evolution of technology are leading to changes in the concept of direct broadcasting such that lower power satellites may be capable of meeting the requirements.

Hermes, the Canadian/U.S. 12/14 GHz Communications Technology Satellite, has been in use for over 3 years in a program of experiments and measurements. This program has included an extensive six month experiment in direct broadcasting to 7 small communities. Experience with Hermes has shown that the signal strength is stable over long periods of time and that in Canada, significant precipitation attenuation at 12 GHz is of relatively short duration and typically occurs only during certain seasons. Operation with low propagation margins is feasible if some picture degradation and some outages at these times are acceptable. The frequency and duration of occurrence of outages can be controlled by the Earth station G/T which is cost sensitive. An individual may choose to use a low cost system with a small antenna and accept a degraded picture and outages at some times. A small community may choose to pay more for a larger antenna and lower noise receiver to achieve better performance.

Developments in technology are reducing the noise figure of mass-producible receivers from more than 6 dB to as low as 4 dB. Another technology contribution is the use of reduced bandwidth and other signal processing techniques in low-cost receivers. While use of such techniques may introduce distortions that would be unacceptable in rebroadcasting systems, there is little impact for individual and community reception. Use of both technologies reduce the required satellite EIRP or ground terminal G/T.

A field trial was begun in April 1979 to test these concepts for use in television program delivery. One hundred Earth stations capable of being tuned across a 500 MHz band and having antennas with diameters of either 1.2 m or 1.8 m are being installed for a test in Canada to receive TV signals from the 20 W transponders of ANIK-B (peak EIRP of 51 dBw) on an experimental basis. The acceptability of the video signals and the technical performance of the low-cost terminals in the bands of non-technical users are being evaluated.

The paper will summarize the concept of TV broadcasting with lower power satellites and describe the results to date of the ANIK-B field trials.     

The European contribution to a global civil navigation satellite system

Space technology revolutionizes navigation. It will become the method for any task of position, velocity, range determination and time distribution. The existing navigation satellite systems of the USA (GPS) and of Russia (GLONASS) are military systems. They only partly meet the requirements of civil safety critical applications. A global civil navigation satellite system (GNSS) is required. The European Union (EU) has recognized the importance of satellite based navigation and its role for transportation in general and for the development of the Trans-European Network (TEN) in particular. It has therefore decided to become a major partner in the development of the GNSS. In this article a concept is proposed which starts with a European regional segment (ENSS) as an element for the integrated global system. This concept requires the establishment of international standards to enable seamless global service. It has the advantage of meeting both the particular demands of regions and civil user groups.     

[Interior] Configuration options,habitability and architectural aspects of the transfer habitat module (THM) and the surface habitat on Mars (SHM)/ESA's AURORA human mission to Mars (HMM) study

This paper discusses the findings for [Interior] configuration options, habitability and architectural aspects of a first human spacecraft to Mars.In 2003 the space architecture office LIQUIFER was invited by the European Space Agency's (ESA) AURORA Program committee to consult the scientists and engineers from the European Space and Technology Center (ESTEC) and other European industrial communities with developing the first human mission to Mars, which will take place in 2030, regarding the architectural issues of crewed habitats.The task was to develop an interior configuration for a transfer vehicle (TV) to Mars, especially a transfer habitation module (THM) and a surface habitat module (SHM) on Mars. The total travel time Earth—Mars and back for a crew of six amounts to approximately 900 days. After a 200-day-flight three crewmembers will land on Mars in the Mars excursion vehicle (MEV) and will live and work in the SHM for 30 days. For 500 days before the 200-day journey back the spacecraft continues to circle the Martian orbit for further exploration. The entire mission program is based on our present knowledge of technology. The project was compiled during a constant feedback-design process and trans-disciplinary collaboration sessions in the ESA-ESTEC concurrent design facility.Long-term human space flight sets new spatial conditions and requirements to the design concept. The guidelines were developed from relevant numbers and facts of recognized standards, interviews with astronauts/cosmonauts and from analyses about habitability, sociology, psychology and configuration concepts of earlier space stations in combination with the topics of the individual's perception and relation of space.Result of this study is the development of a prototype concept for the THM and SHM with detailed information and complete plans of the interior configuration, including mass calculations. In addition the study contains a detailed explanation of the development of the Design process including all suggested design and configuration options.     

欧洲空间标准化组织微放电研究进展及启示

航天器的工作离不开大功率信号的传输,而微放电效应是严重影响星载微波部件性能和安全的瓶颈问题之一,消除微放电效应可称得上是大功率设计的必经之路,因此大功率微波部件在随卫星发射之前需要进行严格的微放电测试验证。欧洲空间标准化组织在2003年的系列标准中首次添加了微放电检测部分,建立起微放电分析和检测的大纲雏形,经过数年的技术发展,微放电手册版本更新修订,不断完善分析检测方法,相关影响因素、操作流程及注意事项。以欧洲最新微放电手册为例,介绍了微放电相关技术的进展,列举了常用的微放电设计分析方法,微放电检测方法和测试流程,同时介绍了二次电子的检测部分,可为微放电相关研究提供参考借鉴。     

电子显示屏在高校图书馆工作中的应用

本文以北华航天工业学院图书馆的电子显示屏的使用为例,介绍了高校图书馆电子显示屏通过一定的控制方式显示文字、图形、二维或三维动画、电视等各种信息的方法,实现文本、图像、视频等多种内容形式的播放,彰显出电子显示屏在图书馆对外宣传服务中的优越性。     

Optimal Choice of a Satellite Broadcasting System Based on High-Elliptic Orbits

The problem of the construction of a satellite broadcasting system whose capabilities are supplemented and expanded in comparison with geosynchronous satellites is considered. The optimal orbit of a high-elliptic satellite of the Earth, which provides for a maximal duration of stay of the satellite sighting line within the directional pattern of an antenna motionlessly installed on the Earth's surface, is determined. The advantages of using a satellite system with such orbits are shown.